Brown R. Society and Economy in Modern Britain 1700-1850

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Ireland 87, 90, 112, 118, 195;

mechanization 83–92, 111–12, 115, 117–18, 412;

Scotland 86–7, 89–91, 118–19, 192–3, 335, 416–17;

technology 80, 82–93;

unions 330, 333, 335–6;

urban growth and 403–5;

wages 86, 117, 119–20;

Wales 22, 86, 89, 118;

see also canals;

coaching industry;

coastal shipping;

railways;

rivers;

roads;

shipbuilding industry;

shipping trade;

steamships;

tramways;

turnpikes

Tranter, N. 38, 39, 375

Treasury 198, 202

Treaty of Paris (1763) 164

Treaty of Utrecht (1713) 162

Trevithick, Richard 80, 228–9

Trowell, S. 68

Tull, Jethro 57, 71, 80

Turner, M.E. 60

turnips 54–5

Turnpike Acts 129, 132–3, 136, 142

turnpikes 126, 128;

challenge of railways 146–7;

coaching industry 143–6;

effects 139–43;

engineers 133, 135;

geography of 136–9;

legislation 129, 132–3, 136, 142

two-class model 351–2

two-sector growth models 261

two-tier model (culture) 430, 435

Unbound Prometheus, The (Landes) 252, 256

under-drainage 56

under-registration 31–2

undercapitalization:

Scotland 193, 196;

Wales 190–91, 196

underdevelopment 27–8

underemployment 13, 113, 327

‘undertakers’ (Irish MPs) 15

unemployment 45, 179, 326–7, 384, 385, 388, 417

Unitarianism 211

universities 421, 449

unskilled labour 321, 324–6, 339

urban:

development 28;

hierarchy 402;

industrialization 41, 42;

local government 25–6;

migration 410–11;

population 395–8, 401–7, 409, 418–19;

society 5, 19

urban explosion:

conclusions 426–7;

definitions 395–7;

eighteenth-century setting 397–400;

England 400–7;

growth 400–13;

Ireland 418–19;

London 419–24;

Scotland 415–18;

urban conditions 424–6;

Wales 413–15

urban growth 307, 433;

276 INDEX

diversity 411–13;

eighteenth century 400–8;

from eighteenth century 409–11;

industrial concentration and 409;

Ireland 400, 418–19;

locating 406–7;

London 419–24;

pattern 402;

Scotland 19, 400, 415–18, 419;

Wales 400, 401, 413–15, 419

Ure, Andrew 113, 325, 334

usury 209, 219

utilitarianism 296–7

Utrecht Treaty (1713) 162

vaccination 38, 39

vagrants and vagrancy 327–5

values 4;

cultural 5, 254, 359–60;

social 352–3

variable capital 185

Vermuyden, Cornelius 11, 51

Vicars, Dr Rayliegh 444

Vidler, John 144

villages:

case studies 369–76, 380–6;

closed 375–79;

economy 379–81;

industrial 317–18, 375;

open 375–79;

planned 387, 389

Vindication of the Rights of Women (Wollstonecraft) 358

Vivian family 121

Voltaire 269

voluntary schools 216–17

Von Tunzelmann, G.N. 83, 103–4

Wade, General George 133, 138

wages 13–14, 42–3, 47, 111;

agricultural 67, 70;

emergence 312–14;

metallurgy industries 120, 121, 122–3, 124;

real 315–16;

textiles 86, 117, 119–20;

women 321–3, 358

wages (wage-earners) 311;

classification of wage-earners 323–8;

conclusions 339;

emergence of wages 312–14;

living standards 314–21;

unions and 328–39;

women’s 321–3

Wales:

agriculture 20–1, 50–2, 58–9, 63, 267–8, 389–91;

aristocracy 21, 267–8;

capital banking 189–91, 196;

culture 445–7;

economy 19–22, 28;

education 215–17;

electorate 19, 22;

enclosure 63;

exports 173;

gentry 21, 268, 281–2, 389, 446;

geography 10–11, 12, 13, 23;

industrialization 190–1, 282;

industry 22, 76–7, 93, 95–6;

landownership 58–9, 267–8, 280–2;

language 360, 361–2;

middle class 21, 298, 302–4, 389–90;

migration 44, 420;

national perspective 254–5;

overseas trade 165–8;

politics 15–16, 19, 22–3, 25;

population 31–5, 37, 40, 44, 47, 400–1, 415;

professions 298, 302–4;

racial differentiation 360–1;

services 215–16;

textiles 22, 86, 89, 118;

transport 136, 137;

urban growth 400, 401, 413–15, 419;