Carson Ph., Mumford C. Hazardous Chemicals Handbook (Справочник по опасным химическим веществам)

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Hydroquinone I 75 1000 C

Indium and compounds (as ln) F (0.8 µm MCEF) 300 1500 C

Iodine I 15 1000 C

Iron oxide fume (NOC) F (0.8 µm MCEF) 30 1500 AAS

Iron pentacarbonyl F (0.8 µm MCEF) 175 1500 AAS

Iron salts, soluble (as Fe) F (0.8 µm MCEF) 4 1500 AAS

Isoamyl acetate CT 10 200 GLC

Isoamyl alcohol CT 10 200 GLC

Isobutyl acetate CT 10 200 GLC

Isobutyl alcohol CT 10 200 GLC

Isophorone CT 12 200 GLC

Isopropyl acetate CT 9 200 GLC

Isopropyl alcohol CT 3 200 GLC

Isopropylamine I 100 1000 GLC

Isopropyl ether CT 3 50 GLC

Isopropyl glycidyl ether CT 10 200 GLC

Kaolin F G (nuisance dust)

Ketene I 50 1000 C

Lead, inorg., fumes and dusts (as Pb) F (0.8 µm MCEF) 100 4000 AAS

Limestone F G (nuisance dust)

Lindane F + 1 90 1500 GLC

Lithium hydride F (0.8 µm MCEF) 720 1500 AAS

LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) M direct reading combustible gas meter

Magnesite F G (nuisance dust)

Magnesium oxide fume (as Mg) F (0.8 µm MCEF) 150 1500 AAS

Malathion F (GF) 120 1000 GLC

Manganese and compounds (as Mn) F (0.8 µm MCEF) 22.5 1500 AAS (1500 cc/min only)

Manganese cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl (as Mn) F (0.8 µm MCEF) 25 1500 AAS

Marble/calcium carbonate F G (nuisance dust)

Mercury (alkyl compounds) (as Hg) OT 3 50 AAS (chromosorb)

Mesityl oxide CT 10 200 GLC

Methanethiol,

see

Methyl mercaptan

Methoxychlor I 100 1000 GLC

2-Methoxyethanol (methyl cellosove) CT 50 1000 GLC

Methyl acetate CT 7 200 GLC

Methyl acetylene (propyne) CT 2 50 GLC

Methyl acetylene propadiene mixture CT 2 50 GLC

Methyl acrylate CT 5 200 GLC

Methylal (dimethoxymethane) CT 2 200 GLC

Methyl alcohol (methanol) ST 3 50 GLC

Methylamine I 50 2000 C

Methyl amyl alcohol,

see

Methyl

isobutyl carbinol

Methyl

-amyl ketone (2-heptanone) CT 10 200 GLC

Methyl bromide CT 11 1000 GLC (2 large charcoal

tubes in series)

Methyl butyl ketone,

see

2-Hexanone

Methyl cellosolve,

see

2-Methoxyethanol

Methyl cellosolve acetate,

see

Ethylene glycol

monomethyl ether acetate

Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-trichloroethane) CT 6 200 GLC

Methylcyclohexane CT 4 200 GLC (for

methylcyclohexane)

Methylcyclohexanol CT 10 200 GLC

-Methylcyclohexanone CT 10 200 GLC

Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MDI) I 20 1000 C

Methylene chloride (dichloromethane) CT 5 1000 GLC

4,4′-Methylene bis (2-chloraniline) (MOCA) ST 3 500 GLC (use prefilter)

Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK),

see

2-Butanone

Methyl formate CT 10 200 GLC

Methyl iodide CT 50 1000 GLC

Methyl isoamyl ketone CT 5 200 GLC

Methyl isobutyl carbinol CT 10 200 GLC

Methyl isobutyl ketone,

see

Hexone

Methyl mercaptan CT 15 1000 GLC

I 30 2000 C

Methyl methacrylate CT 5 200 GLC

Methyl parathion I 50 2800 GLC

Methyl propyl ketone,

see

2-Pentanone

α-Methyl styrene CT 3 200 GLC

Molybdenum (as Mo)

soluble compounds F (0.8 µm MCEF) 90 1500 AAS

insoluble compounds F (0.8 µm MCEF) 90 1500 AAS

Monomethyl aniline I 100 1000 GLC

Monomethyl hydrazine I 22.5 1500 C

Morpholine ST 20 200 GLC

Naphtha (coal tar) CT 10 200 GLC

Naphthalene CT 200 1000 GLC

β-Naphthylamine

Nickel carbonyl I 200 2000 AAS

Nickel, metal

Nickel, soluble compounds (as Ni) F (0.8 µm MCEF) 90 1500 AAS

Nicotine OT 100 1000 GLC (XAD-2 resin tube)

Nitric acid I 200 2800 C (2800 cc/min only)

Table 10.30 Cont’d

Substance Sampling method

(1)

Min. sample size

(2)

Suggested max. sample Analytical technique

(4)

(I)

rate

(3)

(ml/min)

Nitric oxide OT 1 20 C (LDDT)

1 50 (MOL sieve tube)

-Nitroaniline ST 15 1000 GLC

Nitrobenzene ST 50 1000 GLC

-Nitrochlorobenzene ST 50 1000 GLC

Nitroethane CT 10 200 GLC

Nitrogen dioxide OT 1 20 (LDDT)

OT 1 50 (MOL sieve tube)

I 10 4000 C

Nitrogen trifluoride P PC

Nitroglycerine OT 15 1000 GLC (Tenax tube)

Nitromethane CT 10 200 GLC

1-Nitropropane CT 10 200 GLC

2-Nitropropane CT 10 200 GLC

Nitrotoluene ST 20 200 GLC

Nitrotrichloromethane,

see

Chloropicrin

Octachloronaphthalene F (0.8 µm MCEF) 30 1000 GLC

Octane CT 4 200 GLC

Oil mist, mineral F (0.8 µm MCEF) 100 1500 C (fluor. spect.)

Ozone I 45 1000 C

Paraffin wax fume F (SM) 200 2000 G

Paraquat, respirable sizes F (0.8 µm MCEF) 150 1500 C

Parathion I 25 1500 GLC

F (GF) 120 1500 GLC

Particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons F (0.8 µm SM) 720 1500 G (use GF prefilter)

(PPAH), as benzene solubles

Pentachloronaphthalene F + I (GF) 250 1500 GLC

Pentachlorophenol F (0.8 µm MCEF) 150 1500 GLC

Pentaerythritol F G (nuisance dust)

Pentane CT 2 50 GLC

2-Pentanone CT 10 200 GLC

Perchloroethylene CT 1 200 GLC (10 min allowed

at 300 ppm)

Perchloromethyl mercaptan CT 30 200 GLC

Perchloryl fluoride I 30 1000 ISE

Petroleum distillates (naphtha)

Phenol I 100 1000 GLC

-Phenylene diamine I 101 1000 C

Phenyl ether (vapour) CT 10 200 GLC

Phenyl ether–diphenyl mixture (vapour) ST 10 200 GLC

Phenylethylene,

see

Styrene, monomer

Phenyl glycidyl ether CT 50 1000 GLC

Phenylhydrazine I 100 1000 C

Phosdrin (Mevinphos

) I 100 1000 GLC

Phosgene (carbonyl chloride) I 25 1000 C

Phosphine F (0.8 µm MCEF) 5 50 C (GF prefilter)

Phosphoric acid F (0.8 µm MCEF) 15 1500 C (four 2 hr samples)

Phosphorus (yellow)

Phosphorus pentachloride I 100 1000 C

ISE

Phosphorus trichloride I 100 1000 C

ISE

Phthalic anhydride F (0.8 µm MCEF) 100 1500 GLC

Picric acid

Pival

(2-pivalyl-1,3-indandione) I 100 1000 GLC

Plaster of Paris F G (nuisance dust)

Platinum, soluble salts (as Pt) F (0.8 µm MCEF) 720 1500 AAS

Polychlorobiphenyls,

see

Chlorodiphenyls

Polytetrafluoroethylene decomposition products

Propane

see

Fluoride procedure

Propargyl alcohol CT 30 200 GLC

-Propyl acetate CT 10 200 GLC

Propyl alcohol CT 10 200 GLC

-Propyl nitrate CT 70 1000 GLC

Propylene dichloride (1,2-dichloropropane) CT 10 200 GLC

Propylene glycol monomethyl ether CT 10 200 GLC

Propylene oxide CT 5 200 GLC

Propyne,

see

Methyl acetylene

Pyrethrum I 100 1000 GLC

Pyridine CT 100 1000 GLC

Quinone I 100 1000 C

RDX F (0.8 µm MCEF) 150 1500 UV

Rhodium (as Rh)

metal fume and dusts F (0.8 µm MCEF) 720 1500 AAS

soluble salts F (0.8 µm MCEF) 370 1500 AAS

Ronnel I 100 1000 GLC

Rosin core solder pyrolysis products I 25 1000 C

(as formaldehyde)

Rotenone (commercial) I 60 1000 UV

Rouge F G (nuisance dust)

Selenium compounds (as Se) F (0.8 µm MCEF) 360 1500 AAS

Selenium hexafluoride (as Se) I 60 1000 AAS

Sevin

(

see

carbaryl)

Silica

respirable F (5 µm PVC) 816 1700 (cyclone, X-ray diffraction)

total

Table 10.30 Cont’d

Substance Sampling method

(1)

Min. sample size

(2)

Suggested max. sample Analytical technique

(4)

(I)

rate

(3)

(ml/min)

Silicon F (SM, 1.2, 25) G (nuisance dust)

Silicon carbide F G (nuisance dust)

Silver, metal and soluble compounds (as Ag) F (0.8 µm MCEF) 45 1500

Sodium fluoroacetate

Sodium hydroxide I 350 1000 C (for titration)

Starch F G (nuisance dust)

Stibine CT 100 200 AAS

Stoddard solvent CT 3 200 GLC

Strychnine F (0.8 µm MCEF) 360 1500 UV

Styrene, monomer (phenylethylene) CT 1 200 GLC

Succinaldehyde,

see

Glutaraldehyde

Sucrose F G (nuisance dust)

Sulphur dioxide OT 1 20 LDDT

F + I (0.8 µm MCEF) 100 2000 C (titration)

P PL

Sulphur hexafluoride I 15 1000 UV

Sulphuric acid F (0.8 µm MCEF) 10 1500 C (titration)

Sulphur monochloride I 15 1000 ISE

Sulphuryl fluoride I 15 1000 GLC

2,4,5-T I 100 1000 GLC

Tantalum F (0.8 µm MCEF) 720 1500 AAS

TEDP I 100 1000 GLC

Teflon

decomposition products

see

Fluoride procedure

Tellurium and compounds (as Te) F (0.8 µm MCEF) 670 1500 AAS

Tellurium hexafluoride (as Te) CT 360 1000 AAS (MCEF prefilter)

TEPP I 100 1000 GLC

Terphenyls F (0.8 µm MCEF) 15 1000 GLC

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro 2,2-Difluoroethane CT 2 35 GLC

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro 1,2-Difluoroethane CT 2 50 GLC

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane CT 10 200 GLC

Tetrachloroethylene,

see

Perchloroethylene

Tetrachloromethane,

see

Carbon tetrachloride

Tetrachloronaphthalene F + 1 (GF) 100 1300 GLC

Tetraethyl lead (as Pb) CT 60 1000 AAS

F + I (0.8 µm MCEF) 60 2000 C

Tetrahydrofuran CT 9 200 GLC

Tetramethyl lead (as Pb) CT 60 1000 AAS

F + I (0.8 µm MCEF) 60 2000 C

Tetramethyl succinonitrile CT 50 1000 GLC

Tetranitromethane I 250 1000 GLC

Tetryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine) F (0.8 µm MCEF) 100 1500 C

F (0.8 µm MCEF) 540 1500 AAS

Thallium, soluble compounds (as TI) F (0.8 µm MCEF) 180 1500 AAS

Thiram F (0.8 µm MCEF) 180 1500 C

Tin, inorganic compounds, except SnH

and F (0.8 µm MCEF) 240 1000 AAS

SnO

(as Sn)

Tin, organic compounds (as Sn)

Tin oxide (as Sn) F G (nuisance dust)

Titanium dioxide (as Ti) F (0.8 µm MCEF) 100 1500 AAS (nuisance dust)

Toluene (toluol) CT 2 1000 GLC (10 min allowed

at 500 ppm)

Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) I 20 2000 C

-Toluidine ST 50 1000 GLC

Toxaphene,

see

Chlorinated camphene

Tributyl phosphate F (0.8 µm MCEF) 100 1500 GLC

1,1,1-Trichloroethane,

see

Methyl chloroform

1,1,2-Trichloroethane CT 10 200 GLC

Trichloroethylene CT 10 1000 GLC (10 min allowed

at 300 ppm)

Trichloromethane,

see

Chloroform

Trichloronaphthalene F + I (GF) 100 1300 GLC

1,2,3-Trichloropropane CT 10 200 GLC

1,1,2-Trichloro 1,2,2-Trifluoroethane CT 1.5 50 GLC

Triethylamine I 100 1000 GLC

Trifluoromonobromomethane CT 1 50 GLC (2 charcoal tubes)

Trimethyl benzene CT 5 200 GLC

2,4,6-Trinitrophenol,

see

Picric acid

2,4,6-Trinitrophenyl-methylnitramine,

see

Tetryl

2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) F (0.8 µm MCEF) 360 1500 C

Triorthocresyl phosphate F (0.8 µm MCEF) 100 1500 GLC

Triphenyl phosphate F (0.8 µm MCEF) 100 1500 GLC

Tungsten and compounds (as W)

soluble

insoluble

Turpentine CT 10 200 GLC

Uranium, natural (as U)

soluble F (0.8 µm MCEF) 45 1500 (fluorometric)

insoluble compounds F (0.8 µm MCEF) 45 1500 (fluorometric)

Vanadium (V

) (as V)

dust F (0.8 µm MCEF) 25 1700 AAS

fume

Vinyl acetate CT 10 200 GLC

Vinyl benzene,

see

Styrene

Vinyl chloride CT 5 50 GLC (use 2 tubes)

OT 1 20 LDDT

Table 10.30 Cont’d

Substance Sampling method

(1)

Min. sample size

(2)

Suggested max. sample Analytical technique

(4)

(I)

rate

(3)

(ml/min)

Vinyl cyanide,

see

Acrylonitrile

Vinylidene chloride

Vinyl toluene CT 10 200 GLC

VM and P naphtha

Warfarin

Welding fumes (total particulate) (NOC) F (0.8 µm MCEF) 720 1500 G

Xylene (

-isomers) CT 12 1000 GLC

Xylidene ST 20 200 GLC

Yttrium F (0.8 µm MCEF) 500 1500 AAS

Zinc chloride fume F (0.8 µm MCEF) 25 1500 AAS

Zinc oxide fume F (0.8 µm MCEF) 360 1500 AAS (also X-ray

diffraction)

F (PVC)

Zinc stearate F G (nuisance dust)

Zirconium compounds (as Zr) F (0.8 µm MCEF) 720 1500 AAS

Based on

Sampling and Analytical Guide for Airborne Health Hazards

, Du Pont Company, Applied Technology Division.

(1)

Sampling methods

AT Alumina tube

CT Charoal tube or PRO-TEK

organic vapour

F Filter

F + I Impinger preceded by filter

GF Glass fibre filter

I Impinger or fritted bubbler

M Miscellaneous sampler (dosimeter etc.)

MCEF Mixed cellulose ester membranes filter

OT Other tubes (long duration detector tubes, porous polymer tubes etc.)

P PRO-TEK

Colorimetric Air Monitoring Badge System

PVC Polyvinyl chloride filter

SM Silver membrane filter

ST Silica gel tube

(2)

The minimum air sample (litres) that will provide enough of the substance for the most accurate analysis at the TLV concentrations using the analytical procedures

listed.

(3)

The maximum flowrate recommended for the given collection method. Sampling may be done at lower rates as long as minimum sample size is met.

(4)

Analytical technique

AAS Atomic adsorption spectroscopy

C Colorimetric

G Gravimetric

GLC Gas–liquid chromatography

ISE Ion-specific electrode

LDDT Long-duration detector tubes

PC PRO-TEK

Colorimetric Readout

UV Ultraviolet

386 MONITORING TECHNIQUES

Figure 10.1

Monitoring strategies flow diagram

Existing process

New process

New exposure limit

Change in operation/

process/composition

Exposures assessed

as requiring immediate

action

Immediate

remedial

action

Some exposures

significantly in

excess of limit

Immediate

remedial

action

Some exposures in

excess of limit, or not

as low as reasonably

practicable

Corrective action

planned

improvements

Exposures below limit

but rising, or not as low

as is reasonably

practicable

Significant increase in

exposure with some

in excess of limit

Routine

monitoring

Low level

routine

(‘watchdog’)

monitoring

Exposures

decreasing

below level

of significance

Detailed survey

Exposures significant

but below limit

Exposures well

below limit and

as low as is

reasonably

practicable

Exposures mostly

below limit

Preliminary

survey

Exposures assessed

as below level of

significance

No further

sampling

Periodic

reassessment

Initial

assessment

Is an air sampling

study needed?

No No

Ye s

Table 10.31 Values for the range

Number of results k

32 0

10–31 0.1

6–9 0.2

5 0.3

4 0.4

3 0.8

20.9

Table 10.32 Recommended guidance for routine monitoring

Survey Results Action

Preliminary All <0.1 × OEL

(1)

None if exposures are as low as reasonably practical.

0.1–1.5 × OEL Investigate and carry out a more detailed survey.

Some >1.5 × OEL Investigate, take remedial action and repeat survey.

Detailed All <0.25 × OEL None if exposure is as low as reasonably practical.

≤1.25 × OEL Investigate, take remedial action and repeat survey.

Arithmetic mean <0.5 × OEL Consider routine monitoring and the appropriate frequency.

Mean >0.5 × OEL (or with Investigate, assess control measures, improve where

individual results scattered possible, repeat survey and consider routine monitoring.

above the limit)

Routine All Check values, mean, range, etc. Is there compliance with

OEL and if so what is confidence?

Differ significantly from Investigate, consider remedial action detailed survey or

previous survey change protocols.

(1)

Higher values can be used if standard is based on nuisance or odour and there are no known effects of the maximum

exposure concentration measured.

Pollution monitoring strategies in incident investigation

Industrial accidents involving hazardous chemicals include release of gas or vapour (including

deposition to land), fire, explosion, spillages to land, and discharges to water courses (including

surface waters, ground water, spring waters, saline waters, estuaries, potable waters, industrial

waste waters). Fires in storage facilities housing even apparently non-toxic chemicals such as

plastics can have an ecological impact because of plastic components or their pyrolytic breakdown

products, e.g. PAHs, or combustion products (Table 5.48).

In such accidents it may be imperative to determine:

• the severity of the incident;

• those chemicals that may have entered the environment;

• whether long-term problems are posed.

Personal safety, e.g. during the collection of samples for accident investigation purposes is the

joint responsibility of employers and employees, e.g. sampling at heights or in deep or fast-

flowing waters or close to fires. For fires, the distance downwind for sampling will be dictated by

the scale of the disaster as illustrated by Table 10.33 whereas for releases not involving a fire the

sampling points will be dictated by the gas, i.e. whether lighter or heavier than air.

POLLUTION MONITORING STRATEGIES IN INCIDENT INVESTIGATION 387

388 MONITORING TECHNIQUES

Table 10.33 Downwind distances to sample based on size of fire

Scale of fire Sample distances

Major 100 m, 350 m, 700 m, 1.25 km, 2.30 km, 4.25 km,15 km, 50 km

Large 50 m, 180 m, 350 m, 600 m, 1 km, 2 km, 7.5 km, 25 km

Medium 20 m, 70 m, 250 m, 850 m, 3 km, 10 km

Small 5 m, 20 m, 60 m, 200 m, 750 m, 2.5 km

Minor 2 m, 10 m, 25 m, 85 m, 300 m, 1 km

For releases to land, influencing factors include:

• duration and extent of release;

• type of release (liquid or solid);

• hydrogeology;

• soil permeability;

• soil vulnerability;

• land use;

• screening techniques;

• levels and characteristics of historic contamination;

• depth to take sample.

The aims of sampling are to establish whether contaminants are present, their distribution and

concentrations. Commonly-used sampling regimes include square grid, stratified random or simple

random techniques. Evenly-spaced sampling points may be appropriate if the contamination is

visible otherwise judgement is required based on whether the land slopes or is flat. Samples are

also taken near to the point of release.

Table 10.34 Data to record during accident investigation

• Information about the accident, e.g. date, time, magnitude and nature of release.

• Speed of response/dates of actions.

• Sample numbers and history, e.g. date, time of collection.

• Ecosystems, structures and individuals potentially affected.

• Number of samples collected and sampling pattern.

• Sample quality and sample programme.

• Resources.

• Analytical techniques (including method, accuracy, precision, reproducibility, robustness, limits of detection).

• Sample package, storage, transport and security to ensure integrity.

• List of sample equipment and calibration record.

• Names and training records of staff involved in sampling and analysis, or details of contract analysts and any quality

standards/accreditation schemes with which they comply.

• Physical and chemical properties of the chemical (

see

Chapter 12).

• The form in which it was released, and subsequent forms.

• Characteristics of the receiving ecosystem (e.g. solid type, ground water, drinking water, fish/shellfish water, bathing

water) and how it migrates from one environment to another.

• Meteorology during and after the accident.

• Topography.

• Environmental, health, or safety properties of the pollutants including their acute and chronic effects and any synergistic

effects.

• Visible environmental impact on site.

• Recorded quality of ecosystem prior to accident.

• Site plan with marked release points, sample points, detailed dimensions.

• Temperature of chemicals released.