Дахно І.І. Право Європейського Союзу: Англо-Українсько-Російський Глосарій
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181
by
reason of
p
roduc
t
characteristics,
p
rices
and intended use. Prod-
ucts and/or services tha
t
could readil
y
be
p
ut on
the market by other pro-
ducers without signifi-
cant switching cost or by
p
otential com
p
etitors a
t
reasonable cost an
d
within a limited time
s
p
an also need to be
taken into account. The
relevant geographic mar-
ket com
p
rises the area in
which the undertakin
g
s
concerned are involve
d
in the supply and de-
mand of
p
roducts o
r
services, in which the
conditions of compe-
tition are sufficientl
y
homo
g
eneous and which
can be distin
g
uishe
d
from neighbouring areas,
because the conditions of
competition are appre-
ciabl
y
different in those
areas.
)
(-
)
)
,
,
-
. ;
$
) -
-
-
$ -
-
-
. -
$ *$ -
-
, $
,
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% ) -
$
$
%
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, > -
-
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> (-
)), -
> $, -
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>
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. $
*
$
>
> -
, $ -
-
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)
$
-
-
>.
Rotation of the Presi-
dency
See Presidenc
y
o
f
the
Union (rotation o
f
the
Presidency)
& & -
182
Schen
g
en (A
g
reement
and Convention)
By the Agreement signed
at Schen
g
en on 14 June
1985, Bel
g
ium, France,
German
y
, Luxembour
g
and the Netherlands
a
g
reed that the
y
woul
d
g
raduall
y
remove thei
r
common frontier controls
and introduce freedom of
movement for all indi-
viduals who were na-
tionals of the si
g
nator
y
Member States, othe
r
Member States or thir
d
countries.
The Schengen Conven-
tion was si
g
ned b
y
the
same five States on 19
June 1990 but did no
t
enter into force until
1995. It la
y
s down the
arrangements and guar-
antees for im
p
lementin
g
freedom of movement.
The A
g
reement and the
Convention, the rules
adopted on that basis and
the related a
g
reements
to
g
ether form the
«Schengen acquis».
A
p
rotocol to the Treat
y
of Amsterdam
g
overns
the incorporation of the
_ ( ;-
)
!
,
14
1985 , {), -
, , |-
,
) %
)$
$
)
)
,
-, %%
, -
-
%.
) 5
’)
19
1990
,
1995 . ' -
-
% -
.
/ 5, -
,
$
$
)
«)$ -
».
; 1-
) -
«-
_ ("+
;)
; , -
14 1985 ,
{), , 8-
, |
> -
), -
-
>$ -
>$
)
, -
-
-
, -
—
) .
5
>
) -
19 1990 ,
1995 . 4 -
> >
-
> -
.
# 5-
, , >
$ -
> -
«$
».
S
s
183
Schengen acquis into the
Treaties. In order to pro-
vide a legal basis, incor-
poration entailed divid-
in
g
the Schen
g
en ac
q
uis
under the first pillar (new
Title IV — Visas, asy-
lum, immi
g
ration an
d
other
p
olicies related to
the free movement of
p
ersons
)
of the Treat
y
establishing the Euro-
pean Communities or the
third
p
illar
(
Title VI
—
Provisions on
p
olice an
d
j
udicial coo
p
eration in
criminal matters
)
of the
Treaty on European Un-
ion. The legal incorpora-
tion of Schengen into the
Union was accom
p
anie
d
by integration of the in-
stitutions. The Council
took over the Schen
g
en
Executive Committee
and the Council’s Gen-
eral Secretariat took over
the Schengen Secretariat.
The
p
rotocol annexed to
the Treaty of Amsterdam
states that the Schen
g
en
ac
q
uis and the rules
adopted by the institu-
tions on the basis of tha
t
ac
q
uis must be ado
p
te
d
in their entiret
y
b
y
all
applicant countries.
Schen
g
en has
g
raduall
y
ex
p
anded: Ital
y
si
g
ne
d
u
p
in 1990, S
p
ain an
d
Portugal in 1991, Greece
in 1992, Austria in 1995
and Denmark, Finlan
d
and Sweden in 1996.
Iceland and Norwa
y
are
also parties to the Con-
vention.
Ireland and the Unite
d
Kin
g
dom are not
p
arties
to the a
g
reements, but,
under the protocol to the
) -
» &. ! -
-
% -
-
) -
(
$
"V — ,
,
-
,
)
)
)
«&,
0$) #-
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(
VI — ;
$)
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-
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*% -
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)$
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.
;, -
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, ,
)$ -
, $-
-
-
, ) -
$
%-.
-
. " -
1990 , 8-
— 1992 , 1-
— 1995 &,
—
1996
. "
-
5%.
; 1-
-
« -
» &. #
) -
$ > J -
> -
-
$
(
>$
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,
-
)
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,
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$ #»
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( VI — «;-
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$ #. ;-
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>$ #
—
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;, >$
1 -
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—
.
-
, @ -
1990
,
@ ;-
— 1991
, 8
-
— 1992 , 1-
184
Treat
y
of Amsterdam,
the
y
ma
y
take
p
art in
some or all of the provi-
sions of this acquis if the
13 Member States which
are parties to the agree-
ments and the represen-
tative of the
g
overnmen
t
of the country concerned
vote unanimously in fa-
vour within the Council.
In March 1999 the
United Kingdom there-
fore asked to take
p
art in
certain fields of Schen-
g
en-based coo
p
eration,
including police and ju-
dicial coo
p
eration in
criminal matters, the
fi
g
ht a
g
ainst dru
g
s an
d
the Schengen Informa-
tion S
y
stem
(
SIS
)
. The
Council adopted the de-
cision approving the re-
q
uest in Ma
y
2000. In
June 2000 and Novem-
ber 2001 Ireland asked to
take
p
art in certain fields
of Schengen activity, in-
cluding all the provisions
on the im
p
lementation
and workin
g
of the SIS.
The Council ado
p
ted the
decision approving Ire-
land’s request in Febru-
ary 2002.
Moreover, although al-
read
y
a si
g
nator
y
to the
Schen
g
en Convention,
Denmark ma
y
choose in
the context of the Euro-
p
ean Union whether to
a
pp
l
y
an
y
new decision
taken on the basis of the
Schengen acquis.
"
4’
5 -
,
; 1-
) ,
)
) -
)
, 13
-,
, -
-
%
%
)
$
B. /
1999
4’ 5-
) *
-
, -
$)
) -
, ) -
)$
*
$$
(
SIS
)
. B
$
2000 -
, )
. /
2000
2001
" -
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, -
-
*-
SIS. B -
2002 $-
-
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&
%,
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)
,
-
0
$)
# — -
, $-
-
) .
— 1995 , &-
,
— 1996
.
@
-
5.
@ 4W-
5
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1 -
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, 13 -
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1999
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(
SIS
)
. #
2000 ,
-
. ' 2000
2001
@
)
> * -
$ ),
*-
SIS. #-
* 2000
-
185
)>
@.
&
$, -
-
, >-
) K-
$ #
—
)
,
-
.
Screening
In Ma
y
1995 the White
Pa
p
er on
p
re
p
arin
g
the
countries of Central an
d
Eastern Europe for inte-
g
ration into the Union’s
single market drew up an
initial table of the Com-
munit
y
le
g
islation tha
t
they will have to incor-
porate into their own law
before joining the Euro-
pean Union.
In A
p
ril 1998, anal
y
sis
of the le
g
islation of all
the a
pp
licant countries
exce
p
t Turke
y
in the
li
g
ht of the Communit
y
ac
q
uis be
g
an. This firs
t
stage consisted of evalu-
ating the compatibility of
each a
pp
licant countr
y
’s
legislation with Commu-
nity rules. This screening
p
rocess was carried ou
t
jointly by the Commis-
sion and each of the ap-
p
licant countries. Secto
r
by
sector, it allowed a
road map to be drawn up
for each applicant indi-
catin
g
which le
g
islative
instruments must be
ado
p
ted or amended so
that the future membe
r
will be able to adhere to
Communit
y
le
g
islation
as soon as possible after
>
/ 1995 «{-
» -
% +
)%
#% 0
% $ -
#
,
$ -
#
,
)
-
0$) #.
1
% — ,
<, -
#-
1998 . ;-
*
-
% -
%-
#
. +$
-
) 5-
%-
-. ' -
-
, -
)
$
, $
$
-
>
' 1995 «{
»
+
)$
'$ K
>
>$
> #, -
)>$ -
) )-
#,
> )
-
K$ #.
1 )-
--
$,
<
,
#-
-
1998 . ;
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)
186
accession. A technical
assistance office, TAIEX,
carried out a surve
y
of
the Communit
y
ac
q
uis
and measures taken b
y
the applicant countries in
order to incor
p
orate i
t
into their own law.
The screenin
g
exercise
was essential because i
t
served as a basis for bi-
lateral negotiations be-
tween the European Un-
ion and each of the
applicant countries.
#-
,
) .
' %
TAIEX -
-
#
,
%-
% $-
.
+
)
-
0$)-
#
%-.
-
) #-
>, -
) J .
' -
$ TAIE
X
> -
#
, > -
— -
)
.
G
> -
>, )
$
-
K$-
# $
-$.
Second pillar
See Community and in-
tergovernmental methods
< *
Selective
distribution
DEFINITION Distribu-
tion s
y
stem whereb
y
a
supplier enters into (ver-
tical
)
a
g
reements with a
limited number of se-
lected dealers in the
same
g
eo
g
ra
p
hic area.
Selective distribution
a
g
reements, on the one
hand, restrict the number
of authorised distribu-
tors. On the other hand,
the
y
p
rohibit sales to
non-authorised distribu-
tors, which leaves
authorised dealers onl
y
other a
pp
ointed dealers
and final customers as
possible buyers. Selec-
tive distribution is almost
alwa
y
s used to distribute
b
randed final
p
roducts.
The possible competition
risks are a reduction in
*
’
# ’-
, % )-
( -
)) -
) -
% -
*% %. '-
’-
) , -
, ) )-
)
’. ! -
, -
) -
-
’
,
-
-
-
. '-
’
$ -
) -
*/
# )-
,
$
(
)>) -
>
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>
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*$ -
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>,
-
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. #
$
>,
-
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)
,
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)
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>
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$. '>-
187
intra-brand com
p
etition,
the facilitation of collu-
sion between suppliers or
buyers and the foreclo-
sure of certain t
yp
e
(
s
)
of
distributors, especially in
case of cumulative ef-
fects of parallel networks
of selective distribution
in a market. Purel
y
qualitative selective dis-
tribution is in
g
eneral
considered to fall outside
the prohibition of Article
81
(
1
)
of the EC Treat
y
,
provided three conditions
are satisfied: First, the
nature of the
p
roduct in
question must necessitate
a selective distribution
system. Secondly, resel-
lers must be chosen on
the basis of ob
j
ective
criteria of a
q
ualitative
nature. Thirdly, the crite-
ria laid down must no
t
go beyond what is neces-
sary.
’
. 6-
$
$
-
)-
% %, -
-
) -
(
)
’, -
-
-
) -
-
. `-
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0$) #-
) .
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-
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) -
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% %
. ;-, -
% -
$ ,
.
)-
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> > -
. '>$ -
>$ -
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, -
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(
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)-
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. 1
. 81 &
K#
-
$. '-
>, ) -
$ >-
)-
. '-
>,
>
> >
)
W> -
$ -
>. '-), -
>
> )
, .
Services of general eco-
nomic interest
Services of an economic
nature, the
p
rovision of
which can be considere
d
to be in the general inter-
est. For exam
p
le: basic,
publicly accessible sup-
ply of
> -
;
%
,
, ) -
)$ .
, -
-
) 5-
/
J$
>,
> -
) -
$ .
, -
-
188
energy, telecommunica-
tion,
p
ostal services,
trans
p
ort, water an
d
waste dis
p
osal services.
The Member States are
primarily responsible for
defining what they re-
gard as services of gen-
eral economic interest on
the basis of the s
p
ecific
features of the activities
concerned. However,
their definitions are sub-
ject to the Commission’s
control for manifest er-
rors where Membe
r
States specifically entrust
undertakin
g
s within the
meaning of Article 86(2)
of the EC Treat
y
with
services of general eco-
nomic interest. The pre-
cise definition of the
p
articular task assi
g
ne
d
to the entrusted under-
takin
g
is an im
p
ortan
t
element for assessin
g
whether and to what ex-
tent it is
j
ustified for the
State to
g
rant exclusive
ri
g
hts or funds to tha
t
undertakin
g
in order to
ensure the fulfilment of
the task.
See also: Article 16 of
the EC Treaty, Commu-
nication from the Com-
mission of 20.9.2000,
Services of general inter-
est in Euro
p
e
(
OJ C 17,
19.1.2001
)
, Commission
Re
p
ort to the Laeken
Euro
p
ean Council of
17.10.2001, Services of
General Interest [COM
(2001) 598 final)
%, -
%, -
, , -
-
. &
-
)-
, -
) -
)
* -
), -
). ' %
)
5-
% -
, —
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0$) #-
)-
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*
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5 -
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. 81 & K-
$ #
)
J
. < -
-
, -
-
, >
J -
J -
W -
) )-
>
*
>
) >-
-
.
Services of general eco-
nomic interest
Services of general eco-
nomic interest are
>
; ) -
) 5-
/ J-
-
189
commercial services of
general economic utility,
on which the
p
ublic
authorities therefore im-
pose specific public-
service obligations (Arti-
cle 86 of the EC Treat
y
,
formerl
y
Article 90
)
.
Trans
p
ort, ener
gy
an
d
communications services
are prime examples.
A new Article 16 has
b
een written into the EC
Treat
y
b
y
the Treat
y
of
Amsterdam, acknowl-
edging the place occu-
pied by services of gen-
eral economic interest in
the shared values of the
Union and their role in
promoting social and ter-
ritorial cohesion. Article
16 also states that such
services must o
p
erate on
the basis of
p
rinci
p
les
and conditions which en-
able them to fulfil thei
r
functions.
$ -
)% -
%
,
-
) * -
- ’-
( 86 &-
0
$)
#, -
90). <-
, -
$
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.
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&-
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) #
,
,
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)
)
#
%
)
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% . #-
16 ,
)
* -
,
) % -
% *%.
$ J-
$ -
, > -
> >-
*
->
)
(
)
86 & K-
$ #,
> ) 90
)
.
<
, J
)> -
>-
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) 16 >
1-
&-
K$ #-
,
, -
J -
-
#
)
)-
$ J$
. #) 16 -
,
> *-
)
$,
>
>
*$.
Simplification of legis-
lation
Sim
p
lif
y
in
g
le
g
islation
means weedin
g
out the
superfluous by rigor-
ousl
y
a
pp
l
y
in
g
the tests
of whether it is necessary
and
p
ro
p
ortionate. The
exercise mainl
y
involves
the recastin
g
and formal
or informal consolidation
of legislation.
This conce
p
t has
g
rown
in im
p
ortance since the
White Paper on the
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190
Completion of the Single
Market and was explic-
itl
y
p
ut forward b
y
the
Edinbur
g
h Euro
p
ean
Council in 1992. Ove
r
the past decade a con-
centrated effort has been
made to establish a mar-
ket guaranteeing the four
freedoms, but this has
meant a wealth of Euro-
pean legislation. Simpli-
f
y
in
g
this mass of law
has now become a prior-
ity in order to ensure that
Communit
y
action is
transparent and effective.
A
p
ilot
p
ro
g
ramme
(Simplification of Leg-
islation for the Internal
Market — SLIM) cov-
erin
g
four s
p
ecific areas
was launched in Ma
y
1996 and will be ex-
tended to other areas.
A declaration on the
q
ualit
y
of the draftin
g
of
Community legislation is
attached to the Final Ac
t
of the Inter
g
overnmental
Conference
(
1997
)
. I
t
recommends that the
European Parliament, the
Council and the Com-
mission lay down guide-
lines for im
p
rovin
g
the
form of legislation.
On 5 June 2002, the
Commission
p
ublishe
d
the action
p
lan «Bette
r
lawmaking» and under-
took to «legislate less but
b
etter». The Council of
Ministers is currentl
y
setting up a new working
g
rou
p
to im
p
lement this
p
lan. In
p
arallel, the
European Convention on
institutional reform, se
t
u
p
followin
g
the Laeken
Declaration, has a
«{% »
-
-
) 0-
$) B 1992
. ; -
)
)-
-
,
-
,
% $)-
. #-
%
, #-
-
*. ;-
(«#-
) -
— SLIM»), -
*-
*, -
1996 ,
-
*.
&
)
-
#-
!-
6-
% 5*% (1997).
' 0-
$) -
. B 5 -
* -
.
5 2002 5-
$ «5 -
» ’-
« -
,
». B
6
)
. ;) «0-
$) 5
G
«{$
>» >
> J-
K$ #-
1992 . ' -
-
> -
-
-
) >-
, -
>
>, J
-
$ -
). /
J$ > >-
, > $-
#
> J**-
>. ; -
(
«/
)
>
—
SLIM»), >
>
*
*
>, >
1996
-
*>.
&
) #-
!)
6)$
5
*
(
1997
)
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