Battarbee R.W., Binney H.A. (Eds.) Natural Climate Variability and Global Warming: A Holocene Perspective

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

H. John B. Birks

reconstructing anomalies in paleoclimate. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 10,

845–864.

Fritz S.C. (2003) Lacustrine perspectives on Holocene climate. In: Global Change

in the Holocene (Eds A. Mackay, R.W. Battarbee, H.J.B. Birks & F. Oldﬁeld),

pp. 227–241. Arnold, London.

Gams H. & Nordhagen, R. (1923) Post-glaciale Klimaänderungen und Erdkru-

stenbewegungen im Mitteleurope. Landeskundliche Förschungen herausgegeben

von der Geographischen Gesellschaft in München, 25, 336 pp.

Gasse F. (2000) Hydrological changes in the African tropics since the last glacial

maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 189–211.

Gates W.L. (1976) Modeling the ice-age climate. Science, 191, 1138–1144.

Giesecke T. (2005) Moving front or population expansion: how did Picea abies (L)

Karst. become frequent in central Sweden? Quaternary Science Reviews, 24,

2495–2509.

Giesecke T. & Bennett K.D. (2004) Holocene spread of Picea abies (L) Karst in

Fennoscandia and adjacent areas. Journal of Biogeography, 31, 1523–1548.

Godwin H. (1960) Radiocarbon dating and Quaternary history in Britain.

Proceedings of Royal Society B, 153, 287–320.

Godwin H. (1966) Introductory Address. In: World Climate from 8000 to 0 BC (Ed.

J.S. Sawyer), pp. 3–14. Royal Meteorological Society, London.

Godwin H. (1978) Fenland: its Ancient Past and Uncertain Future. Cambridge

University Press, Cambridge.

Godwin H. (1981) The Archives of the Peat Bogs. Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge.

Granlund E. (1932) De Svenska högmossarnas geologi. Sverige Geologiska

Undersökning Series C, 373, 193 pp.

Gray S.T., Graumlich L.T., Betancourt J.L. & Pedersen G.T. (2004) A tree-ring

based reconstruction of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation since 1567 AD.

Geophysical Research Letters, 31, L12205, doi: 10.1029/2004GL019932,2004

Haberle S.G. & Chepstow-Lusty A. (2000) Can climate inﬂuence cultural develop-

ment? A view through time. Environment and History, 6, 349–369.

Haberle S.G. & David B. (2004) Climates of change: human dimensions of

Holocene environmental change in low latitudes of the PEP II transect.

Quaternary International, 118/119, 165–179.

Hafsten U. (1970) A sub-division of the Late Pleistocene period on a synchronous

basis, intended for global and universal usage. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimato-

logy, Palaeoecology, 7, 279–296.

Haug G.M., Günther D., Peterson L.C., Sigman D.M., Hughen K.A. &

Aeschlimann B. (2003) Climate and the collapse of the Maya civilization. Science,

299, 1731–1735.

Hays J.D., Imbrie J. & Shackleton N.J. (1976) Variations in the Earth’s orbit: pace-

maker of the ice ages. Science, 194, 1121–1132.

Heiri C., Bugmann H., Tinner W., Heiri, O. & Lischke H. (2006) A model-based

reconstruction of Holocene tree line dynamics in the Central Swiss Alps. Journal

of Ecology, 94, 206–216.

9781405159050_4_002.qxd 6/3/08 3:52 PM Page 50

Holocene climate research

Henderson G.M. (2006) Caving in to new chronologies. Science, 313, 620–622.

Hintikka V. (1963) Über das Grossklima einiger Pﬂanzenareale in zwei Klima-

koordinatensystemen dargestellt. Annales Botanici Societatis Zoologicæ Botanicæ

Fennicæ ‘Vanamo’, 34 (5), 1–64.

Holmboe J. (1921) Prof. dr. A.G. Nathorst. Naturen, February 1921, 33–40.

Hughes P.D.M., Blundell A., Charman D.J., et al. (2006) An 8500 cal. year multi-

proxy climate record from a bog in eastern Newfoundland: contributions of

meltwater discharge and solar forcing. Quaternary Science Reviews, 25, 1208–1227.

Huntley B. & Birks H.J.B. (1983) An Atlas of Past and Present Pollen Maps for

Europe: 0–13 000 years ago. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Huntley B., Baillie M., Grove J.M., et al. (2002) Holocene palaeoenvironmental

changes in North-West Europe: climatic implications and the human dimension.

In: Climate Development and History of the North Atlantic Realm (Eds G. Wefer,

W.H. Berger, K.-E. Behre & E. Jansen), pp. 259–298. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Hurrell J.W., Kushnir Y., Ottersen G. & Visbeck M. (Eds) (2003) The North Atlantic

Oscillation – Climatic Signiﬁcance and Environmental Impact. Geophysical

Monograph 134, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.

Hyvärinen H. (1975) Absolute and relative pollen diagrams from northernmost

Fennoscandia. Fennia, 142, 23 pp.

Imbrie J. & Kipp N.G. (1971) A new micropaleontological method for quantitative

paleoclimatology: application to a Late Pleistocene Caribbean core. In: The Late

Cenozoic Glacial Ages (Ed. K.K. Turekian), pp. 71–181. Yale University Press,

New Haven and London.

Imbrie J. & Imbrie K.P. (1979) Ice Ages: Solving the Mystery. Enslow Publishers,

Short Hills, New Jersey.

Iversen J. (1944) Viscum, Hedera and Ilex as climate indicators. Geologiska

Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 66, 463–483.

Iversen J. (1973) The development of Denmark’s nature since the last glacial.

Danmarks Geologiske Undersøgelse Series V, number 7-C, 1–126.

Jackson S.T. & Overpeck J.T. (2000) Responses of plant populations and com-

munities to environmental changes of the late Quaternary. Paleobiology, 26

(Supplement), 194–220.

Jackson S.T. & Williams J.W. (2004) Modern analogs in Quaternary paleoecology:

here today, gone yesterday, gone tomorrow? Annual Review of Earth and

Planetary Sciences, 32, 495–537.

Jansen E., DeMenocal P. & Grousset F. (Eds) (2004) Holocene Climate Variability

– A marine perspective. Quaternary Science Reviews, 23, 2061–2268.

Jansen E., Andersson C., Moros, M., Nisancioglu K.H., Nyland B.F. & Telford R.J.

(this volume) The early to mid-Holocene thermal optimum in the North Atlantic.

In: Global Warming and Natural Climate Variability: a Holocene Perspective (Eds

R.W. Battarbee & H.A. Binney), pp. 123–137. Blackwell, Oxford.

Joos F., Gerber S., Prentice I.C., Otto-Bliesner B.L. & Valdes P.J. (2004) Transient

simulations of Holocene atmospheric carbon dioxide and terrestrial carbon

since the Last Glacial Maximum. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 18, GB2002, doi:

10.1029/2003GB002156,2004

9781405159050_4_002.qxd 6/3/08 3:52 PM Page 51

H. John B. Birks

Karlén W. (1976) Lacustrine sediments and tree-limit variations as indicators

of Holocene climatic ﬂuctuations in Lappland, northern Sweden. Geograﬁska

Annaler, 58A, 1–34.

Karlén W. & Kuylenstierna J. (1996) On solar forcing of Holocene climate: evid-

ence from Scandinavia. The Holocene, 6, 359–365.

Keppler F., Hamilton J.T.G., Brass M. & Röckmann T. (2006) Methane emissions

from terrestrial plants under aerobic conditions. Nature, 434, 187–191.

Kuhn T. (1970) The Structure of Scientiﬁc Revolutions. University of Chicago Press,

Chicago.

Kullman L. (1998a) Palaeoecological, biogeographical and palaeoclimatological

implications of early Holocene immigration of Larix sibirica Ledeb. into the

Scandes Mountains, Sweden. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters, 7, 181–

188.

Kullman L. (1998b) The occurrence of thermophilous trees in the Scandes

Mountains during the early Holocene: evidence for a diverse tree ﬂora from

macroscopic remains. Journal of Ecology, 86, 421–428.

Kullman L. (2000) The geoecological history of Picea abies in northern Sweden and

adjacent parts of Norway. A contrarian hypothesis of postglacial tree migration

patterns. Geoöko, 21, 141–172.

Kullman L. (2002) Boreal tree taxa in the central Scandes during the Late-glacial:

implications for Late-Quaternary forest history. Journal of Biogeography, 29,

1117–1124.

Labeyrie L., Cole J., Alverson K. & Stocker T. and 12 contributors (2003) The

history of climate dynamics in the Late Quaternary. In: Paleoclimate, Global

Change and the Future (Eds K.D. Alverson, R.S. Bradley & T.F. Pedersen),

pp. 33–61. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Laird K.R., Fritz S.C. & Cumming B.F. (1998a) A diatom-based reconstruction

of drought intensity, duration, and frequency from Moon Lake, North Dakota:

a sub-decadal record of the last 2300 years. Journal of Paleolimnology, 19,

161–179.

Laird K.R., Fritz S.C., Cumming B.F. & Grimm E.C. (1998b) Early-Holocene lim-

nological and climate variability in the Northern Great Plains. The Holocene, 8,

275–285.

Lang G. (1994) Quartäre Vegetationsgeschichte Europas. Gustav Fischer Verlag,

Jena.

Lauritzen S.-E. (2003) Reconstructing Holocene climate records from speleo-

thems. In: Global Change in the Holocene (Eds A. Mackay, R.W. Battarbee, H.J.B.

Birks & F. Oldﬁeld), pp. 242–263. Arnold, London.

Linden E. (2006) The Winds of Change – Climate, Weather, and the Destruction of

Civilizations. Simon & Schuster, New York.

Linge H., Lauritzen S.-E., Lundberg J. & Berstad I.M. (2001) Stable isotope strati-

graphy of Holocene speleothems: examples from a cave system in Rana, northern

Norway. Palaeoceanography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 167, 209–224.

Lundqvist J. (1965) The Quaternary of Sweden. In: The Quaternary, Volume 1 (Ed.

K. Rankama), pp. 139–198. Interscience Publishers, New York.

9781405159050_4_002.qxd 6/3/08 3:52 PM Page 52

Holocene climate research

MacDonald G.M., Beilman D.W., Kremenetski K.V., Sheng Y., Smith L.G. &

Velichko A.A. (2006) Rapid early development of circumarctic peatlands and

atmospheric CH

and CO

variations. Science, 314, 285–288.

Mackay A., Battarbee R.W., Birks H.J.B. & Oldﬁeld F. (Eds) (2003) Global Change

in the Holocene. Arnold, London.

Manabe S. & Hahn D.G. (1977) Simulation of the tropical climate of an ice age.

Journal of Geophysical Research, 82, 3889–3911

Mangerud J. (1982) The chronostratigraphical subdivision of the Holocene in

Norden: a review. Striae, 16, 65–70.

Mangerud J., Andersen S.T., Berglund B.E. & Donner J.J. (1974) Quaternary

stratigraphy of Norden, a proposal for terminology and classiﬁcation. Boreas, 3,

109–128.

Manten, A.A. (1967a) Lennart von Post and the foundation of modern palynology.

Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 1, 11–22.

Manten A.A. (1967b) Lennart von Post’s pollen diagram series of 1916. Review of

Palaeobotany and Palynology, 4, 9–13.

Markgraf V. (Ed.) (2001) Interhemisphere Climate Linkages. Academic Press, San

Diego.

Mason B. (2004) The hot hand of history. Nature, 427, 582–583.

Maxwell H. (1915) Trees: a Woodland Notebook. Maclehose, Glasgow.

Mayewski P.A., Rohling E.E., Stager J.C., et al. (2004) Holocene climate variability.

Quaternary Research, 62, 243–255.

McAndrews J.H. (1966) Postglacial history of prairie, savanna, and forest in north-

western Minnesota. Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club, 22, 1–72.

McLachlan J.S., Clark J.S. & Manos P.S. (2005) Molecular indicators of tree migra-

tion capacity under rapid climate change. Ecology, 86, 2088–2098.

Mitchell G.F. (1976) The Irish Landscape. Collins, London.

Mitchell G.F. (1990) The Way That I Followed. Country House, Dublin.

Moe D. (1970) The post-glacial immigration of Picea abies into Fennoscandia.

Botaniska Notiser, 23, 61–66.

Moros M., Emeis K., Risebrobakken B., et al. (2004) Sea surface temperatures and

ice rafting in the Holocene North Atlantic: climate inﬂuences on northern

Europe and Greenland. Quaternary Science Reviews, 23, 2113–2126.

Nathorst A.G. (1870) Om några arktiska växtlämningar i en sötvattenslera vid

Alnarp i Skåne. Lunds Universitets Årsskrift, 7, 17 pp.

Nathorst A.G. (1892) Über den gegenwärtigen Standpunkt unserer Kenntnis von

dem Vorkommen fossiler Glazialpﬂanzen. Bihang t. K. Svenska Vetenskaps

Akademiens Handlingar 17, Series III, 5, 32 pp.

Nesje A. & Dahl S.O. (2000) Glaciers and Environmental Change. Arnold, London.

Nesje A. & Dahl S.O. (2003) Glaciers as indicators of Holocene climate change. In:

Global Change in the Holocene (Eds A. Mackay, R.W. Battarbee, H.J.B. Birks & F.

Oldﬁeld), pp. 264–280. Arnold, London.

Nesje A., Dahl S.O., Matthews J.A. & Berrisford M.S. (2001) A c. 4500-yr record of

river ﬂoods obtained from a sediment core in Lake Atnsjøen, eastern Norway.

Journal of Paleolimnology, 25, 329–342.

9781405159050_4_002.qxd 6/3/08 3:52 PM Page 53

H. John B. Birks

Nesje A., Jansen E., Birks H.J.B., et al. (2005) Holocene climate variability in the

Northern North Atlantic region: a review of terrestrial marine evidence. In: The

Nordic Seas: an Integrated Perspective (Eds H. Drange, T. Dokken, T. Furevik,

R. Gerdes & W. Berger), pp. 289–322. Geophysical Monograph 158, American

Geophysical Union Washington, DC.

O’Brian S.R., Mayewski P.A., Meeker L.D., Meese D.A., Twickler M.S. & Whitlow

S.I. (1995) Complexity of Holocene climate as reconstructed from a Greenland

ice core. Science, 270, 1962–1964.

Oldﬁeld F. (2005) Environmental Change: Key Issues and Alternative Approaches.

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Oldﬁeld F. (this volume) The role of people in the Holocene. In: Global Warming

and Natural Climate Variability: a Holocene Perspective (Eds R.W. Battarbee &

H.A. Binney), pp. 58–97. Blackwell, Oxford.

PAGES (1998) Paleodata. PAGES News, 6(2), 16 pp.

Parsons A.J., Newton P.C.D., Clark H. & Kelliher F.M. (2006) Scaling methane

emissions from vegetation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21, 423–424.

Pedersen T.F., François R., François L., Alverson K. & McManus J. (2003) The late

Quaternary history of biogeochemical cycling of carbon. In: Paleoclimate,

Global Change and the Future (Eds K. Alverson, R.S. Bradley & T.F. Pedersen),

pp. 63–79. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Prentice I.C. & Webb III T. (1998) BIOME 6000: reconstructing global mid-

Holocene vegetation patterns from palaeoecological records. Journal of

Biogeography, 25, 997–1005.

Ralska-Jasiewiczowa M., Latalowa M., Wasylikowa K., et al. (2004) Late Glacial

and Holocene History of Vegetation in Poland Based on Isopollen Maps. W. Szafer

Institute of Botany, Kraków.

Raynaud D., Blunier T., Ono Y. & Delmas R.J. (2003) The late Quaternary his-

tory of atmospheric trace gases and aerosols: interactions between climate and

biogeochemical cycles. In: Paleoclimate, Global Change and the Future (Eds

K. Alverson, R.S. Bradley & T.F. Pedersen), pp. 13–31. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Redman C.J. (1999) Human Impact on Ancient Environments. University of Arizona

Press, Tucson.

Rind D., deMenocal P., Russell G.J., et al. (2001) Effects of glacial meltwater in the

GISS coupled atmosphere-ocean model: Part I: North Atlantic deep water

response. Journal of Geophysics Research, 106, 335–27, 354.

Risebrobakken B., Jansen E., Andersson C., Mjelde E. & Hevrøy K. (2003) A high-

resolution study of paleoceanographic changes in the Nordic Sea. Paleoceano-

graphy, 18, 1017, doi: 10.1029/2002PA000764, 2003

Rohling E.J. & Pälike H. (2005) Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden

cool event around 8200 years ago. Nature, 434, 975–979.

Ruddiman W.F. (2003) The anthropogenic greenhouse era began thousands of

years ago. Climatic Change, 61, 261–293.

Ruddiman W.F. (2005a) The early anthropogenic hypothesis a year later. Climatic

Change, 69, 427–434.

Ruddiman W.F. (2005b) Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum. How Humans took Control

of Climate. Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford.

9781405159050_4_002.qxd 6/3/08 3:52 PM Page 54

Holocene climate research

Ruddiman W.F. & Thomson J.S. (2001) The case for human causes of in-

creased atmospheric CH

over the last 5000 years. Quaternary Research, 20,

1769–1777.

Ruddiman W.F., Vavrus S.J. & Kutzbach J.E. (2005) A test of the overdue-

glaciation hypothesis. Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 1–10.

Samuelsson G. (1910) Scottish peat mosses, a contribution to the knowledge of the

late Quaternary vegetation and climate of north-west Europe. Bulletin of the

Geological Institute of Uppsala, 10, 197–260.

Samuelsson G. (1916) Über den Rückgang der Haselgrenze und anderer pﬂanzen-

geographischer Grenzlinien in Skandinavien. Bulletin of the Geological Institute

of Uppsala, 13, 93–114.

Schmidt G.A. & LeGrande A.N. (2005) The Goldilocks abrupt climate change

event. Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 1109–1110.

Schulz M. & Paul A. (2002) Holocene climate variability on centennial-to-

millennial time scales. 1 Climate records from the North-Atlantic realm. In:

Climate Development and History of the North Atlantic Realm (Eds G. Wefer,

W.H. Berger, K.-E. Behre & E. Jansen), pp. 41–54. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Schwander J., Eicher U. & Ammann B. (2000) Oxygen isotopes of lake marl at

Gerzensee and Leysin (Switzerland), covering the Younger Dryas and two

minor oscillations and their correlations to the GRIP ice core. Palaeogeography,

Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 159, 203–214.

Seppä H. (1996) Post-glacial dynamics of vegetation and tree-lines in the far north

of Fennoscandia. Fennia, 174, 1–96.

Sernander R. (1889) Om växtlämningar i Skandinaciens marina bildningar.

Botaniska Notiser, 1889, 190–199.

Sernander R. (1890) Om förekomsten af subfossila stubbar på svenska insjöars

bottem. Botaniska Notiser, 1890, 10–20.

Sernander R. (1893) Om Litorina-tidens klimat och vegetation. Geologiska

Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 15, 345–377.

Sernander R. (1894) Studier öfver den Gotländiska vegetationens utvecklingshistoria.

Akademiska afhandling, Uppsala.

Sernander R. (1908) On the evidence of post-glacial changes of climate furnished

by the peat mosses of northern Europe. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm

Förhandlingar, 30, 365–378.

Sernander R. (1909) De scanodaniska torfmossarnas stratigraﬁ. Geologiska

Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 31, 423–448.

Sernander R. (1910) Die Schwedischen Torfmoore als Zeugen Postglazialer

Klimaschwankungen. Proceedings of the 11th International Geological Congress,

Stockholm, pp. 197–246.

Shuman B., Newby P., Huang Y. & Webb III T. (2004) Evidence for the close cli-

matic control of New England vegetation history. Ecology, 85, 1297–1310.

Sletten K., Blikra L.H., Ballantyne C.K., Nesje A. & Dahl S.O. (2003) Holocene

debris ﬂows recognised in a lacustrine sedimentary succession: sedimentology,

chronostratigraphy and cause of triggering. The Holocene, 13, 907–920.

Smith A.G. & Pilcher J.R. (1973) Radiocarbon dates and vegetational history of the

British Isles. New Phytologist, 72, 903–914.

9781405159050_4_002.qxd 6/3/08 3:52 PM Page 55

H. John B. Birks

Smol J.P. (2002) Pollution of Lakes and Rivers: a Paleoenvironmental Perspective.

Arnold, London.

Snowball I., Zillén L & Gaillard M.-J. (2002) Rapid early-Holocene environmental

changes in northern Sweden based on studies of two varved lake-sediment

sequences. The Holocene, 12, 7–16.

Steenstrup J.J.S. (1841) Geognostisk-geologisk Undersögelse af Skovmoserne

Vidnesdam- og Lillemose i det Nordlige Sjælland, Ledsaget af Sammenlignende

Bemærkninger, Hentede fra Danmarks Skov- Kjær- og Lyngmoser Lalmindelighed.

Copenhagen.

Street-Perrott F.A. & Harrison S.P. (1985) Lake levels and climate reconstruction.

In: Paleoclimate Analysis and Modelling (Ed. A.D. Hecht), pp. 291–340. Wiley,

New York.

Sugita S., Gaillard M.-J. & Broström A. (1999) Landscape openness and pollen

records: a simulation approach. The Holocene, 9, 409–421.

Sugita S., MacDonald G.M. & Larsen C.P.S. (1997) Reconstruction of ﬁre distur-

bance and forest succession from fossil pollen in lake sediments: potential and

limitations. In: Sediment Records of Biomass Burning and Global Change (Eds J.S.

Clark, H. Cachier, J.G. Goldammer & B.J. Stocks), pp. 387–412. Springer-

Verlag, Berlin.

Szafer W. (1935) The signiﬁcance of isopollen lines for the investigation of the geo-

graphic distribution of trees in the post-glacial period. Bulletin de l’Academie

Polonaise des Sciences B, 3, 235–239.

Tait C. (1794) An account of the peat-mosses of Kincardine and Flanders in

Perthshire. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 3, 266–279.

Tan M., Baker A., Genty D., Smith C., Esper J. & Cai B. (2006) Applications of

stalagmite laminae to paleoclimate reconstructions: comparison with den-

drochronology/climatology. Quaternary Science Reviews, 25, 2103–2117.

Telford R.J. & Birks H.J.B. (2005) The secret assumption of transfer functions:

problems with spatial autocorrelation in evaluating model performance.

Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 2173–2179.

Telford R.J., Heegaard E. & Birks H.J.B. (2004) All age–depth models are wrong:

but how badly? Quaternary Science Reviews, 23, 1–5.

Thompson L.G., Mosley-Thompson E., Davis M.E., Henderson K.A. & Lin P.N.

(2000) The tropical ice core record of ENSO. In: El Niño and the Southern

Oscillation: Multiscale Variability and Global and Regional Impacts (Eds H.F.

Diaz & V. Markgraf), pp. 325–356. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Tinner W. & Lotter A.F. (2006) Holocene expansions of Fagus sylvatica and Abies

alba in central Europe: Where are we after eight decades of debate? Quaternary

Science Reviews, 25, 526–549.

Tinner W., Lotter A.F., Ammann B., et al. (2003) Climatic change and contem-

poraneous land-use phases north and south of the Alps 2300 BC to 800 AD.

Quaternary Science Reviews, 22, 1447–1460.

Valdes P.J. (2003) An introduction to climate modelling of the Holocene. In:

Global Change in the Holocene (Eds A. Mackay, R.W. Battarbee, H.J.B. Birks & F.

Oldﬁeld), pp. 20–35. Arnold, London.

9781405159050_4_002.qxd 6/3/08 3:52 PM Page 56

Holocene climate research

Vaupell C. (1857) Bögens Indvandring i de Danske Skove. C.A. Reitzels Bo &

Arvinger, Copenhagen.

Verschuren D. & Charman D. (this volume) Latitudinal linkages in late Holocene

moisture-balance variation. In: Global Warming and Natural Climate Vari-

ability: a Holocene Perspective (Eds R.W. Battarbee & H.A. Binney), pp. 189–

231. Blackwell, Oxford.

Verschuren D., Laird K.R. & Cumming B.F. (2000) Rainfall and drought in equa-

torial east Africa during the past 1100 years. Nature, 403, 410–414.

Von Post L. (1920) Postarktiska klimattyper i södra Sverige. Geologiska För-

eningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 42, 231–241.

Von Post L. (1924) Ur de sydsvenska skogarnas regionala historia under post-

arktisk tid. Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar, 46, 83–128.

Von Post L. (1933) Den svenska skogen efter istiden. Studentföreningen Verdandis

Småskrifter, 357, 1–64.

Von Post L. (1946) The prospect for pollen analysis in the study of the Earth’s cli-

matic history. New Phytologist, 45, 193–217.

Von Post L. (1967) Forest tree pollen in south Swedish peat bog deposits (trans-

lated by M.B. Davis and K. Fægri with introduction by K. Fægri and J. Iversen).

Pollen et Spores, 9, 375–401.

Von Post L. & Sernander, R. (1910) Pﬂanzen-physiognomische Studien auf

Torfmooren in Närke. International Geological Congress Stockholm, Excursion

A7, 48 pp.

Walther G.-R., Berger S. & Sykes M.T. (2005) An ecological “footprint” of climate

change. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 272, 1427–1432.

Webb III T. (1988) Eastern North America. In: Vegetation History (Eds B. Huntley

& T. Webb, III), pp. 385–414. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

Webb III T. & Bryson R.A. (1972) Late- and post-glacial climate change in

Northern Midwest, USA: Quantitative estimates derived from fossil pollen

spectra by multivariate statistical analysis. Quaternary Research, 2, 70–115.

Williams J.R.G., Barry R.G. & Washington W.M. (1974) Simulations of the atmo-

spheric circulation using the NCAR global circulation model with ice age

boundary conditions. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 13, 305–317.

Wright Jr. H.E. (1966) Stratigraphy of lake sediments and the precision of the pale-

oclimatic record. In: World Climate from 8000 to 0 BC (Ed. J.S. Sawyer),

pp. 157–173. Royal Meteorological Society, London.

Wright Jr. H.E., Kutzbach J.E., Webb III T., Ruddiman W.F., Street-Perrott F.A. &

Bartlein P.J. (Eds) (1993) Global Climates Since the Last Glacial Maximum.

University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis and London.

Wright W.B. (1936) The Quaternary Ice Age, 2nd edn. Macmillan, London.

Wu H., Guo Z. & Peng C. (2003) Land use induced changes of organic carbon stor-

age in soils of China. Global Change Biology, 9, 305–315.

Zolitschka B. (2003) Dating based on freshwater- and marine-laminated sedi-

ments. In: Global Change in the Holocene (Eds A. Mackay, R.W. Battarbee, H.J.B.

Birks & F. Oldﬁeld), pp. 92–106. Arnold, London.

9781405159050_4_002.qxd 6/3/08 3:52 PM Page 57

....

The role of people

in the Holocene

Frank Oldﬁeld

Keywords

Human–environment interactions, past human impacts, biosphere–climate feedbacks,

erosion histories, past sustainability

Introduction

Any current deﬁnition of Earth System Science sees human activities as integral

to the way in which the Earth System functions. People are now key players in

the system, not passive recipients of the consequences of natural processes. The

emerging consensus is that this applies, above all, to what has become character-

ized as the Anthropocene (Crutzen and Stoermer 2001) – the past two to three

centuries, and, most signiﬁcantly, the past 60 years (Steffen et al. 2003). Human

impact on the environment, however, has a much longer history than this. What

do we know and what more do we need to know about this longer term history? It

is especially appropriate to address these questions in the context of the HOLIVAR

(Holocene Climate Variability) initiative, linked as it is to the PAGES (Past Global

Changes) PEP (Pole–Equator–Pole) III Transect (Battarbee et al. 2004), for some

of the clearest evidence for past human impacts has come through research in

Europe. Moreover, as we turn southward from Europe to Africa, that continent

includes some of the people most vulnerable to the combined effects of climate

variability and human activities.

The scope and signiﬁcance of past human–environment

interactions

We have known since the 1940s that, in northern Europe, human activities have

led to forest clearance and changes in land-cover from early Neolithic times

9781405159050_4_003.qxd 6/3/08 3:53 PM Page 58

The role of people in the Holocene

onwards (Iversen 1941). Over the succeeding decades, several publications have

shown that some of the resulting changes in ecosystem function led to early trans-

formation of land-cover that has persisted to the present day (Godwin 1944). The

role of environmental changes, including climatic change, as major factors in past

human welfare has often captured the imagination of both scientists and the gen-

eral public (e.g. Diamond 2005). Human–environment interactions are complex

and work in several directions; how, within these complex, interactive ﬁelds can

we, as paleoscientists, with the tools currently at our disposal, deﬁne and explore

the key themes that are important both for understanding the present-day environ-

ment and for best addressing the likely course of future environmental change?

Can we establish and exemplify a research agenda that is timely, tractable, and

makes a signiﬁcant contribution to Earth System Science?

Five interlinked themes may be addressed under the heading of this chapter:

1 The impact of past human activities, acting alongside and interacting with

Holocene climate change, on past and present ecosystems.

2 The effects of past land-use/land-cover changes on climate at regional scale and

beyond.

3 The combined effects of the above on the hydrologic cycle and on erosion regimes.

4 The effects of past land-use/land-cover changes on atmospheric greenhouse gas

concentrations and the consequent climatic implications.

5 The impacts of climate change on human societies in the past and the ways in which

the effects of these changes have been mediated through the responses of the soci-

eties affected.

Each of these is considered below.

The impacts of past human activities on ecosystems

Although there has been a growing emphasis on the interpretation of pollen ana-

lytic and other biologic records as proxies for past climate change (e.g. Birks 2003,

this volume), the paleoecological evidence for major human impacts on past vege-

tation continues to grow, especially in Europe, where pollen taxonomy favors the

identiﬁcation of species and genera unambiguously indicative of human activities

such as deforestation and the development of pastoralism and agriculture. Gaining

some sense of the timing, sequence, and degree of alteration of previously forested

landscapes is fundamental to addressing the subsequent themes.

In some environments, the millennia from the early Neolithic through to the

early Medieval period were marked by successive alternations between episodes of

deforestation and farming, and periods of forest recovery. This appears to have

been the case in the Black Forest region of south-western Germany where Roesch

(2000) records nine phases of forest clearance between the early Neolithic ca. 7600

years BP and the early Medieval period that saw the start of major, sustained defor-

estation. This record is strongly reminiscent of that from parts of north-west

9781405159050_4_003.qxd 6/3/08 3:53 PM Page 59