Болсуновская Л.М., Абрамова Р.Н., Матвеенко И.А. (ред.) Petroleum engineering. Teachers book. Нефтегазовое дело. Книга для учителя
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
131
Exercise 2. Read the following word formations and learn their
pronunciation. Pay special attention to the stress.
REVISION: Stress within words
Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are called content words because
they carry the meaning.
One-syllable words
Some content words have one syllable or sound. This is always stressed.
Examples: ′ lease, ′ steel, ′ crude
Two-syllable words
Some content words have two syllables. Two-syllable nouns and
adjectives are often stressed on the first syllable. Two-syllable verbs are
often stressed on the second syllable.
Examples:
Nouns: ′ alloy, ′ supply′
Adjectives: ′ ductile, ′ rigid
Verbs: re′ fine, lo′ locate
Exceptions: nouns: e′ ffect, fa′ tigue
Multi-syllable words
Some content words have three or more syllables. Multi-syllable words
are normally stressed three syllables from the end.
Examples:
Ooo oOoo ooOoo
This is true for most words ending in:
-ize
′ summarize, ′ mechanize
-sis
a′ nalysis, hy′ pothesis
-ate
′ accurate ′calculate
-ify
′ classify ′ specify
-phere
′ atmosphere
-ical
me′ chanical ′physical
-ity
ela′sticity pla′sticity
-ular
par′ticular ′regular
-ium
alu′minium equi ′librium
-al
ma′terial ′manual
132
Exceptions:
Multi-syllable words ending in the following letters are normally stressed
two syllables from the end.
-ic
e′ lastic ′ plastic
-tion
con′ dition di′ rection
-cian
elec′ trician
-sion
com′ pression
-ent
com′ ponent
Exercise 4. Match English terms with Russian ones.
1.gathering system
e. система нефтесбора
2.pump station
l. насосная станция
3.crude trunkline
d. магистральный трубопровод
4.crude tank farm
i. резервуарный парк \ нефтебаза
5.tanker
j. танкер
6.marine terminal
c. портовая нефтебаза
7.refinery
k. НПЗ – нефтеперерабатывающий
8.petrochemical plant
h.нефтехимический завод
9.product line
b. промышленный трубопровод
10.processing
m. переработка
11.distribution center
g. распределительная база
12. oil tankage
f. нефтехранилище
13. destination
a. пункт назначения
Exercise 5. Give the explanation (definition) to the following purposes of
the pipeline system.
DEFINITIONS
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OR EXPLANATION OF THE PRECISE
MEANING OF A TERM
When we describe things, especially in academic writing, it must be
perfectly clear what is meant.
There are three types of definitions:
1. simple
2. academic
3. extended
133
1. SIMPLE (REAL) DEFINITION that explains precisely the essential,
intrinsic (свойственный) characteristics of an object.
STRUCTURE of a SIMPLE DEFINITION
Things to be defined
Verb
General class word
Wh-word
WHO-persons
WHICH-inanimate
objects/animals
Particular Characteristics
2. ACADEMIC (NOMINAL) DEFINITION that helps to determine the
meaning of the term.
The wh-word is omitted. A definition written in this way uses a reduced
relative clause.
Academic subjects may be more cautiously defined.
STRUCTURE of an ACADEMIC DRFINITION
Things to be defined
Verb
What-description
134
Wh-word
omitted
Participle II (verb+ed/V3)
Particular characteristics – relative clause
3. EXTENDED DEFINITION defines an academic subject more specifically
(when more information is given). A definition may be extended in order to
be more precise/ to give more information about the subject.
STRUCTURE of an EXTENDED DEFINITION
Things to be defined
Verb (may be defined)
As…/ wh-word (relative clause)
It is concerned with…
Extra information
STRUCTURE AND VOCABULARY AID
A. Frequently used verb forms for definitions
Present Simple (Active / Passive)
is…….
means…
X is defined as…
is used….
describes…
135
B. Relative clauses
Relative clauses are often used to qualify or give extra information
C. Useful verbs:
is concerned with
deals with
relates to
involves
D. Defining an object
A
is
is equal to
equals
is equivalent to
corresponds to
is said to be
may be said to be
(noun with attribute)
(noun without attribute)
B = (noun + genitive)
(noun + preposition +
object)
E. Defining an object by assigning it to a category and specifying it.
A
is
is
may be
called
termed
thought of as
referred to as
defined as
B + specification:
(relative clause)
(prepositional phrase)
(to + infinitive)
participle clause (ing/ed)
participle clause +to infinitive /
for+gerund
F. Sentence patterns:
A
defined by..
determined
by…
is called
is said to be
is expressed as
is expressed in
the form of
is termed
Z
136
Gathering – the process of bringing oil, gas or both from a well in a field to a
point for delivery to a pipeline or other transport system.
Gathering system – pipelines and other equipment needed to transport oil, gas
or both from wells to the gathering station. An oil gathering system includes
oil and gas separators, gathering tanks, and similar equipment.
Distributing (distribution system) – a system of pipelines and other
equipment by which natural gas or other products are distributed to
customers, to lease operations or to other points of consumption, i.e. the
mains, services and equipment that carry or control the supply of gas from
the point of local supply to and including the sales meters.
Transporting (transportation) – movement of goods through a pipe. Most
commonly, liquid and gases are sent.
6. Here is the diagram of Russian pipeline gathering system, using the above-
mentioned terms, give a short explanation. (Note* the differences).
gas 4
2. pipelines from oil fields separator-1
st
3 water
refinery 6 – pump station 7 crude trunkline 8
separator 2
nd
9 crude tank farm
refinery\transport
137
Exercise 8. Read the following word formations and learn their
pronunciation. Pay special attention to the stress
WORD FORMATION
A common way of making new words in English is by adding standard
combinations of letters to existing words, either at the beginning (prefixes) or
at the end (suffixes). By noting these carefully, you will find it easy to
increase your vocabulary.
SUFFIXES
A suffix is a syllable or syllables put at the end of a word to change its word
class and \ or its meaning. Suffixes can briefly be divided into:
• Noun suffixes
• Adjective suffixes
• Verb suffixes
NOUN SUFFIXES:
thesis (тезис) – theses
radius (радиус) – radii
formula (формула) – formulae, formulas
analysis (анализ) – analyses
axis (ось) – axes
basis (база) – bases
criterium (критерий) – criteria
medium (среда) – media
indice (индекс) – index
Следует помнить, что норма русского языка иногда требует перевода
английского существительного во множественном числе соответствую-
щим русским существительным в единственном числе, и, наоборот,
английское существительное, имеющее форму единственного числа,
иногда следует переводить существительным во множественном числе.
ADJECTIVE
SUFFIX
NOUN
round
-ness
roundness
oblique
-ity
obliquity
ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES:
1. Noun or verb + suffix-adjectives can be formed from nouns or verbs
adding these suffixes.
138
NOUN|VERB
SUFFIX
ADJECTIVE
structure
-a(l)
structural
derive
-ive
derivative
compression
-able \ ible
compressible
friction
-less
frictionless
Here is a list of common suffixes in alphabetical order, their meaning or
function and some examples.
SUFFIX
MEANING \FUNCTION
EXAMPLE
-able \ -ible
1. forms adjective from verb
2. with verb means «can be»
admissible
variable
-age
1. forms noun from verb
2. forms abstract noun with idea of
aggregation
storage
-a\ -al
1. forms adjective from noun
2. forms noun of action from verb
rotational
-ence
forms noun from verb
reference
-ant (-ent)
forms noun and adjective from verb
different
-ation
forms noun from verb
denotation
-cy
froms noun from adjective
accuracy
-er
forms noun from verb:used for
things which do a particular job
computer
-hood
forms abstract nouns especially
family terms
likelihood
-ify
forms verb from noun or adjective
specify
-ing
forms noun from verb
folding
-ion (-tion \
sion)
froms noun from verb
dimension \
construction
-ise (-ize)
forms verb from adjective
specialise\ize
-ity
forms abstract noun from adjective
elasticity
-ive
forms adjective from verb
derivative
-less
forms adjective from noun
frictionless
-ment
forms noun from verb
requirement
-ness
forms abstract noun from adjective
brittleness
-ous
forms adjective
continuous
139
Exercise 9. You are going to learn some vocabulary to help you understand
the text. Study the following dictionary entries, paying attention to specific
term definitions.
disrupt
interrupt the progress, movement or
procedure of
install
connect or set in position and prepare for
use
prevent
keep from doing something
ensure
make sure \ certain
exceed
go beyond the limits of
permit
afford opportunity or possibility for
warn
notify or make aware in advance of
something
Exercise 11. Match the terms with their functions
.
1. h
5. e
2. d
6. g
3. b
7. c
4. f
8. a
Exercise 12. Give Russian equivalents to the following terms
.
1. corrosion resistant –
коррозионно устойчивый
13. permit – допускать
2. launching – запуск
14. coating – защитное покрытие
3. retrieval – извлечение
15. allowable pressure – допустимое
давление
4. receiving – прием
16. exceed – превышать;
переступать пределы, границы;
выходить за пределы
5. loading – загрузка
17. monitoring – текущий контроль
6. disrupt (ing) – разрывать,
разрушать
18. remote operation –
дистанционное управление
140
7. shut down – временное
прекращение
19. warn – предупреждать;
предостерегать
8. emergency – авария
20. install – устанавливать;
монтировать
9. leak – утечка
21. line pipe – труба
10. slug – пробка
22. pipeline – трубопровод
11. backup – резервное
устройство
23. steel – сталь
12. alloy – сплав
24. prevent – предотвращать,
предупреждать
Exercise 13. Pipeline networks are composed of several pieces of
equipment that operate together to move products from location to location.
Describe the pipeline schematically.
– Initial Injection Station – Known also as Supply or Inlet station, is
basically the beginning of the system, this is where the product is injected
into the line. Storage facilities, such as tank terminals, as well as other
devices to push the product through the line, like pumps or compressor are
usually located at these locations.
– Compressor/Pump Stations – Pumps for liquid pipelines and
Compressors for gas pipelines, are located along the line to help move the
product through the pipeline. The location of these stations is defined by
the topography of the terrain, the type of product being transported, or
operational conditions of the network.
– Partial Delivery Station – Known also as Intermediate Stations, these
facilities allow the pipeline operator to deliver part of the product being
transported.
– Block Valve Station – These are the first line of protection for pipelines.
With these valves the operator can isolated any segment of the line to
perform some specific maintenance work or isolate a rupture or leak.
Block valve stations are usually located every 20 to 30 miles, depending
on the type of pipeline. Even though it is not a design rule, it is a very