Carson Ph., Mumford C. Hazardous Chemicals Handbook (Справочник по опасным химическим веществам)

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Sampling strategies

The results of environmental monitoring exercises will be influenced by a variety of variables

including the objectives of the study, the sampling regime, the technical methods adopted, the

calibre of staff involved, etc. Detailed advice about sampling protocols (e.g. where and when to

sample, the volume and number of samples to collect, the use of replicates, controls, statistical

interpretation of data, etc.) and of individual analytical techniques are beyond the scope of this

book. Some basic considerations include the following, with examples of application for employee

exposure and incident investigation.

Sampling

It is crucial to consider the sampling protocol, equipment, calibration, and validation. Tightly

sealed sample containers of adequate strength, and generally protected from heat and light, are

required. Extreme care must be taken with sample identification and labelling. Sample containers

must not become contaminated with the substance under study or by any major interfering

chemicals. Precautions must also prevent accidental loss of material collected awaiting analysis,

e.g. during storage or transport. For example, water samples can become affected by evaporation,

degassing, chemical degradation, photophysical degradation, precipitation, or damage of suspended

matter.

Samples must be representative of the environment in relation to study objectives and to permit

comparison of data with appropriate standards, i.e. average concentrations, time-weighted exposures,

peak concentrations, etc. Replicate samples may be advisable.

Methods

Consideration must be given to equipment calibration and method suitability in terms of sensitivity,

limits of detection, accuracy, precision, repeatability.

Table 10.26 HSE generic techniques for monitoring quality of workplace air

Subject MDHS number

Generation of test atmospheres of organic vapours by the syringe injection technique 3

Generation of test atmospheres of organic vapours by the permeation tube method 4

On-site validation of sampling methods 5

General methods for sampling and gravimetric analysis of respirable and inhalable dust 14/3

Protocol for assessing the performance of a diffusive sampler 27

Sorbent tube standards preparation by the syringe injection technique 33/2

Protocol for assessing the performance of a pumped sampler for gases and vapours 54

General methods for sampling airborne gases and vapours 70

Analytical quality in workplace air monitoring 71

Measurement of air change rates in factories and offices 73

Dustiness of powders and materials 81

The dust lamp 82

Discrimination between fire types in samples of airborne dust on filters using microscopy 87

SAMPLING STRATEGIES 359

360 MONITORING TECHNIQUES

Table 10.27 HSE methods for measuring levels of specific airborne chemicals

Substance Method MDHS number

Acrylamide in air Lab method with high performance 57

liquid chromatography after collection

in an impinger containing water

Acrylonitrile in air Charcoal adsorption tube and gas 1

chromatography

Lab method using porous polymer 2

adsorption tube and thermal desorption

with gas chromatography

Lab method using porous polymer 55

diffusive samplers with thermal

desorption and gas chromatography

Aromatic amines in air and on Lab method using pumped acid-coated 75

surfaces filters, desorption and liquid

chromatography

Aromatic carboxylic acid Lab method using glass-fibre/Tenax 62

anhydrides in air tube sampling and high performance

liquid chromatography

Aromatic isocyanates in air Field method using acid hydrolysis, 49

diazotization, coupling and

spectrophotometry

Arsenic and inorganic Lab method using continuous flow or 41/2

compounds of arsenic flow injection analysis hydride

(except arsine) generation and atomic absorption

spectrometry

Arsine in air Colorimetric field method using silver 34

diethyldithiocarbamate in presence of

excess silver nitrate

Asbestos fibres in air Sampling and evaluation by phase- 39/4

contrast microscopy

Asbestos in bulk material Sampling and identification by 77

polarized light microscopy

Azodicarbonamide in air Lab method using high performance 92

liquid chromatography

Benzene in air Charcoal adsorbent tubes, solvent 17

desorption, and gas chromatography

Lab method using pumped porous 22

polymer adsorbent tubes, thermal

desorption and gas chromatography

Lab method using porous polymer 50

diffusive samplers, thermal desorption

and gas chromatography

Beryllium and beryllium Lab method using flame atomic 29/2

compounds in air absorption spectrometry or

electrothermal atomic absorption

spectrometry

Butadiene in air Lab method using pumped molecular 53

sieve sorbent tubes, thermal desorption

and gas chromatography

Lab method using molecular sieve 63

samplers, thermal desorption and gas

chromatography

Cadmium and inorganic Flame atomic adsorption or 12/2

cadmium compounds in air electrothermal atomic absorption

spectrometry

Carbon disulphide in air Charcoal adsorbent tubes with solvent 15

desorption and gas chromatography

Chlorinated hydrocarbon Lab method using pumped charcoal 28

solvent vapours in air adsorption tubes, solvent desorption

and gas chromatography

Chromium and inorganic Flame atomic absorption spectrometry 12/2

compounds of chromium in air

Chromium (hexavalent) in Colorimetric field method using 1,5- 52/3

chromium plating mists diphenylcarbazide

Chromium (total and speciated chromium) Colorimetric field method using 1,5- 67

in chromium plated mists diphenyl carbazide after oxidation with

silver (1)-catalysed peroxydisulphate

Coal tar pitch volatiles: Lab method using filters and 68

measurement of particulates and gravimetric analysis

cyclohexane soluble material in air

Cobalt and cobalt compounds in air Lab method using flame atomic 30/2

absorption spectrometry

Cristobalite in respirable Lab method using X-ray diffraction 76

airborne dust (direct method)

Diethyl sulphate and Lab method using Tenax sorbent tube, 89

dimethyl sulphate thermal desorption and gas

chromatography with mass

spectrometry

Dioctyl phthalate Lab method using Tenax sorbent tubes, 32

solvent desorption and gas

chromatography

Ethylene dibromide Lab method with pumped Tenax 45

absorbent tubes, solvent desorption and

electron capture gas chromatography

Ethylene oxide Lab method using charcoal absorbent 26

tubers, solvent desorption and gas

chromatography

Formaldehyde in air Lab method using diffusive sampler, 78

solvent desorption and high

performance liquid chromatography

Glutaraldehyde in air Lab method using high performance 93

liquid chromatography

Glycol ether and glycol ether Lab method using charcoal adsorbent 21

acetate vapours in air tubes, solvent desorption and gas

chromatography

Glycol ether and glycol acetate Lab method using Tenax sorbent tubes, 23

vapours in air thermal desorption and gas

chromatography

-Hexane in air Lab method using charcoal diffusive 74

samplers, solvent desorption and gas

chromatography

Hydrazine in air Lab method using sampling either onto 86

acid-coated glass-fibre filters

followed by solvent desorption or into

specially constructed impingers. Final

analysis by derivatization and high

performance liquid chromatography

Hydrocarbons (mixed C

–C

) Lab method using pumped porous 60

polymer and carbon sorbent tubes,

thermal desorption and gas

chromatography

Hydrocarbons (mixed C

–C

) Lab method using porous polymer 66

diffusive samplers, thermal desorption

and gas chromatography

Table 10.27 Cont’d

Substance Method MDHS number

SAMPLING STRATEGIES 361

362 MONITORING TECHNIQUES

Hydrogen cyanide in air Lab method using an ion-selective 56/2

electrode

Hydrogen fluoride and Lab method using an ion-selective 35/2

fluorides in air electrode or ion chromatography

Lead and inorganic compounds Lead method using flame or 6/3

of lead in air electrothermal atomic absorption

spectrometry

Lab method using X-ray fluorescence 7

spectrometry

Colorimetric field method 8

Mercury vapour in air Diffusive samplers with qualitative on- 59

site colorimetric analysis and

quantitative cold vapour atomic

absorption spectrometry in the

laboratory

Metals and metalloids in X-ray fluorescence spectrometry 91

workplace air

Metalworking fluids Elemental marker method using flame 95

(water based) atomic absorption spectrometry or

inductively coupled plasma emission

spectrometry

Mineral oil mist from mineral Pumped filters with gravimetric 84

oil-based metalworking fluids determination

Newspaper print rooms: Lab method using filters and 48

measurement of total particulate gravimetric evaluation

and cyclohexane-soluble material

Nickel and inorganic Lab method using flame atomic 42/2

compounds of nickel in air absorption spectrometry or

(except nickel carbonyl) electrothermal atomic absorption

spectrometry

Organic isocyanates in air Lab method with sampling either onto 25/3

coated glass-fibre filters followed by

solvent desorption, or into impingers

and analysis using high performance

liquid chromatography

Peroxodisulphate salts in air Lab method using mobile phase ion 79

chromatography

Pesticides in air and on surfaces Pumped filters/sorbent tubes with gas 94

chromatography

Platinum metal and soluble Lab method using electrothermal 46/2

platinum compounds in air atomic absorption spectrometry or

inductively coupled plasma mass

spectrometry

Quartz in respirable airborne Lab method using infra-red 38

dusts spectroscopy (KBr disc technique)

Resin acids in rosin (colophony) Lab method using gas chromatography 83

solder flux fume

Rubber fume in air measured as Lab method using filters and 47/2

total particulate and gravimetric estimation

cyclohexane-soluble material

Styrene in air Lab method using charcoal adsorbent 20

tubes, solvent desorption and gas

chromatography

Lab method using porous polymer 31

adsorbent tubes, thermal desorption

and gas chromatography

Table 10.27 Cont’d

Substance Method MDHS number

Lab method using porous polymer 43

diffusive samplers, thermal desorption

and gas chromatography

Lab method using charcoal diffusive 44

samplers

Tetra-alkyl lead compounds in air Personal monitoring with atomic 9

absorption analysis or electrothermal

atomization or X-ray fluorescence

spectrometry or on-site colorimetry

Toluene in air Lab method using pumped charcoal 36

adsorption tubes, solvent desorption

and gas chromatography

Lab method using pumped porous 40

polymer adsorption tubes, thermal

desorption and gas chromatography

Lab method using charcoal diffusive 64

samplers, solvent desorption and gas

chromatography (using Drager ORSA

monitor)

Lab method using charcoal diffusive 69

samplers, solvent desorption and gas

chromatography

Triglycidyl isocyanurate (and Lab method using pumped filter, 85

coating powders containing desorption and liquid chromatography

triglycidyl isocyanurate)

Vinyl chloride in air Lab method using charcoal adsorbent tubes, 24

solvent desorption and gas chromatography

Volatile organic compounds Lab method using pumped solid 72

in air sorbent tubes, thermal desorption and

gas chromatography

Lab method using diffusive solid 80

sorbent tubes, thermal desorption and

gas chromatography

Lab method using diffusive samplers, 88

solvent desorption and gas chromatography

Lab method using pumped solid 96

sorbent tubes, solvent desorption and

gas chromatography

Selected strategies for determining employees’ exposure to

airborne chemicals

The scheme in Figure 10.1 illustrates a general approach for devising a monitoring strategy.

Where doubt exists about the level of exposure, a crude assessment can be made by determining

levels under expected worst-case situations, paying attention to variations and possible errors.

More detailed assessment may be required, depending upon the outcome. Sampling times should

be long enough to overcome fluctuations but short enough for results to be meaningfully associated

with specific activities and for corrective actions to be identified. For monitoring particulates,

sampling times may be determined from the following equation:

Minimum volume (m ) =

10 sensitivity of analytical method (mg)

suitable hygiene standard (mg/ m )

Table 10.27 Cont’d

Substance Method MDHS number

SELECTED STRATEGIES FOR DETERMINING EMPLOYEES’ EXPOSURE TO AIRBORNE CHEMICALS 363

364 MONITORING TECHNIQUES

Table 10.28 Selected British Standards for analysis of workplace air quality

Standard Subject Method

BS 6069 Vinyl chloride Charcoal tube and gas

chromatography

Sulphur dioxide

Particulate lead and lead Flame atomic absorption

compounds spectrometry

Chlorinated hydrocarbon Charcoal tube, solvent desorption

vapours and gas chromatography

Aromatic hydrocarbon vapours Charcoal tube, solvent desorption

and gas chromatography

Asbestos Fibre count

Particulates Gravimetry

BS 7384 Arc welding paticulates Various

BS EN 1231 Short-term detector tubes Colorimetry

BS EN 45544 Electrical apparatus used for the Various

detection and direct

concentration measurement to

toxic gases. General

requirements and test methods

BS 50054 Electrical apparatus for the Various

detection and measurement of

combustible gases. General

requirements and test methods

BS EN 50104 Electrical apparatus for the

detection and measurement of

oxygen. Performance

requirements and test methods

BS EN 61779 Electrical apparatus for the

detection of flammable gases.

General requirements and test

methods

BS EN 10882 Welding fumes and gases Personal dosimetry

BS ISO 11041 Particulate arsenic and arsenic Hydride generation and atomic

compounds and arsenic trioxide absorption spectrometry

BS ISO 11174 Particulate cadmium and Flame and electrothermal

cadmium compounds atomic absorption spectrometry

BS ISO 15202 Metals and metalloids in Inductively coupled plasma

particulate matter atomic emission spectrometry

BS ISO 16107 Evaluation of diffusive samplers

BS EN 838 Diffusive samplers Test methods

BS EN 1076 Pumped sorbent tubes Test methods

BS EN 1232 Personal dosimetry pumps Test methods

BS EN 12919 Sampling pumps of flowrate Test methods

over 5 l/min

BS EN 45544 Electrical apparatus for the

direct detection and

measurement of toxic gases and

vapours

BS ISO 15202 Metals and metalloids Inductively coupled plasma

atomic emission spectrometry

BS ISO 16200 Volatile organic compounds Solvent desorption and gas

chromatography

Table 10.29 Compounds for which there are analytical methods recommended by NIOSH

Acenaphthene

Acetaldehyde

Acetic acid

Acetic anhydride

Acetone

Acetone cyanohydrin

Acetonitrile (methyl cyanide)

Acetylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethylene)

Acetylene tetrabromide (tetrabromoethane)

Acetylene tetrachloride

Acid mists

Acrolein

Acrylonitrile

Alachlor

ALAD (δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase)

Aldehydes (screening)

Aldecarb

Aldrin

Alkaline dusts

Allyl alcohol

Allyl chloride

Allyl glycidyl ether

Allyl trichloride

Alumina

Aluminium

Amines, alipathic

Amines, aromatic

Amino benzene

4-Aminobiphenyl

Aminoethanol compounds

bis (2-Aminoethyl) amine (diethylenetriamine)

-Aminophenylarsonic acid

2-Aminopyridine

2-Aminotoluene

Ammonia

Ammonium sulphamate

Amorphous silica

-Amyl acetate

sec-Amyl acetate (α-methylbutyl acetate)

Aniline

Anisidine

Anthanthrene

Anthracene

Antimony

ANTU (δ-naphthyl thiourea)

-Arsanilic acid

Arsenic

Arsenic trioxide

Arsine

Asbestos

Aspartame

Asphalt fume

Atrazine

Azinphos methyl

Azelaic acid

Aziridine

Azo dyes

Barium

Benomyl

Benzaldehyde

Benz(c)acridine

1,3-benzenediol

Benz(a)anthracene

Benz(a,h)anthracene

Benz(a)anthrone

Benzene

Benzene, chlorinated

Benzene-solubles

Benzidine

Benzidine-based dyes

Benzo Azurine G

Benzo(a)fluoranthene

Benzo(b)fluoranthene

Benzo(j)fluoranthene

Benzo(k)fluoranthene

Benzo(g,h,i)perylene

Benzopurpurine 4B

Benzo(a)pyrene

Benzo(c)pyrene

Benzo(e)pyrene

Benzosulphonazole

Benzothiazole

Benzoyl peroxide

Benzyl chloride

Beryllium

Beryllium and compounds

Bibenzyl

Biphenyl (diphenyl)

Biphenyl-phenyl ether mixutre (phenyl ether-biphenyl vapour

mixture)

Bis(chloromethyl)ether

2,2-Bis[4-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)phenyl] propane

Bismuth

Bisphenol A

2,2-Bis(

-chlorophenyl) 1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT)

Boron carbide

Boron oxide

Bioaerosol

Bitumen fume

Bromotrifluoromethane

Bromoxynil

Bromoxynil octanoate

Butadiene (1,3-butadiene)

1-Butanethiol (

-butyl mercaptan)

2-Butanone (methy ethyl ketone or MEK)

2-Butoxy ethanol (butyl cellosolve)

sec-Butyl acetate

tert-Butyl acetate

Butyl acetate (

-Butyl acetate)

sec-Butyl alcohol

tert-Butyl alcohol

Butyl alcohol (

-butyl alcohol)

Butyl cellosolve (2-butoxy ethanol)

-Butyl glycidyl ether

-Butyl mercaptan

-Butylamine

1,3-Butylene glycol

SELECTED STRATEGIES FOR DETERMINING EMPLOYEES’ EXPOSURE TO AIRBORNE CHEMICALS 365

366 MONITORING TECHNIQUES

Table 10.29 Cont’d

Butyraldehyde

-tert-Butyltoluene

Cadmium

Cadmium and compounds

Calcium

Calcium and compounds

Calcium arsenate

Calcium oxide

Camphor

Capsaicin

Captan

Carbaryl

(Sevin)

Carbendazim

Carbitol

Carbofuran

Carbon black

Carbon dioxide

Carbon disulphide

Carbon, elemental

Carbon monoxide

Carbon tetrachloride

Carbonyl chloride (phosgene)

3-Carene

Chlordane

Chloroacetic acid

Chloride

Chlorinated camphene (toxaphene)

Chlorinated diphenyl oxide

Chlorine

2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene (chloroprene)

Chlorodifluoroethane

1-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane (epichlorohydrin)

4-Chloronitrobenzene

1-Chloro-1-nitropropane

Chloroacetaldehyde

α-Chloroacetophenone

Chlorobenzene (monochlorobenzene)

-Chlorobenzylidine malononitrile

Chlorobromomethane

Chlorodiphenyl (42% chlorine)

Chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine)

2-Chloroethanol (ethylene chlorohydrin)

Chloroform

Chloroform methyl ether

-Chlorophenol

Chloroprene

Cloropropham

Chloryrfos

Chromic acid

Chromium

Chromium fume

Chromium, hexavalent

Chrysene

Chrysotile

Coal-tar naphtha (naphtha, coal tar)

Coal-tar pitch volatiles

Cobalt

Cobalt and compounds

Cobalt, metal, dust, and fume

Congo red

Copper

Copper dust and mists

Copper fume

Crag herbicide I

Cresol, all isomers

Cristobalite

Crotonaldehyde

Cryofluorane

Cumeme

Cyanide

Cyanuric acid

Cyanazine

Cyclohexane

Cyclohexanol

Cyclohexanone

Cyclohexene

Cyclohexylamine

Cyclopentadiene

DBPC

2,4 D

2,4-D acid

2,4-D 2-ethylhexyl ester

2,4-D 2-butoxyethyl ester

DDT (2,2-Bis(

-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane)

DDVP

-Decane

Demeton

Diacetone alcohol (4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone)

1,2-Diaminoethane (ethylene diamine)

-Dianisidene-based dyes

Diatomaceous earth

Diazomethane

Diazonium salts

Dibenz(a,h)anthracene

Diborane

Dibromodifluoromethane

1,2-Dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide)

2-Dibutylaminoethanol (aminoethanol compounds)

Dibutyl phosphate

Dibutylphthalate

Dibutyl tin bis (isooctylmercaptoacetate)

Dichloromethane

1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane

-Dichlorobenzene

3,3′-Dichlorobenzidine

Dichlorodifluoromethane (Refrigerant 12)

1,1-Dichloroethane (ethylidene chloride)

1,2-Dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride)

Dichloroethyl ether

1,2-Dichloroethylene (acetylene dichloride)

Dichloromethane (methylene chloride)

Dichloromonofluoromethane (Refrigerant 21)

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and salts

1,2-Dichloropropane

Dichlorotetrafluoroethane (Refrigerant 114)

Dichloro-5-triazine-2,4,6-trione, sodium salt

Dichlorovos

Dicrotophos

Dieldrin

Diesel exhaust

Diethanolamine

2-Diethylaminoethanol

Diethylamine

Diethylcarbamoyl chloride

Diethylene dioxide (dioxane)

Diethylene glycol

Diethylene glycol ether

Di-(2 ethyl hexyl) phthalate

Diethylenetriamine

Difluorodibromomethane

Difluorodichloromethane

Diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A

Dihydrocapsaicin

Diisobutyl ketone (2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanone)

Diisopropylamine

Dimethoxymethane (methylal)

Dimethyl acetamide

Dimethyl benzene (xylene)

1,3-Dimethyl butyl acetate (sec-hexyl acetate)

Dimethyl formamide

2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone (diisobutyl ketone)

Dimethyl sulphate

N,N

-Dimethyl-

-toluidine

Dimethylamine

4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene

2,4-Dimethylaminobenzene (xylidine)

N,N

-dimethylaniline

Dimethylarsenic acid

1,1-Dimethylhydrazine

Dimethylnitrosamine

bis (Dimethylthiocarbamoyl) disulphide

Dinitrobenzene (all isomers)

Dinitro

-cresol

Dinitrotoluene

Dioxane

Diphenyl

4,4′-Methylenebisphenyl isocyanate (MDl)

Dipropylene glycol methyl ether

Direct Black 38

Direct Blue 6

Direct Blue 8

Direct Brown 95

Direct Red 2

Direct Red 28

Disulphotondiuron

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-

-cresol

Dowtherm A (phenyl etherbiphenyl vapour mixture)

Elemental carbon

Elements

Endrin

Epichlorohydrin (1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane)

EPN (O-ethyl-O-

-nitrophenyl

phenyl-phosphonothiolate)

2,3-Epoxy-1-propanol (glycidol)

1,2-Epoxypropane (propylene oxide)

2,2-bis[4-(2,3-Epoxypropoxy) phenyl] propane

Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)

Ethanolamine (aminoethanol compounds)

Ether

Ethion

Ethoprop

2-Ethoxyethanol

2-Ethoxyethylacetate

Ethyl acrylate

Ethyl alcohol (ethanol)

Ethyl benzene

Ethyl bromide

Ethyl butyl ketone (3-heptanone)

Ethyl chloride

Ethyl ether

Ethyl formate

Ethyl mercaptan

Ethyl sec-amyl ketone (5-methyl-3-heptanone)

Ethyl silicate

O-Ethyl-O-

-nitrophenyl phenyl-phosphonothiolate

phosphonate (EPN)

Ethylamine

Ethylene chloride (ethylene dichloride)

Ethylene chlorohydrin (2-chloroethanol)

Ethylenediamine

Ethylene dibromide (1,2-dibromoethane)

Ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane)

Ethylene glycol

Ethylene glycol dinitrate

Ethylene oxide

Ethylene thiourea

Ethylenimine

di-2-Ethylhexylphthalate (di-sec-octyl phthalate)

Ethylidene chloride (1,1-dichloroethane)

N-Ethylmorpholine

Fenamiphos

Fibrous glass

Fluoranthene

Fluorene

Fluoride

Fluoroacetate, sodium

Fluorotrichloromethane (Refrigerant 11)

Fonofos

Formaldehyde

Formetanate.HCl

Formic acid

Furfural

Furfuryl alcohol

Galena

Gallium

Glutaraldehyde

Glycerin mist

Glycidol (2,3-epoxy-1-propanol)

Glycols

Hafnium

Heptachlor

Table 10.29 Cont’d

SELECTED STRATEGIES FOR DETERMINING EMPLOYEES’ EXPOSURE TO AIRBORNE CHEMICALS 367

368 MONITORING TECHNIQUES

Heptane

Heptanal

3-Heptanone (ethyl butyl ketone)

2-Heptanone (methyl (

-amyl) ketone)

Herbicides

Hexachlorobutadiene

Hexachlorocyclopentadiene

Hexachloroethane

Hexachloronaphthalene

Hexamethylene diisocyanate

Hexamethylenetetramine

Hexanal

Hexane

2-Hexanone

Hexavalent chromium

2-Hexanone (methyl butyl ketone or MBK)

Hexone (methyl isobutyl ketone or MIBK)

sec-Hexyl acetate (1,3-dimethyl butyl acetate)

Hippuric acid

Hydrazine

Hydrogen bromide

Hydrogen chloride

Hydrogen cyanide

Hydrogen fluoride

Hydrogen sulphide

Hydroquinone

4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone (diacetone alcohol)

2-Imidazolidinethione (ethylene thiourea)

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene

Indium

Iodine

Iron

Iron oxide fume

Isoamyl acetate

Isoamyl alcohol

Isobutyl acetate

Isobutyl alcohol

Isobutyraldehyde

Isocyanates

Isophorone

Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol)

Isopropyl acetate

Isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol)

Isopropyl benzene (cumeme)

Isopropyl glycidyl ether

Isopropylamine

4,4′-Isopropylidenediphenol

Isovaleraldehyde

Kepone

Kerosene

Ketene

Lead

Lead sulphide

Limonene

Lindane

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

Lithium

Lithium hydroxide

LPG (liquefied petroleum gas)

MAPP (methyl acetylene/propadiene)

Magnesium

Magnesium oxide fume

Malathion

Maleic anhydride

Manganese

Manganese fume

MBK (2-hexanone)

MDl (4,4′-methylenebisphenyl isocyanate)

MEK (2-butanone)

Mercaptans

Mercury

Mesityl oxide

Metals in air

Methamidophos

Methanol (methyl alcohol)

Methiocarb

Methomyl

2-Methoxyethanol (methyl cellosolve)

2-Methoxethyl acetate

Methozychlor

Methyl(

-amyl)ketone (2-heptanone)

5-Methyl-3-heptanone

Methyl acetate

Methyl acetylene

Methyl acetylene propadiene mixture

Methyl acrylate

Methyl alcohol (methanol)

4-Methylbenzenesulphonic acid

Methylamyl ketone

Methyl arsonic acid

Methyl bromide

α-Methyl butyl acetate (sec-amyl acetate)

Methyl butyl ketone (2-hexanone)

Methyl cellosolve (2-methoxyethanol)

Methyl cellosolve acetate

Methyl chloride

Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-trichloroethane)

Methyl cyanide (acetonitrile)

Methyl ethyl ketone (2-butanone)

Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide

Methyl formate

Methyl iodide

Methyl isoamyl acetate

Methyl isobutyl carbinol

Methyl isobutyl ketone (hexone)

Methyl methacrylate

α-Methyl styrene

Methylal (dimethoxymethane)

Methlyamine

Methylcyclohexane

Methylcyclohexanol

Methylcyclohexanone

4,4′-Methylenebis (2-chloroaniline)

4,4′-Methylenebisphenyl isocyanate (MDl)

Methylene chloride (dichloromethane)

4′,4′-Methylenedianiline

Table 10.29 Cont’d