Болсуновская Л.М., Абрамова Р.Н., Матвеенко И.А. (ред.) Petroleum engineering. Teachers book. Нефтегазовое дело. Книга для учителя

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usual practice in liquid pipelines. Overall the location of these stations

depends exclusively on the nature of the product being transported, the

trajectory of the pipeline and/or the operational conditions of the line.

– Regulator Station – This is a special type of valve station, where the

operator can release some of the pressure built into the line. Regulators

are usually located at the downhill side of a peak.

– Final Delivery Station – Known also as Outlet stations or Terminals,

this is where the product will be distributed to the final consumer. It could

be a tank terminal for liquid pipelines or a connection to a distribution

network for gas pipelines.

Exercise 16. Read the text “PIPE (MATERIAL)” and fill in the missing

information.

(2) by the internal diameter (ID)

(3) by the outside diameter (OD)

(4) more specific sizes and tolerances than pipe

(5) a non-cylindrical nature (i.e. square tubing)

(6) a level of rigidity and permanence.

(7) nominal, outside, or inside diameter and wall thickness

Exercise 17. Make a table and record the information from the text

according to the following items: type, material, purpose.

TYPE

MATERIAL

PURPOSE

Metal pipes

Black steel

Pipeline construction;

plumbing

Plastic pipes

plastics

Pipeline construction,

drilling, domestic

ceramic pipes

ceramic + different

compositions

low pressure applications

such as gravity flow or

drainage.

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Concrete pipes

in many types of

construction – water lines;

transportation

Exercise 19. Match the terms with Russian ones.There is one extra term.

1. k

9. q

17. a

2. x

10. m

18. j

3. l

11. p

19 g

4. v

12. b

20. f

5. s

13. u

21. i

6. r

14. h

22. o

7. y

15. t

23. c

8. d

16. e

24. n

25. w

Exercise 20. Find Russian equivalents to the following English words and

phrases. There is one extra Russian word.

a. изгородь

3. fence

b. толщина

4. thickness

c. подъём-уровня

9. elevation

d. ручная сварка

12. manual welding

e. ограничение

10. constraints

f. сплошной

16. uniform

g. врезка в магистральный

трубопровод

h. проход

5. passes

i. место

1. room

j. длина окружности

15. circumference

k. колено трубопроводa

11. pipe bends

l. штабель

8. stockpile

m. илистые отложения

2. low silt

n. глубина залегания

7. burial depth

o. пахотный слой

6. topsoil

p. опорная рама- для сварки

трубопровода

13. skid

q. лотковая опора трубопровода

23. cradle

r. вершина сварного шва

20. root

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s. прочность

19. strength

t. передний край

24. leading end

u. лесоматериал

14. timber

v. гладкий конец, ненарезанный

конец

18. plain end

w. обрез

22. bevel

x. трубная головка

21. cap

y. устойчивость

17. consistency

Exercise 21. Match the verb with the noun and the corresponding

translation. There can be several answers

1. to deposit excavated soil (i. размещать)

2. to lay pipe sections \ two pipes (h.прокладывать)

3. to accommodate elevation changes (j.урегулировать)

4. to trim pipe end (d. обрезать кромки)

5. to grind pipe ends (f. зашлифовать)

6. to align pipe (a. выравнивать)

7. to fuse two pipes (g. соединять)

8. to lubricate drill string (k. cмазывать)

9. to incorporate swivel joint (b. включать)

10. to slide line pipe (c. скользить)

11. to verify weld integrity (e. проверять)

Exercise 22. Read the following word formations and translate the

sentences that include these words.

Существенное в роли определения (правила ряда): существительных

в роли определения к другому (главному) существительному может

быть несколько. Поэтому при чтении текста следует помнить

правило ряда, которое можно сформулировать следующим образом –

если после артикля (другого определителя существительного) стоит

ряд слов, чаще всего существительных в единственном числе и без

предлога, то только последнее из них будет тем словом, к которому

относится артикль и с которого надо начинать перевод этого ряда,

мысленно ставя после него вопрос «какой?». Все остальные слова

являются его определениями.

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It is desirable to find a minimal order

linear time-invariant differential feed

back control system.

Желательно найти систему

(какую?) управления,

инвариантную во времени,

дифференциальную, с

обратной связью,

минимального порядка.

• Часто внутри самого ряда встречаются существительные,

определяющие одно из слов этого ряда, а не последнее;

• Связь между словами определяется из их лексического значения,

при этом можно вводить множественное число, использовать

разные падежи и даже предлоги, но во всех случаях

определяемым словом будет последнее;

• Ряд, состоящий из двух слов – всегда помнить, что если между

двумя существительными нет предлога, то второе из них –

основное, определяемое (и с него надо начинать перевод), а

первое является определением к нему;

The particle velocity скорость (какая?) частиц частичная

скорость

• Часто ряд состоит из трех слов, среднее из которых может быть

прилагательным, причастием или герундием. Перевод такого

ряда, как обычно, следует также начинать с последнего слова и

продолжать в строго обратном порядке, причем при переводе

должна быть соблюдена грамматическая форма среднего слова.

Если среднее слово в таком ряду выражено прилагательным, то

при переводе обычно следует вводить предлог;

•

The rock-feeding system (feeding-

Part. 1)

система (устройство),

подающая горную породу

• Первые два слова часто соединяются дефисом, который помогает

определить ряд, но на перевод не влияет;

• Если в ряду первым стоит прилагательное, то оно обычно

относится к последнему слову;

The important measurement

parameters are presented in Table

Эти важные параметры

измерения представлены а

таблице 1.

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• Встречаются очень сложные ряды, иногда включающие несколько

глагольных форм, однако во всех случаях определяемым словом

будет последнее.

The tactical air-to-ground

systems effectiveness model

Модель (какая?) эффективности

тактических систем «воздух-земля»

1. Working space for the construction equipment is used to install the

pipeline.

Рабочая площадка для размещения оборудования,

предназначенного для строительства трубопровода, используется

во время прокладывания трубопровода.

2. Line pipe used for the road crossing has a thicker external coating to

provide extra protection during installation.

Трубы, используемые для прокладки через дорогу, имеют более

плотное наружное покрытие, обеспечивающее дополнительную

защиту вo время строительных работ.

3. For installing the line pipe, a cap is connected to the leading end of the

pipe string.

Установка линейный трубы происходит за счет присоединения

трубной головки к переднему краю колонны труб.

4. How many welds are inspected varies depending on the code to which

the pipeline is designed.

Количество сварочных швов, подлежащих тестированию, зависит

от существующих требований к проектированию трубопроводов.

5. NDT inspection is performed after the pipe has been welded and the

field-joint coating applied.

Неразрушающие испытания производятся после сварки труб и

изоляции швов.

6. After NDT inspection, field-joint coating is applied to the bare sections

at the pipe welds covering the exposed pipe and the weld.

Способ покрытия открытых участков труб, включающий

изоляцию соответствующих швов, применяется после завершения

неразрушающих испытаний.

7. Together the root and hot passes provide the required fusion and

strength to join the pipes permanently.

Вершина сварочного шва и «горячие» проходки обеспечивают

необходимую прочность соединения труб.

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8. The ditch will be excavated in two passes with a first pass removing

topsoil and the second pass excavating the remaining soil to the

required pipeline burial depth.

Процесс подготовки траншеи состоит из 2-х проходок: снятия

чернозема, извлечения грунта на глубину, необходимую для

прокладки трубопровода.

9. Line pipe is lifted onto skids made of timber and stockpiles along the

ROW so that the entire circumference is accessible.

Трубы укладываются вдоль полосы отчуждения на опорные рамы,

изготовленные из лесоматериала, так чтобы длина окружности

была доступна.

10. Tie-in welding is also required at road crossings, river crossings and

other intersections along the ROW where the main production welding

crew cannot access the pipe.

Соединение секций труб необходимо также вдоль полосы

отчуждения при пересечении с дорогами, реками и др. объектами,

где отсутствует доступ для бригад сварщиков.

11. The swivel joint is connected to the reamer and the drilling rig again

pulls the reamer back through the hole from the pipe side to the rig

side, along with the pipe string connected to the reamer.

Квадратное соединение прикрепляется к расширителю. Даже при

помощи буровой установки расширитель, соединенный с

колонной труб, заново вытаскивается через скважину.

12. Crews attach a reaming device to enlarge the pilot hole to

accommodate the line pipe.

Для установки трубы бригада прикрепляет расширитель,

увеличивающий диаметр направляющей скважины.

Exercise 23. Form nouns from the following verbs or nouns–ing- and give

the definitions to these terms.

1. setting out – put in a stable position

2. clearing – process to remove something (soil, rocks, etc)

3. grading – process of providing a smooth and even work area to

facilitate the movement of equipment onto and along a ROW.

4. laying – operation of placing pipes in a horizontal position on a rack

5. bending – process which applies some force to change the pipe shape

6. skidding – process to move or haul equipment with ease.

7. welding –

8. padding – screened \ sifted dirt, clean gravel or foam placed in a

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ditch to protect pipe from damage caused by rocky or rough soils.

9. lowering –process of laying pipe in a ditch in pipeline construction.

10. backfilling – technique for covering a completed pipeline so that

adequate fill material is provided underneath the pipe as well as above.

11. trenching – process to excavate a ditch in which to lay pipes.

12. stringing – process of delivering and distributing line pipe where

and when it is needed on the ROW.

13. testing – means of determining the quality

14. coating – a material that forms a continuous film over a metal

surface to prevent corrosion damage

Exercise 24. Match the definitions with the following terms.

1. h

7. c

2. l

8. g

3. i

9. e

4. f

10. k

5. a

11. d

6. b

12. j

Exercise 25. Number these instructions for installing a pipeline by HDD

(Horizontal Directional Drilling) across a river. Describe this process by

putting the statements in the logical order.

HDD is often the preferred method for constructing the pipeline across

such obstacles as streams or wetlands. On a typical river crossing – on the

near side (rig side), the trailer-mounted drilling rig is positioned near an

excavation filled with water to contain and settle the spoil or cuttings that

result from the operation. The tanks hold a mixture of drilling mud and

water that is pumped into the hole, lubricating the drillstring. The

drillstring, sections of pipe that make the hole, contain a survey

instrument near the head or cutting ed.

Operators on the drilling rig electronically control the instrument to guide

the cutting head in both vertical and horizontal directions. The drill moves

to the opposite bank under the bottom of the river and deep enough to

protect the pipeline from future river-bottom changes. This first drill

forms the “pilot” hole. With drill pipe through to the far side (pipe side),

crews attach a reaming device to enlarge the pilot hole to accommodate

the line pipe. The rig reverses to pull the reamer back, cutting and

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enlarging the opening. This operation is called “pre-reaming”. Drill pipe is

attached to the far side of the reamer so that it can be pulled back from the

near side, once the pre-reaming operation is complete. The line pipe string

to be installed has been welded; NDT inspected, tested and is supported

by steel cradles that incorporate rollers, allowing the line pipe string to

slide. This string of pipe may be very long, depending on the width of the

crossing. Multiple strings may be required for the widest crossings and

when the first string has been nearly pulled through the crossing, the next

string will be lifted and placed on the cradles and manually welded to the

last pipe in the first string. For installing the line pipe, a cap incorporating

a swivel joint is connected to the leading end of the pipe string. The

swivel joint is connected to the reamer and the drilling rig again pulls the

reamer back through the hole from the pipe side to the rig side, along with

the pipe string connected to the reamer. This final operation is the pull

back and installs the line pipe under the river.

Keys:

1. N, 2. C, 3. A 4. K, 5. H, 6. M, 7. J, 8. E, 9. B, 10. I, 11. D, 12. L, 13. F,

14. O, 15. G.

Exercise 26. Which steps in 22 do these diagrams show?

1. Meanwhile, Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) is easy and

understandable. The unit of directed drilling is placed in a point of

pipeline entry (on a river bank, on the one side of the road). It drills a

pilot borehole on the predetermined path and comes out on the other

side of the obstacle with high accuracy.

2. Widening of the well is made in several stages subject to needed

diameter of the well for one or more pipes or pipe-cases. Needed

pipes are pulled into the well with the help of special drilling agent,

which works as an oiling and forming a pipe material.

3. Advantages of work of drilling facilities are unquestionable. They

pass all the ground and underground obstacles: city districts, highways,

railways, rivers, dams, channels. The equipment won’t be stopped

neither by rocks, nor ravines or broken country. The construction

volume, which is performed in some months with trench method, is

made just in a few days with Horizontal Directional Drilling.

Environmental protection is also very important: untouched plants and

lay of land, preserved fertile soil. The usage of this technology

considerably raises operating efficiency. As a rule only one drilling rig

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and a team of 3–4 people are involved on the object. This provides a

great economy of financial means: approximately 30 %. Horizontal

Directional Drilling is a unique technology which will be out of

competition in the construction of underground pipeline in the nearest

future.

Exercise 27. Refer to the instructions in 22 again and circle T (true) and F

(False).

1. F – The trailer-mounted drilling rig is filled with water to contain and

settle the spoil and cuttings

2. F – A reaming device is attached to enlarge the “pilot” hole

3. T

4. T

5. F – The first drill forms the “pilot” hole

6. T

7. F – The line string is welded

8. T

Exercise 25. Discussion

1. Discuss the items – Technical & Professional Communication

2. Role play – Technical & Professional Communication

3. Presentation – Technical & Professional Communication

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UNIT 2

FLUID MECHANICS

Lead in.

Free writing: Write down everything that comes to your mind about FLUID

Mechanics. Write only words. If you don’t know the English term, put down

the Russian one. You have ONLY 1 minute to do it!

Exercise 4. Find terms which are used with the following words.

• Flow – reverse, pipe, open – channel, developing, fully – developed,

turbulent, laminar, transitional.

• Valve – control, isolation, check, relief, air.

• Fluid – mechanics, motion

Exercise 5. Compose collocations from the following words.

laminar flow

cross section

turbulent flow

velocity profile

entrance region

fully developed flow

boundary layer

fluid motion

Exercise 6. Match the definitions with the following terms.

1. e, 2. f, 3. h, 4. i, 5. a, 6. k, 7. b, 8. j, 9. d, 10. c, 11. g

Exercise 7. Replace the underlined words with a suitable variant from the

text.

1. Fluid mechanics is the discipline concerned with behavior (the

movement or conduct)of liquids and gases at rest or in motion.

2. Some of the basic components of a typical pipe system include the

pipes themselves, fittings to form the desired system, valves and the

pumps.

3. For the situation open- channel flow, gravity alone is the driving force

for fluid. For pipe flow, gravity may be important, but the main driving

force is likely to be a pressure gradient along the pipe.

4. The region of flow near where the fluid enters the pipe is termed the

entrance region.