Brown R. Society and Economy in Modern Britain 1700-1850
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general contracting 336
General Enclosure Act (1845) 63
General Report on Enclosures (Young) 65
General View of the Agriculture of the County of Bedford
(Batchelor) 372, 374
gentry 269, 272;
culture and 436–8, 441, 446;
England 27, 58, 266–8;
image 275–6;
Scotland 283;
Wales 21, 268, 281–2, 389, 446;
see also aristocracy
geography:
of Britain 10–11, 12;
of turnpikes 136–9
George, M.D. 333, 422
Gilbert, Davies 80
Gilbert, John 150
Gilley, S. 362
gin production 38
girls (education) 217, 279–80, 358
Gisborne, Thomas 296
Glasgow 304–6, 416, 417–18
Glass, D.V. 31
glebe land 17, 25
glove-making 92
gold 199, 200, 201, 202
gold standard 199, 201
Golden Age of farming 70–1, 385
goods:
consumer 102, 114, 124, 203, 207, 257, 325;
freight transport 146, 241–2, 236–43;
luxury 19, 26, 423
Gough, Richard 369, 370–1
government:
borrowing 197–8;
economic growth and 221–3;
local administration 25–6, 349;
patronage 272–4, 348–50;
see also House of Commons ;
House of Lords;
parliament
grain:
prices 57, 68–70;
yields 52, 69;
see also individual crops
grammar schools 217
Gramsci, Antonio 8, 431
Grand National Consolidated Trades Union 335–6, 337
Great Exhibition (1851) 244
Great Famine (Ireland) 35, 40, 44, 46, 254, 286
Green, James 156
gross reproduction rate 43
Habakkuk, H.J. 47, 160, 270
Hagen, E.E. 7, 210, 211–12
Hall, Catherine 299
Hall, Joseph 95
Hall, Thomas 370
Hamilton, Duke of 11
Hammond, B. 315
Hammond, J.L. 315, 317
handknitting 114
handloom weavers 324
hangings, public 439
Hanoverians 19
Harborough, Earl of 376
Harbour Act (1780) 414
harbours 149, 414
Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, Earl of 32, 41, 438
Hargreaves, James 83
Harris, J.P. 103
Harrison, Brian 443
Harrison, J.F.C. 274
Hartwell, R.M. 7, 160, 214, 218–19, 221
harvests 36, 193, 261–2
haulage firms 146
Hawke, G.R. 237, 246, 247
Hayward, Richard 371
hearth-tax returns 31
Heathcoat, John 92, 117
Hechter, Michael 360
Hedley, William 229
Henshall, Hugh 156
‘hereditary revenues’ 14
heritage 5
hierarchical society 206–7, 269, 345–6
high culture 430, 435, 437
Highland and Agricultural Society 59
Highland clearances 63–4, 388
Highland zone 10, 11, 12
Highways Act (1555) 128
Hill, Christopher 215
Hirschman, A.O. 127
histoire integrate 8
historians 2–4, 253–4
historical models 253
historiography (of industrial change) 249, 250–2
history:
definition 1–2;
perspective 253–6
history (nature of):
change and 5–8;
concepts 3–4;
conclusions 8;
definition 1–2;
methodologies 2–3;
people in 4–5;
uses (social necessity) 1
History of Commerce (McCulloch) 98
History of the English Railway, A (Francis) 239
History of Trade Unionism, The (Webb and Webb) 329
Hobsbawm, E.J. 81, 215, 379
Holmes, Geoffrey 307
Home Office 22
Homer, Henry 143
Homfray, Samuel 95, 228
Horne, Benjamin 145, 147
Horrocks, William 84
horse-power 157–8
horse-racing 438
horse feed 7
266 INDEX
hosiery trade 91, 92
Hoskins, W.G. 8
hospitals 39
hot-blast process 94, 193, 246
Houghton Regis (case study) 375–6
House of Commons 16, 19, 24, 273, 282, 349;
Select Committee 118
House of Lords 16, 22, 24, 273, 274, 282;
see also peerage
housing 38, 378, 383, 411
Howard, John 374
Howell, David 390–1
Hewlett, John 277
Hudson, George 237
Hudson’s Bay Company 160, 162
Huguenots 363
human capital formation 214
Hume, David 449
Hume, Joseph 334
‘hungry gap’ 55
Hunt, E.H. 319
hunting 438, 440, 441
Huntsman, Benjamin 98
Huskisson, William 181, 231
‘hustings’ 24
Hyde, C.K. 93, 94
‘hypothec’ law 284
ideological foundations (of middle classes) 295–7
ideologies (state) 222, 223
illegitimacy 40–2
immigrants (attitudes to) 362–3
imports:
balance of trade 175–6;
England 161–9, 172, 179;
nature of trade 175;
Scotland 171, 172;
structure of trade 173–4;
tariffs 68, 70, 179, 181–2, 222;
textiles 88, 92;
trade cycles 262–3
income see capital (interest groups);
rent (interest groups);
wages (wage-earners)
individualism 250
individuals:
economic change and 208, 211–12;
see also people
industrial:
activity (realignment) 77;
change (historiography) 249–52;
concentration 409;
experience 76–8;
organization school 251, 252;
production (elements) 73–5;
relations see trade unionism;
society 5;
villages 317–18, 376;
waste as fertilizer 55
industrial action 330;
strikes 115, 329, 331–2, 335–8 passim
industrial development:
banking and 202–3;
urban growth and 403–6;
Wales 414–15
industrial organization:
conclusions 124;
metallurgical and engineering 120–3;
mining 123–4;
proto-industrialization 109–16;
stereotyped image 107–9;
textile production 116–20
Industrial Resources of Ireland, The (Kanes) 196
industrial revolution:
in communication see communications (land and water);
impact of economic growth see social revolution (impact of
economic growth);
in industrial organization see industrial organization;
in numbers see demographic change (1700–1850);
in overseas trade see overseas trade;
overview see economic revolution (overview);
in ‘slow motion’ 52–4, 206, 212, 255–6, 264;
in technologies see technology (industrial change)
Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century, The (Mantoux) 251
industrialization 215, 247, 250, 307;
deindustrialization 111–12, 258;
England 34–5, 41–2, 45–6, 207, 433;
Ireland 193, 195;
meanings 259–60;
population growth and 34–5, 41, 42, 45–6, 207;
Scotland 192–3, 282;
and temperance 443;
wage-labour and 317–19, 324;
Wales 190, 191, 282;
see also proto-industrialization
industry:
injuries/sickness 326–7;
locating urban growth 406–7;
meanings 259–60;
rural 317–18, 375, 387, 388;
wage-labour in 313, 316–19, 322, 324–6;
women in 321–3;
see also factories/factory system;
manufacturing
infant mortality 37
Infants’ Custody Act (1839) 299
infield 18, 51
inflation 199, 200;
enclosure and 66–7
infrastructure 65, 223
Inglis, K.S. 413
innovation 252;
technological change 81–3, 104;
innovators 210–13
Inns of Court 308
inoculations 38, 39
Institution of Civil Engineers 156, 308
institutionalizing investment 198–203
institutions (social system) 4
interactions 1, 7–8, 253
interest rate 198, 203, 270;
and enclosure 66–7
INDEX 267
intermediate services 214
‘internal colonial’ model 360
internal migration 30, 44–6
international division of labour 182
invention 104, 252
investment:
agricultural 65–7, 188–9, 194–5;
demands 196–8;
in enclosure 65–7;
exporting capital 177–8;
institutionalizing 198–203;
in railways 203, 236–41, 271
invisible exports 175, 176–7
invisible hand doctrine 222
Ireland:
agriculture 13–14, 50–1, 58–9, 64–5, 194–5, 284–6, 391–2;
Anglo-Irish relations 14–16;
aristocracy 274;
canals 152, 154–5, 195;
capital banking 193–6;
economy 13–14, 28;
education 195;
electorate 22;
enclosure 64–5;
famine 35, 40, 44, 46, 254, 286;
geography 10–11, 12, 13;
industrialization 193, 195;
industry 76–7;
landownership 58–9, 280, 284–6;
middle class 298, 306–7;
migration 44–6, 362, 409, 410, 420;
national perspective 254–5;
overseas trade 169;
parliament 14–15;
politics 14–16, 22;
population 31–40, 43–7, 362, 391, 409–10, 418–19;
professions 298, 306;
racial differentiation 360, 361;
textiles 87, 90, 112, 118, 195;
transport 138–9, 234, 236;
urban growth 400, 418–19;
see also individual towns
Irish Privy Council 14
iron industry 246, 406, 409;
industrial organization 120–1;
smelting 6, 74, 82;
technology 93–8
Jacobites 16, 19, 192, 282, 361, 362, 379, 387
Jenner, Edward 39
Jessop, William 156
Jews 363
John, A.H. 47
Johnes, Thomas 56
Johnson, Samuel 279, 348, 446
joint-stock banks 201
joint-stock companies 74, 119, 202, 218
Jones, E.L. 52, 111
Jones, Eric 52
Jones, Griffith 216
Jones, Rhys 446
journeymen 313, 331
Justices of the Peace 17, 25, 136, 283
Kanes, Robert 196
Kay, J.P. 108, 424
Kay, John 83
Kenwood, A.G. 237
King, Gregory 30–1, 50, 76, 186, 219, 256, 270, 277, 291–3, 397
Kingston, Duke of 68
kinship 212–13, 293, 320, 289, 390, 397;
clan system 18, 19, 282, 361, 386, 388;
culture and 431, 434
kirk 16, 22;
Presbyterian 360, 361, 449
Kitson Clark, G. 297, 308
knitwear and hosiery industry 91
Kohl, J.G. 410–11
Kuznets, Simon 77, 79, 251
La Roche, Sophie von 121
labour 42–3, 75;
classification 323–8;
education of 217–18;
entrepreneurs and 209–10;
market 223, 313–14;
on railway construction 239–41;
statute labour 128–9, 136, 138;
supply 46, 47, 67, 223;
see also employment;
semi-skilled labour;
skilled labour;
unskilled labour;
wages (wage-earners);
working class
lace-making 91, 114
Lacquer, Thomas 216
laissez-faire 218, 222–3
Lancashire canals 150, 151
land:
communications see communications (land and water);
reform see agriculture (land reform);
tax 17, 374;
‘waste’ 50–51
landed elites 345, 351, 379
Landes, David 75, 81, 252, 256
landlords 17, 18, 278–9;
absentee 13, 303, 380
landownership 24;
British society and 206, 207;
England 27, 58–9, 266–8;
Ireland 13, 14, 58–9, 64–5, 284–6, 391, 392;
Scotland 58–9;
Wales 21–2, 58–9, 267–8;
see also estate size;
estate system;
rents (interest groups)
language:
Gaelic 14, 17, 19, 360, 389, 448;
for hegemony 360, 361–2;
Welsh 415, 445–7
268 INDEX
Laslett, Peter 215, 249, 351
Lath, Matthew 371
law 218–19, 308
Law Society 308
Lawes, J.B. 55, 59
Le Roy Ladurie, E. 253
lead industry 121, 123–4
leadership 431
leading sectors 255–6
leaseholders 13, 18
Lecky, W. 269, 306
Lee, William 91
Leeds 405, 410–11, 425
Lefebvre, G. 253
legal model (for history) 2
legal system 17, 364–5
legislation see individual acts of parliament
legitimacy 42
legitimate fertility 40, 41, 42
Leicester 405
leisure:
entertainment services 214;
high culture 430, 435;
popular culture 430, 432–7, 440–5;
see also seaside resorts;
spas;
sports
Levine, David 113
Lewis, W.A. 7
Lhuyd, Edward, 446
Liberal Party 309
life expectancy 28, 36, 39, 43
life style (aristocracy) 272–5
Lilbourne, James 372
Lilley, Samuel 81, 84
limited liability companies 203
Lindert, P, H. 76, 317
Linen Board 193, 194
linen industry 89, 114–15, 117, 193–4
‘lint’ mills 90
listings (population source) 30–1
literacy levels 215–18
literary models 2, 3
literature 446, 447, 448
Liverpool 402, 410, 425
livestock 53–4, 56, 220;
see also cattle farming;
sheep farming
living standards 30, 251;
middle-class 308;
wage-earners 314–21
Lloyd, Charles 95, 209
local administration:
county and parish 25;
patronage 349;
town and city 25–6
local gentry (Cardington study) 374
Locke, John 346
Locke, Joseph 240
London 26, 28, 45;
as a manufacturing centre 422–4;
as financial centre 177–8, 421, 422;
population 419–20, 422;
private banks 199, 200;
urban growth 399, 401–2, 410, 414, 419–24
London Docks 149, 420
London Labour and London Poor (Mayhew) 323
Lord Lieutenant 14, 25, 282
Lord’s Day Observance Society 439
Lords Justices 14
Lovett, William 148
Lowland zone 10, 11, 12
Luddite movement 113, 353
luxury goods 19, 26, 423
Macadam, John L. 133, 135
McClelland, David 211, 212
McCulloch, J.R. 98, 180, 334
Macdonald, Alexander 448
Macfarlane, Alan 434
machinery, see mechanization
Macintosh, Charles 80
MacIntyre, Duncan 448
McKeown, T. (medical historian) 38
Mackington, James 293
Macpherson, James 447
majority history 342
Making of the English Working Class, The (Thompson) 351
Making of Victorian England, The (Kitson Clark) 308
Malcolmson, R.W. 434
Malicious Injuries to Property Act (1768) 329
Malthus, Thomas 42, 43, 184, 293, 359
Manby, Aaron 177
Manchester 293–4, 404–5, 410–12, 425;
Literary and Philosophical Society 79;
Liverpool railway 230–1, 236, 238, 247;
‘men’ 220
Mansfield, Lord 219
Mantoux, Paul 251
manufacturing 219–20, 407;
in London 422–4;
proto-industrialization 109–16;
wage-labour 313, 316, 317–18, 322;
see also factories/factory system;
industrialization;
industry
Manufacturing Population of England, The (Gaskell) 108
marginalization (of women) 299–300, 301, 321–2
maritime economy (Ireland) 13
market-oriented agriculture 50–2
market economy 28, 251
market towns 410
‘marketing’ centres 396, 398
markets 220
marriage 4, 269, 279, 280, 281;
age of 40, 42;
birth rate and 40, 41, 42;
civil registration 32, 33;
middle-class women 299–300
Marriage Act (1753) 32, 41
Marshall, Dorothy 298
Marshall, John 90
INDEX 269
Marwick, Arthur 1
Marx, Karl 6, 170, 184–5, 250, 251, 257, 289, 314–15, 320, 364
Marxism, culture and 432
mass culture see popular culture
mass production 110–11, 114, 115, 122, 257–8, 325
Massie, Joseph 31, 256, 270
Mathias, Peter 186, 218, 263
Maudslay, Henry 84, 122
Maybery, Thomas 95
Mayhew, Henry 316, 323, 326, 327, 328
meaning, problem of 259–61
Mechanics’ Institutes 210
mechanization:
agriculture 57–8;
textile 83–92, 111–12, 115, 117–18, 412
medicine 421;
advances 37–9;
self-medication 444–5;
as vocation 303, 308
Meikle, Andrew 57
men (attitudes to women’s work) 322–3
mercantilism 179–82, 218, 223
merit 349
Merthyr Tydfil 406–7, 415
metallurgical industry:
industrial organization 120–23;
metal mining 123–4;
urban growth and 405–6;
wages 120, 121, 122–3, 124
Metcalfe, John 133, 135
Meteyard, B. 41
Methodism 211, 356, 357, 436, 447
methodologies (and concepts) 2–4
Methuen treaty (1703) 162
Metropolitan Police 422
Metropolitan Turnpike Trust 146
middle class 352, 353, 354;
culture 432–3;
definition 290–1;
England 291–4, 295, 297–8, 300–1;
heterogeneity 297–9;
ideology 295–7;
Ireland 298, 306–7;
middle classness 308–9;
occupations 293–5;
patronage 349;
‘protean’ stage of development 291–3;
Scotland 18, 294, 298, 304–6;
Wales 21, 298, 302–4, 389–90;
women 299–302
middle managers 111
middlemen (role) 220, 306–7
migration 35, 385;
emigration 44, 177, 193, 388;
England 44–5, 420;
attitude to immigrants 362–3;
internal 30, 44–6;
Ireland 44–6, 362, 409–10, 420;
rural-urban 409, 410–11;
Scotland 44–6, 64, 388, 416, 420;
Wales 44, 420
Militia Act (1797) 282
Mill, James 180
Mill, John Stuart 49, 180, 296
mills 107, 108, 118–20;
see also factories/factory system
Mills, Dennis 386, 389
Miners’ Association 338
Mines Act (1842) 99, 108, 322, 358
Mingay, G.E. 53, 54, 68, 268
mining industry 406;
industrial organization 121–4;
legislation 99, 108, 322, 358;
see also coal
minority history 342
Mitchell, B.R. 237–8
mixed farming 70 bis
mixed firms (textiles) 110, 117–18
modern sector 261
modernity in agriculture 50–2
modernization 251;
industrial organization 112;
investment demands 196–8
Mokyr, J. 261
money supply 198–9, 202;
enclosure investment and 66–7
monitorial schools 210
Montagu, Elizabeth 279
Monteith, James 192
Montesquieu 10
moral culture 432
moral economy 5, 115, 207, 347, 351, 353, 436
morality system, culture and 432
More, Hannah 301
Morganwg, Iolo 446
Moritz, Carl 142
Morris, Lewis 446
Morris, Owen 446
Morris, Richard 446
mortality see death rate
mule-spinning 119–20, 320–21
Mulholland, John 90
Mundy, Francis 62
Municipal Corporation Act (1835) 425
Munro, Alexander 305
Muscovy Company 160, 162
Mushet, David 80
Musson, A.E. 80, 256–9, 335, 337
mutual interaction 7–8
Myddle (case study) 369–71
myths 1, 8, 446–7
Napoleonic Wars 60, 65, 66, 212
Nash, Beau 408
Nasmyth, James 95, 177
‘national’ perspective 254–5
National Association for the Protection of Labour 336, 337
National Board of Education 195
national capital 187–9
national debt 197–8
National School Society 215
nationalism 14–15, 445–7
270 INDEX
Navigation Acts 161, 169, 171–2, 180, 181, 222
navvies (on railways) 239–41, 324, 325
Neale, R.S. 350–1
Needwood Plateau 62
Neilson, James 94, 193
Nesbitt, John 373
new economic order 249
Newcomen, Thomas 102–3
Nicholas, William 370
non-corporate towns 26
Nonconformity 25, 31, 79, 280, 357, 390, 413, 414, 447
Norfolk rotation 54
Northampton 412
Northcote-Trevelyan report 308, 349
Nottingham 405
nutrition 38
Oastler, Richard 319
occupations:
Cardington study 371–4;
class by 350–1;
middle-class 293–6, 298, 305–6;
professional 307–8
O’Day, Rosemary 307
old age (retirement) 326–7
Oldham 412
Oldknow, Samuel 118
one-class model 351
open field system 26, 51–2, 60–2
open villages 376–80
opium (drug-taking) 443–5
organization:
agricultural 51–2;
industrial see industrial organization
out-boroughs 19
outfield 18, 51
outworking 108–16, 124, 187, 257–8
overdrafts 202
overseas trade:
changing focus 162–71;
early eighteenth century 160–2;
and economic growth 182;
growth (after 1800) 172–4;
London Dock 420–1;
mercantilism and free trade 179–82;
nature of 174–8;
Scotland 171–2
Overton, Mark 71
Owen, Goronwy 446
Owen, Robert 335–6, 359
Owen-Pughe, William 446
owner-occupiers 268, 276–8
Palmer, John 143
Palmer, William (poisoner) 441
Paris, Treaty of (1763) 164
parish elite 374, 375
parish registers 31–2, 254–5
parish gentry (Myddle) 370–1
parishes (administration) 16–17, 25, 128–9
parliament:
cultural reform and 439–40;
electorate 16, 19, 22, 24, 349;
functions 24–5;
Ireland 14–15;
railways and 243;
reform 5;
Scotland 16, 216;
Welsh representation 15–16;
see also House of Commons;
House of Lords
Parsons, Talcott 208–9
passenger trains 241–2, 243, 244–7
pastoral farming 18, 377
‘pasts and presents’ 2, 253
patents 83, 218
paternalism 207, 222, 413;
Ashwell case study 384–6;
class and 352, 354–5;
elites 343, 345, 347–8
patriarchalism 320, 322, 378;
elites 346–7;
gender differential 357–9
patronage 207, 284;
cultural 449;
elite 343, 345, 348–50;
political 272, 273, 274, 348–50;
royal 15, 24, 349, 408
Paul, Lewis 84
paupers 373–4, 380
Pawson, Eric 50, 52
peace, economic fluctuations and 262–3
Peaceful Conquest: the Industrialisation of Europe (Pollard) 255
Pearce, Edward 230
peasants 283–4, 376, 392, 433–4;
peasant culture 433–4;
peasant economy 283–4, 392
pedestrianism 438–9
Peel, Sir Robert 181, 232, 263
peerage 268–75, 281;
representative peers 16, 22
Pennington, Sir John 278
Pentrich rising (1817) 353
people:
economic change and 208, 211–12;
in history 3, 4–5;
mobility 241–3, 244–7;
places and 11, 13;
social mobility 42, 207–8, 214, 269, 290, 396, 397, 434;
in society 1–2, 253
Perkin, Harold 206–7, 249, 269, 272–3, 291, 296, 345, 348, 351,
352–3
personal hygiene 38, 39
perspective:
national 254–5;
on society 342–3;
total 253–4
Peto, Samuel M. 240, 293
philanthropy, women and 301–2
Philosophy of Manufactures, The (Ure) 325, 334
Pickering, William 226
INDEX 271
Pickfords 146, 147, 293
Pinchbeck, Ivy 321
Pitt, William 62, 178, 179, 181, 332
Place, Francis 330, 334
places 11, 13;
see also geography
plait schools 383
planned villages 387, 389
ploughs and ploughing 52, 56–7
Plumb, J.H. 435
plutocrats 293
poaching 273–4, 284, 385, 438
pocket boroughs 24
poetry 446, 447, 448
police 422, 439, 440;
Ashwell 384–5
political culture 431
political economy 359
political patronage 272, 273, 274, 348–50
political structures 19, 22–6
Pollard, Sidney 255
Poor Law 45, 348, 388;
Unions 384–5
Poor Law Amendment Act (1834) 44, 384–5
poor relief 16–17, 43, 45;
see also poverty
Pope, Alexander 79, 126
popular culture 430, 435–7;
changing attitudes 440–45;
control 432–3;
diversity of 433–5
population 11, 13;
birth rate 30, 32–3, 35–6, 39–44;
control 359;
death rate 28, 30, 32–3, 35–9;
demographic crises 36–7;
demographic growth 254–5;
distribution (urban) 401–7, 409;
England 31–5, 37, 40–1, 43–5, 47, 401–7;
Ireland 31–5, 47, 391, 418–19;
London 419–20, 422;
Malthusian theory 42–3, 359;
Scotland 31–8, 40, 42, 44–7, 64, 388, 400, 415, 416;
sources 30–3;
urban 395–8, 401–7, 409, 418–19;
Wales 31–5, 37, 40, 44, 47, 400–1, 415;
see also demographic change;
migration;
population growth
population growth 6–7;
economic change and 46–7;
enclosure and 67–8;
and industrialization 34–5, 41, 42, 45–6, 207;
regional variation 33–5
port improvements 149
Porter, Beilby 209
Porter, Roy 269, 274, 277, 290–1, 293, 295, 345
‘Porthmon’ (Wales) 21
ports (improvements) 149
Post Office 143–4, 149
potatoes 38, 55, 58, 68–9, 194, 389, 391–2;
famine 35, 40, 44, 46, 254, 286
‘potwalloper’ boroughs 24
poverty 6, 44, 312, 314;
Ashwell study 384–5;
Ireland 195;
in London 421–2;
Myddle study 371;
paternalism and 347–8;
Scotland 192
power 74;
of aristocracy 272–5;
culture and 431;
effective 343, 344
power industries 102–4
Pratt, Thomas 95
pre-industrial society 5, 40, 209
premarital sex 41–2
Presbyterianism 14, 17, 22, 360, 361, 449
Preston 413
Preston, Ann 374
prices:
agriculture 67–8;
corn 69, 220, 317;
food 47, 68–70, 261–2;
grain 57, 68–70;
trade cycles and 262–3;
wheat 65–6, 316, 317
‘prime mover’ 7–8, 102
primogeniture 313, 389
private banks, London’s 199, 200
private experience 4–5
private patronage 348–9
prize-fighting 438
Proclamation Society 439
production:
industrial (elements) 73–5;
mass 110–11, 114, 115, 122, 257–8, 325;
see also factories/factory system ;
industry;
manufacturing
professional services 213
professions 307–8;
England 298;
Ireland 298, 306;
Scotland 298, 304–6;
Wales 298, 302–4
profits 75, 81–2
proletariat 257, 312–13, 314–15, 351
property rights 218, 266–7, 279, 284, 300, 314
prostitution 328
protectionism 179, 181
Protestant ethic 210, 211
Protestants 15, 211, 362, 363;
landowners 13, 14, 391
Prothero, Iowerth 352
proto-industrialization 109–16, 257, 329, 368
provincial centres 399
public hangings 439
public health 37, 38, 424–6
public life (women’s role) 300–1
public office, peerage and 272
272 INDEX
puddling and rolling process 95, 120
pugilism 438
purchasing power 182, 261–2
Puritanism 210
Quakers 209, 211, 293, 302
quality of life 317–19
quantitative evidence 2–3
race:
differentiation by 359–61;
slave trade 161, 163, 167, 170, 363–4
Radcliffe, William 108
Radnor, Earl of 377
Railway Acts 231–2, 236, 238, 243
Railway Clearing House 242
railways 7, 409;
building (investment) 203, 236–41, 271;
challenge of 146–7, 157, 158;
freight 241–2;
impact 226–7;
passengers 241–2, 244–7;
revolution 231–6;
state intervention 242–3;
technological development 97–8, 101–2, 227–31
rainfall 10–11
Ransome, Robert 57
rationality system, culture and 432
Ravensworth, Lord 229
raw materials 6, 74, 171
re-exports 161–4, 166–9, 171–2, 175, 182
Rebecca Riots 135, 140–2
Reciprocity Duties Act (1823) 181
recruitment (elite positions) 343–4
Reed, M.C. 237
Reform Act (1832) 297
Reformation 210
regional centres 399, 401, 403, 404–5, 410
Registrar-General 33
regulation (by associational forms) 4
religion:
culture and 434–6, 439, 447;
differentiation by 356–7, 360–61;
of elites 346;
Sunday schools 209–10, 215–16;
as vocation 307–8;
women’s role 301;
see also Church
religious affiliations 210, 211, 212, 413, 432;
see also individual faiths
Rennie, John 80, 152, 156, 448
rent 11, 13, 18, 27, 65, 68
rent (interest groups):
aristocracy 268–75;
England 266–75;
gentry 275–6;
Ireland 280, 284–6;
landlord-tenant relations 278–9;
landownership 266–8;
owner-occupiers/tenant farmers 276–8;
Scotland 63, 280, 282–4;
Wales 280–2;
women (role) 279–80
rentiers 266, 271
Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population
(Chadwick) 424
representative peers 16, 22
reproduction 43, 217
resource scarcity 6
Restoration 212
restrictive practices 334
retailing (patterns) 219, 221
retirement 326–7
retreatism 211–12
‘revolutionary’ model (class) 354
Ricardo, David 180, 184, 266, 297
Richards, Eric 321
Risby (case study) 374–5
rivers:
communications 129–32;
improvements 147–8
roads:
administration 128–9, 130;
building 138–9;
early eighteenth century 127–8;
engineers 133, 135;
Ireland 138–9, 195;
see also turnpikes
Roberts, David 347, 348
Roberts, Richard 83–4
Rochdale 412
Rose, George 31, 272
Rostow, W.W. 7, 77, 79, 83, 104, 160, 171, 185, 251, 252
rotation systems 54–5, 56, 194, 198
Rothamsted farm 59
rotten boroughs 24
Rowbotham, S. 358
rowing 438–9
Royal African Company 162
Royal Agricultural Society 59
Royal Agriculture College 59
Royal Bank of Scotland 191
royal burghs 16, 19, 400
Royal College of Physicians 303
Royal College of Surgeons 308
Royal Colege of Veterinary Surgeons 59
Royal Commissions 146, 243, 424
Royal Mail 144
royal patronage 15, 24, 349, 408
Royal Society 79
Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 440
Royston Union 384–5
ruling class 27, 344, 347, 353, 432
rural:
industry 317–18, 376, 387, 388;
manufacturing 110, 113, 115;
society 26–7;
-urban migration 410–11;
see also countryside (impact of economic growth);
villages
Ruskin, John 226
INDEX 273
Russell, Richard 408
rye 68
salt (transport of) 150
sanctions 209
sanitation 37, 38
Sargant, W.L. 215
Savery, Thomas 102
savings 185, 186, 193, 196
Scheele, Karl 80
Schofield, R.S. 32, 40, 42, 43
schools 17;
charity 209–10, 216, 218;
monitorial 210;
Sunday 209–10, 215–16;
voluntary 216–17
science and technology 79–81
‘scot and lot’ boroughs 24
Scotch Cattle violence 415
Scotland:
agriculture 18–19, 50–2, 58–9, 63–4, 386–9, 392;
aristocracy 16, 274, 282–3;
canals 152, 154–5, 195;
capital banking 191–3, 196;
culture 447–9;
education 17, 216, 305, 449;
electorate 16, 22;
enclosure 63–4;
exports 171–3;
gentry 283;
geography 10–11, 12, 20;
industrialization 192–3, 282;
industry 76–7, 93, 94, 338;
landownership 58–9, 280, 282–4;
middle class 18, 294, 298, 304–6;
migration 44–6, 64, 388, 416, 420;
national perspective 254–5;
overseas trade 171–2;
parliament 16, 216;
politics 16, 22, 216;
population 31–8, 40, 42, 44–7, 64, 388, 400, 415, 416;
professions 298, 304–6;
racial differentiation 360–1, 362;
textiles 87–8, 89–91, 118–19, 192–3, 335, 416–17;
transport 136, 138;
urban growth 19, 400, 415–18, 419;
see also individual towns
Scott, Sir Walter 448
Scraggs, Thomas 56
sea-level (impact) 11
seaside resorts 407–8, 410, 414
seasonal employment 46, 73, 110
Select Committee on Emigration 44
Select Committee on Railway Labourers 241
self-employment 114, 258, 290, 412
self-help 210, 353
semi-skilled labour 324–6
Senegal Adventurers 160
Septennial Act (1716) 24
services:
invisible exports 175–7;
London’s role 421
services (servicing the economy) 213;
economic growth and education 214–15;
economic growth and the law 218–19;
literacy levels 215–18;
role 214
Sessions of the Peace 25
settlement laws 45, 270
Seven Years War 66, 95, 164
sexual division of labour 114–15, 322
sexual revolution 41–2
Shaftesbury, Lord 319
sheep farming 21, 50, 56, 63, 64
Sheffield 406, 410, 411
Sherman, Edward 145
shipbuilding industry 406
shipping trade 131, 148–9, 176–7
shooting 438
‘shopocracy’ 293–5
shops 221;
see also retailing (patterns)
Shorter, E. 41
sickness 326–7
silk industry 90, 116
silver 199, 200
Sinclair, Sir John 283
skilled labour 217, 321, 323–6;
migrant 177;
unions 330, 332, 333–4, 339;
see also artisans
Slack, P. 397, 398
slave trade 161, 163, 167, 170, 363–4
‘slow motion’ growth:
agriculture 52–4;
industry 206, 212, 255–6, 264
smallpox, 38, 39
Smeaton, John 80, 97, 102–3, 156, 448
Smelser, N. 215, 320
smelting 6, 74, 82, 121–2
Smiles, Samuel 210
Smith, Adam 42, 49, 68, 130, 170, 180–1, 184, 222, 297, 314, 330,
427, 449
Smith, James 56
Smith, Sydney 442
Smithfield Club 59
Smout, T.C. 387, 448
smuggling 179–80, 222, 378
Snow, John 424
social attitudes (wage-earning) 314
social change 209;
history and 5–8;
and religion 357;
theory of 7
Social Change in the Industrial Revolution (Smelser) 320
‘social change school’ 251, 252
social class see class
social control 209–10, 217, 303, 378, 387, 436
social emulation 207
social environment 208–9
social focus (towns) 396, 421
social heterogeneity (towns) 397
274 INDEX
social inequality 364–5
social mobility 42, 207–8, 214, 269, 290, 396, 397, 434
‘social necessity’, history as 1
social order 5
‘social overhead capital’ 127, 185, 195, 214
social reproduction 217
social revolution (impact of economic growth):
class 350–56;
conclusions 364–5;
differentiation 356–64;
elites 343–50;
perspectives on society 342–3
social structures:
Britain 22–7;
hierarchical 206–7, 269, 345–6;
law and 218–19;
see also society
social systems 4–5, 431
social values 352–3
socialism 359
socialization of girls 279–80
society:
change and history 5–8;
hierarchical 345–6;
perspectives on 342–3;
Wales 21–2;
see also class;
class society;
social revolution (impact of economic growth);
social structures
Society of Improvers in the Knowledge of Agriculture 59
socio-political structures 412–13
soil:
fertility 55–6;
types 11, 18
Somerville, Alexander 244
Sorocold, George 424
South Sea Company 74, 163
South Shields 412
Southey, Robert 108, 135, 342
Spanish Company 160
spas 407–8, 410, 414
spectacle (in culture) 439
spinning 82–4, 86, 88–90, 92, 114, 117–20, 320–1, 333, 335–6
Spitalfields Act (1773) 117
sport 434, 438–9
Stafford, Marquess of 236, 245
stage-coach services 143–6
stages of economic growth 7, 251
state:
economic growth and 221–3;
and railways 242–3;
see also government;
parliament
Statute of Artificers (1562) 330, 332, 334
statute labour 128–9, 136, 138
Statute Law 218
steam engine 6, 62, 80–1, 86, 99, 102–4;
chronology 256–7;
locomotion railways 228–30
steam power 158
steamships 148–9, 157, 177
steel production 98
Steers, Thomas 150
Stephenson, George 99, 229–30
Stephenson, Robert 230
stereotypes:
gender 279, 359;
racial 362, 364
sterling 199
Sterne, Laurence 126, 215
Stevenson, Alan 448
Stevenson, Robert 448
strikes 115, 329, 331–2, 335–8 passim
structure (Britain) 10–11, 12
Strutt, Jedidiah 318
sub-elites 343, 344
subcontractors 119, 120
Subletting Act (1826) 286
subsistence economies 13, 58, 386–8
suffrage 5, 300;
see also electorate
Summner, J.B. 347
Sunday schools 209–10, 215–16
Surtees, R.S. 70
survival 7
Sutton family 39
Swift, R. 362
Swing Riots 384
Symington, William 148
‘synthesising principles’ 2
tariffs 68, 70, 162, 179, 181, 182, 222, 263
Tawney, R.H. 210
Taylor, John 122
technology 252;
new (hostility to) 113–14;
railway development 227–31;
science and 79–81;
system 431–2
technology (industrial change):
changing 77, 79–83;
coal 98–102;
conclusions 104;
industrial experience 76–8;
industrial production 73–5;
iron 93–8;
power 102–4;
textiles 83–93
‘teind’ (fixed tithes) 18
Telford, Thomas 135, 138, 149, 152, 154, 156, 448
temperance reform 439, 441–3
tenancies-at-will 63, 285–6, 392
tenant farmers 266, 268, 276–9, 281–6
Tennant, Charles 80
Test Act (1678) 25, 297
textile industry:
England 86–92, 108–9, 111–12, 115, 117–19, 321, 330, 333,
335–6, 403–5, 412;
exports 87, 88, 107, 179;
factory system 118–20, 319–21;
industrial organization 108–9, 111–12, 115–20;
INDEX 275