Болсуновская Л.М., Абрамова Р.Н., Матвеенко И.А. (ред.) Petroleum engineering. Teachers book. Нефтегазовое дело. Книга для учителя

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5. The primary valve types are control valves, isolation valves and check

valves.

Exercise 8. Answer the following questions.

Possible variants

1. What is the difference between the following terms:

• Pipe – a closed conduit( a long, hallow cylinder, usually steel,

through which fluids are conducted).

• Conduit – a pipe (synonym).

• Duct – pipe is of round cross section.

2. What are the pipe system components and give their definitions?

• Outlet – выпуск : a passage for escape or exit; a vent.

• Pipe – труба: a long, hallow cylinder, usually steel, through

which fluids are conducted.

• Valve – клапан: a device used to control the rate of flow in a

line to open or shut off a line completely \ to serve as an

automatic or semi-automatic safety device.

• Tee – тройник (сидинг): a pipe fitting that is shaped like a

letter. A pipe or fitting can be attached to each end of the tee,

since the tee ends are threaded.

• Elbow – коленo: a fitting that allows two pipes to be joined at

an angle of less than 180°.

• Inlet – пуск: an opening providing a means of entrance or intake.

• Pump – насос: a device that increases the pressure on a fluid or

raises it to a higher level.

3. What is the difference between pipe flow and open-channel flow?

Give examples.

• There are two situations where one pipe is completely filled with

the fluid being transported (pipe flow) and one through which

rainwater flows without completely filling the pipe (open-

channel flow). The difference between open-channel flow and

pipe flow is in the fundamental mechanism that drives the flow.

For open-channel flow, gravity alone is the driving force. For

pipe flow, gravity may be important, but the main driving force

is likely to be a pressure gradient along the pipe.

4. What factors can affect the Reynolds number during the transition

from laminar to turbulent flow?

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• How much the flow is disturbed by vibrations of the pipe,

roughness of the entrance region, etc.

5. Why is velocity profile important in understanding different flows?

• The details of velocity profile are different for laminar and

turbulent flows. The nature of the pipe flow is strongly

dependent on whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. This is a

direct consequence of the differences in the nature of shear

stress in laminar and turbulent flows.

6. What is a valve? Give examples, indicating their functions.

• Mechanical devices that are installed in pipelines to control flow

or pressure. Valves are an important part of piping systems and

if not properly selected and operated, they can cause operation

problems.

7. What are the most important criteria for control valves?

• Cavitation and pressure transients.

Exercise 9. Discussion.

1. Complete the following diagrams and give all necessary explanations:

pipe system

flow

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Pipe system – cross-section (conduit, pipe, duct), fitting, valve (control,

block, release, check), pump\turbine.

Flow – reverse, developing, fully – developed, turbulent, laminar, pipe, open-

channel.

2. Presentations – Technical & Professional Communication

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UNIT 3

JOINING PIPES

Lead in.

Small diameter pipes

a. Each pipe is pushed into the connector; the connector is soldered to the

pipes.

b. The pipes are pushed into the coupling; then the nuts are screwed on.

c. Each pipe is screwed into the threaded coupling.

Large diameter pipes

d. The flanges are bolted onto the pipe. Then they are screwed together.

e. The ends of the two pipes are welded together.

f. The flanges are bolted. Then are welded.

g. The two flanges are bolted together. Then the clamps are clamped

together.

Exercise 1. What are the joining processes?

Threading – продевание, welding – сварка, soldering – сварка, crimping

(grooving) – гофрирование, cementing – склеивание, compressing –

набивка \ уплотнение.

Exercise 2. What are the joining devices and materials?

Flanges, sockets, fittings, rings, couplings, bolts, sleeve, gasket

Fiberglass, brass, cast iron, copper, filter metal, plastic, vinyl, polyolefin

Exercise 4. Find the synonyms to the following words

1. K, 2. G, 3. J, 4. I, 5. B, 6. H, 7. C, 8. D, 9. E, 10. F, 11. A.

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Exercise 5. Solve the following crossword.

ACROSS

DOWN

1.socket

1.fitting

2. flange

2. solvent

3. union

3. soldered

4. groove

4. cast

5. resin

5. crimp

6. tapered

6. brazing

7. thread

7. welded

Exercise 6. Complete the table using the terms and fill in the missing gaps

in the following passage.

Joining methods

Mechanical

threaded

crimped\grooved

Thermal

welded

soldered

compression

Adhesive

cemented

Pipes can be joined by three basic methods: (1) mechanical, (2) thermal

and (3) adhesive. Both the mechanical and (4) thermal methods can be

further divided. The former method includes (5) threading and (6)

crimping. The latter method can be broken down into (7) welding and (8)

soldering.

Exercise 7. Match the methods with the description

1. F,

2. E,

3. D,

4. A,

5. B,

6. C.

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Exercise 8. Read the mini-text “Metal Properties” and complete the table.

Use the symbols √ ( yes) and x (no). Use the information from Exercise 3

(pg. 410).

METAL

PROPERTIES

Ductile

Malleable

Corrosion

resistant

Good

conductor of

electricity

cast

(ductile)

iron

malleable

(wrought)

iron

√

copper

√

lead

√

brass

√

cast steel

√

plastic

√

fiberglass

√

Exercise 10. The topic of our discussion is “Pipe jointings”. The

monitoring packet includes four parts. Fulfill the tasks. Afterwards you

have 10–15 minutes to make a mini-report and present it.

The monitoring packet includes four parts:

Part 1 – checks vocabulary by means of reading comprehension

Part 2 – detail reading – questions that ask for specific details

Part 3 – main idea – checks the student’s comprehension of the topic

Part 4 – interpretative questions – requires the students to understand,

analyze and infer from the text

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Exercise 12. Discuss the following quotation and state your own opinion.

The following phrases and expressions could be used for oral

communication

Let me think

дайте сообразить

By the way

между прочим

First of all

прежде всего

To come back to

возвращаясь………..

To my mind

по-моему

If you ask me

если вы хотите знать мое мнение

I don't quite follow you

я не совсем вас понимаю

I mean to say

я имею в виду

Do you mean to say

вы хотите сказать, что

I am inclined to think

я склонен думать

It's not to the point

это не по существу

You've got it all wrong

вы совершенно неправильно это поняли

Keep to the point

говорите по существу

Suppose

предложим

As far as I know

насколько мне известно

As a matter of fact

по сути дела

The matter

(thing\fact\point) is that

дело в том, что

On the whole

подводя итоги

In short

короче говоря

Oh, well just simply

просто

You see (you know)

видите ли

So to say

так сказать

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UNIT 4

PIPELINE CORROSION

Lead-in

Cubing: Cubing involves looking at an idea from six different points of view,

each representing one of the six sides of a cube. You will look quickly at

your subject from these six angles so that you have several perspectives on

the subject available to you. You should spend 3-4 minutes examining your

subject from each of the following angles:

• Describe it (What does it look like? What do you see?)

• Compare it (What is it similar to? What is it different to?)

• Analyze it (What is it made of? What are its parts?)

• Associate it (What does it remind you of? What do you associate it

with?)

• Apply it (What can you do with it? What can you use it for?)

• Argue for or against (Take either position. Give reasons, even crazy

ones)

When you have finished, reread what you wrote to find ideas that you like.

Write those ideas down and look them over. Perhaps one of them is

particularly interesting and may be a good perspective for an essay on the

subject

Exercise 4. Replace the underlined words with

a suitable variant from the text.

1. Buried steel pipes suffer from external corrosion.

2. DC flows between the pipe and an anode ground bed via the soil.

3. Transformer stations are monitored by output voltage readings.

4. Corrosion control measures include water removal and drying.

5. A sacrificial anode method relies upon the installation of anodes on or

near the pipeline.

6. The severity of corrosion depends on the operating temperature.

Exercise 5. Match the terms with Russian equivalents.

1. F, 2. J, 3. I, 4. A, 5. H, 6. B, 7. C, 8. D, 9. G, 10. E, 11. M, 12. N, 13. O,

14. K, 15. L.

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Exercise 6. Fill in the gaps with the correct term.

There are essentially two methods: (1)impressed method and (2)sacrificial

anode method. For (3)onshore pipelines it is common to use an impressed

current method. In this system, (4)DC is supplied to the pipeline. The

current is adjusted to generate higher (5)driving potentials. A (6)

sacrificial anode method (7)relies upon the installation of (8) anodes on or

near the pipeline. The pipeline becomes the cathode of the system and the

anodes (9)corrode corrosion of the pipeline. When water is present on the

transported fluid, corrosion of the internal pipe surfaces can also occur.

Exercise 8. Match the corrosion types in the right column with their

Russian equivalents in the left one.

1. K, 2. J, 3. H, 4. I, 5. C, 6. G, 7. L, 8. F, 9. E, 10. B, 11. D, 12. A.

Exercise 9. Look at the photos. Define the corrosion type and describe it.

1. continuous

7. pitting

2. penetration

9. point

4. corrosion striation

Example:

Pitting corrosion

Certain conditions, such as low availability of oxygen or high

concentrations of species such as chloride which compete as anions, can

interfere with a given alloy's ability to re-form a passivating film. In the

worst case, almost all of the surface will remain protected, but tiny local

fluctuations will degrade the oxide film in a few critical points. Corrosion

at these points will be greatly amplified, and can cause corrosion pits of

several types, depending upon conditions. While the corrosion pits only

nucleate under fairly extreme circumstances, they can continue to grow

even when conditions return to normal, since the interior of a pit is

naturally deprived of oxygen. In extreme cases, the sharp tips of extremely

long and narrow pits can cause stress concentration to the point that

otherwise tough alloys can shatter, or a thin film pierced by an invisibly

small hole can hide a thumb sized pit from view. These problems are

especially dangerous because they are difficult to detect before a part or

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structure fails. Pitting remains among the most common and damaging

forms of corrosion in passivated alloys, but it can be prevented by control

of the alloy's environment, which often includes ensuring that the material

is exposed to oxygen uniformly (i.e. eliminating crevices).

For other corrosion types there may be possible answers.

Exercise 10. What is IT in each of these sentences?

1. erosion

occurs in fast flowing liquids that have a

high level of turbulence

2. uniform\ general

occurs over the whole surface

3. crevice

occurs in or around a break in the material

4. pitting

occurs as pits in the metal surface

5. intergranular

occurs at or near the grain boundaries of the

metal

6. SCC

occurs as cracks

7. induced

occurs as the joint action of mechanical

stresses and corrosion.

Exercise 12. Match the questions about corrosion on the left with the

answers on the right.

1. Do we have any problems?

e. Maybe, some corrosion

4. What section is damaged?

b. Somewhere, about 1km. from here.

5. Can you identify the area of

corrosion on this section?

d. How can I do it?

7. How long do you think it’ll

take to test and measure it?

f. Had I time, even now.

6. If you are so eager, tell me

what does it look like?

c. H’m, well I think, maybe, like the

Moon surface.

2. I see, now what can be done?

g. Let’s paint it.

3. That’s crazy. It’s time to work.

a. That’s what I’m doing.

Put the dialogue in the right order and answer the questions.

1. Where does this conversation take place? (pipeline area)

2. What is the situation? (inspection of the pipeline)

3. Who is involved? (foreman and student)