Дахно І.І. Право Європейського Союзу: Англо-Українсько-Російський Глосарій
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191
workin
g
g
rou
p
on the
simplification of instru-
ments and
p
rocedures.
Members of this
g
rou
p
have alread
y
alerted the
Convention to the nee
d
to redouble efforts to re-
cast and formally con-
solidate Communit
y
legislation and to im-
prove legislative drafting
in order to
p
roduce clea
r
texts more consisten
t
with existing legislation.
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Social Charter
All the Member States
except the United King-
dom ado
p
ted the Charte
r
of the Fundamental So-
cial Ri
g
hts of Workers,
commonl
y
known as the
Social Charter, in 1989
in the form of a declara-
tion. It is seen as a politi-
cal instrument containing
«moral obli
g
ations»
whose object is to guar-
antee that certain social
ri
g
hts are res
p
ected in
the countries concerned.
These
p
rimaril
y
relate to
the labour market, voca-
tional training, equal op-
p
ortunities and the
workin
g
environment. I
t
also contains an explicit
" (
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192
request to the Commis-
sion to put forward pro-
p
osals for translatin
g
the
content of the Social
Charter into le
g
islation.
The Social Charter has
been followed up by so-
cial action programmes.
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Social dialogue
Social dialo
g
ue is the
term used to describe a
joint consultation proce-
dure involvin
g
the social
p
artners at Euro
p
ean
level
(
UNICE, CEEP,
ESC). It involves discus-
sion,
j
oint action an
d
sometimes ne
g
otiations
b
etween the Euro
p
ean
social partners, and dis-
cussions between the so-
cial
p
artners and the
Union institutions.
It was started b
y
the
European Commission in
1985, and ever since the
Sin
g
le Euro
p
ean Act the
Treaty has formally re-
q
uired the Commission
to develo
p
the dialo
g
ue
(
Article 139, formerl
y
Article 118b
)
. So far the
outcome has been fifteen
joint opinions on (among
other thin
g
s
)
economic
g
rowth, the introduction
of new technology, edu-
cation, and vocational
trainin
g
. Social dialo
g
ue
may also lead to con-
tractual relationships, in-
cludin
g
a
g
reements, the
im
p
lementation of which
"
#)$ -
, $ -
) -
) -
), -
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(UNICE, CEEP,
ESC). ' -
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(
139,
118b). & -
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UNICE, CEEP, ESC
)
.
4 -
, $-
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*-
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193
is sub
j
ect to a decision
by the Council on a pro-
posal from the Commis-
sion. There have been
two a
g
reements of this
t
yp
e between em
p
lo
y
ers
and labour to date — on
p
arental leave and on
part-time working.
Besides this on
g
oin
g
dialo
g
ue between the
two sides of industry, the
Commission or
g
anise
d
the first European Forum
on social policy in March
1996, which brought to-
g
ether re
p
resentatives of
voluntar
y
or
g
anisations,
non-governmental or-
ganisations, trade unions,
employers’ organisa-
tions, the European Un-
ion institutions and the
Member States.
,
-
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—
.
Social partners
The Commission is re-
q
uired to consult various
social
p
artners when i
t
wants to submit propos-
als in this field. This so-
cial dialo
g
ue occurs via
the three main organisa-
tions representing the so-
cial partners at European
level:
x the Euro
p
ean Trade
Union Confederation
(ETUC),
the Union of Industries
of the European
"
5 ’ -
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) -
, -
%,
$
*
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(ETUC);
"/ /
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J$
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#)>$ -
> -
$,
)>
K$ :
— K$$ *-
$ *
(ETUC);
194
Community (UNICE),
x the Euro
p
ean Centre
for Public Enter
p
rise
(CEEP).
The Commission’s job is
therefore to take all nec-
essary steps to encourage
and facilitate consulta-
tion with the social part-
ners on the future devel-
o
p
ment of Communit
y
action and on the content
of an
y
p
ro
p
osals on the
Euro
p
ean Union’s social
policy, which is essen-
tiall
y
concerned with the
labour market.
A consultative assembl
y
of economic and social
p
artners in Euro
p
e was
created as earl
y
as 1957
with the Treaty of Rome.
Its role was to involve
these various interes
t
g
rou
p
s in buildin
g
the
common market. Its
members are drawn from
re
p
resentatives of three
cate
g
ories: em
p
lo
y
ers,
workers and independent
occu
p
ations. The Sin
g
le
Euro
p
ean Act and the
Treaty on European Un-
ion increased the number
of areas in which this as-
sembl
y
, the Economic
and Social Committee,
must be consulted by the
other institutions when
the
y
wish to introduce
le
g
islation in the social
sphere.
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195
Social policy
The Social Polic
y
A
g
reement si
g
ned b
y
fourteen Member States
has been incor
p
orate
d
into the EC Treaty by the
Treaty of Amsterdam, so
putting an end to a com-
p
lex situation. Fro
m
1993 to 1999 there were
two distinct le
g
al bases
for social policy meas-
ures: the EC Treaty itself
and a separate agreement
from which the Unite
d
Kin
g
dom had o
p
ted out.
Now all social
p
olic
y
measures can be adopted
on the basis of the new
Title XI of the EC
Treaty.
The objectives set by the
Treat
y
draw on the 1961
Euro
p
ean Social Charte
r
and the 1989 Community
Charter of the Funda-
mental Social Ri
g
hts of
Workers. They were al-
ready incorporated in the
Social Policy Agreement
and cover em
p
lo
y
men
t
p
romotion,
p
ro
p
er social
protection, dialogue be-
tween mana
g
ement an
d
labour, the develo
p
men
t
of human resources, an
d
combatin
g
exclusion
(Article 136).
De
p
endin
g
on the matte
r
in had the Council de-
cides:
x either by the codeci-
sion procedure after con-
sulting the Economic and
Social Committee an
d
the Committee of the
Regions;
x or unanimousl
y
on a
Commission
p
ro
p
osal
after consultin
g
the
Euro
p
ean Parliament, the
"
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0$) #-
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() 136).
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196
Economic and Social
Committee and the
Committee of the Re-
gions.
#) 5
5
.
—
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5%
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, K
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5 .
)$ G-
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.
Sole control
See Concentration
! 3/
Specialisation agree-
ment
Agreement between un-
dertakings relating to the
conditions under which
the
y
s
p
ecialise in the
p
roduction of a narrow
or s
p
ecific ran
g
e of
g
oods and/or services.
Agreements on speciali-
sation can contribute to
improving the production
or distribution of
g
oods,
because the undertakings
concerned can concen-
trate on the manufacture
of certain
p
roducts an
d
thus operate more effi-
cientl
y
and su
pp
l
y
the
p
roducts more chea
p
l
y
.
Specialisation agree-
ments are divided into
a
g
reements whereb
y
one
p
artici
p
ant
g
ives u
p
the
manufacture of certain
p
roducts or
p
rovision of
certain services in favour
of another
p
artici
p
an
t
(unilateral specialisa-
tion), agreements whe-
reb
y
each
p
artici
p
an
t
gives up the manufacture
of certain
p
roducts o
r
provision of certain services
-
/ -
, -
)
,
)
)-
*
/
. / -
% ) $-
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(-
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, >
197
in favour of another par-
ticipant (reciprocal spe-
cialisation), and agree-
ments whereby the parti-
cipants undertake to jointly
manufacture certain pro-
ducts or
p
rovide certain
services (joint produc-
tion). The issue is cov-
ered b
y
a s
p
ecific
b
loc
k
exemption regulation.
See: Council Re
g
ulation
(
EC
)
No 2658/2000 of
29 November 2000 on
the application of Article
81
(
3
)
of the Treat
y
to
categories of specialisa-
tion a
g
reements
(
OJ L
304, 5.12.2000)
-
)
( -
)
,
)
’ )
-
-
(
). -
) -
* --
.
>$ -
> -
> -
>
) -
( -
) ,
>
)-
) -
> -
> >)
> (-
)
.
-
*
-)-
.
Spill-over
effects
Side effects of an agree-
ment or a merger be-
tween two or several
firms which affect com-
p
etition between them in
another relevant marke
t
than the one covered b
y
the a
g
reement or the
merger in question. Spill-
over effects are referre
d
to in Article 2
(
4
)
of the
Merger Regulation, which
concerns the creation of
a joint venture that has as
its ob
j
ect or effect the
coordination of the com-
petitive behaviour of un-
dertakin
g
s that remain
independent. In that case,
the Commission shall
appraise this coordina-
tion taking also into ac-
count whether two o
r
more
p
arent com
p
anies
retain to a si
g
nifican
t
extent activities in a
market which is down-
stream or upstream from
>
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198
that of the
j
oint venture
or in a nei
g
hbourin
g
market closel
y
related to
this market.
) -
-
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.
)
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> -
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>-
,
J >.
Stabilit
y
and Growth
Pact
The Stability and Growth
Pact has to be seen
a
g
ainst the back
g
roun
d
of the third stage of eco-
nomic and monetar
y
union, which be
g
an on 1
Januar
y
1999. Its aim is
to ensure that the Mem-
b
er States continue thei
r
budgetary discipline ef-
forts once the single cur-
rency has been intro-
duced.
In
p
ractical terms the
Pact comprises a Euro-
p
ean Council resolution
(
ado
p
ted at Amsterdam
on 17 June 1997
)
an
d
two Council Re
g
ulations
of 7 Jul
y
1997 la
y
in
g
detailed technical ar-
ran
g
ements
(
one on the
surveillance of budgetary
positions and coordina-
tion of economic policies
and the other on imple-
mentin
g
the excessive
deficit procedure).
In the medium term the
Member States have un-
dertaken to
p
ursue the
ob
j
ective of a balance
d
or nearl
y
balance
d
budget and to present the
Council and the Com-
mission with a stabilit
y
p
ro
g
ramme b
y
1 March
1999
(
the
p
ro
g
ramme
will then be updated an-
>
«; )-
) » -
* )% * -
,
1 1999 .
,
-
- -
) % -
-
% .
; -
0-
$)% B ($-
1 17 -
1997 ) -
B 7
1997
,
-
) (
-
-
%
, $ —
-
*.
/
)
-
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,
—
$-
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5% 1
1999
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-
—
$
$ -
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; -
> K-
$ # (-
1 17
1997
)
# 7
1997 , -
> -
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(
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5 1
199
nuall
y)
. Alon
g
the same
lines, States not takin
g
p
art in the third sta
g
e of
EMU are re
q
uired to
submit a conver
g
ence
programme.
The Stability and Growth
Pact o
p
ens the wa
y
fo
r
the Council to
p
enalise
any participating Mem-
b
er State which fails to
take appropriate meas-
ures to end an excessive
deficit. Initially, the pen-
alt
y
would take the for
m
of a non-interest-bearin
g
deposit with the Com-
munit
y
, but it could be
converted into a fine if
the excessive deficit is
not corrected within two
years.
) (
-
)
. /
,
)
$ * -
,
’
)
%.
«;
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,
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*. #-
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.
1999
)
(
) ).
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.
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» > #-
-
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, -
, >
)
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*
.
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) * -
#,
>) *,
>>$ -
* -
.
State
aid
Article 87 (formerly Arti-
cle 92
)
of the EC Treat
y
states that «an
y
ai
d
g
ranted b
y
a Membe
r
State or through State re-
sources in any form what-
soever which distorts o
r
threatens to distort com-
petition by favouring cer-
tain undertakin
g
s or the
p
roduction of certain
goods shall, insofar as it
affects trade between
Member States, be in-
com
p
atible with the
common market.»
The European Commis-
sion and the Court of
Justice have placed a very
<$
# 87
(
92
)
&
0$) #-
,
«)- , -
-
-
)-$ *-
,
,
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-
,
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--
-
>
>
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) ,
-
>
-
-
>
, ,
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-
, -
200
b
road inter
p
retation on
the conce
p
t of «aid» as
regards the body grant-
in
g
it, which ma
y
ran
g
e
from the State itself to a
regional or local author-
it
y
, from a bod
y
ove
r
which the State directl
y
or indirectly exerts a de-
cisive influence to a pri-
vate-sector enter
p
rise o
r
a public corporation, etc.
Accordingly, any ad-
vanta
g
e conferred b
y
the
State is re
g
arded as state
aid where:
x it confers an economic
advantage on the recipi-
ent;
x it is granted selectively
to certain enter
p
rises o
r
products;
x it ma
y
distor
t
competition;
x it affects trade be-
tween Member States.
The
p
rohibition a
pp
lies
to a whole panoply of aid
measures, whether direct
(g
rants
)
or indirect
(
e.
g
.
measures that relieve an
enter
p
rise of financial
char
g
es
)
and re
g
ardless
of their basis or purpose.
However, an absolute
prohibition of state aid is
im
p
ossible and Article
87
(
2
)
and
(
3
)
p
rovides
for a number of exemp-
tions for aid that is com-
patible with the common
market and for aid tha
t
may be compatible under
certain conditions.
On the basis of Article
88
(
formerl
y
Article 93
)
of the Treaty, the proce-
dural Regulation on state
aid stipulates that any aid
or an
y
aid scheme mus
t
be notified to the
0
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