Дахно І.І. Право Європейського Союзу: Англо-Українсько-Російський Глосарій
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161
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Ombudsman
The European Ombuds-
man is a
pp
ointed b
y
the
European Parliament af-
ter each election for the
duration of Parliament’s
term of office. He is em-
powered to receive com-
p
laints from an
y
citizen
of the Union or any natu-
ral or legal person resid-
in
g
in a Member State
concernin
g
instances of
maladministration in the
activities of the Commu-
nity institutions or bodies
(
with the exce
p
tion of
the Court of Justice an
d
the Court of First In-
stance).
Where the Ombudsman
establishes an instance of
maladministration he re-
fers the matter to the in-
stitution concerned, con-
ducts an investi
g
ation,
seeks a solution to re-
dress the
p
roblem and, if
necessar
y
, submits draf
t
recommendations to
which the institution is
re
q
uired to re
p
l
y
in the
form of a detailed re
p
or
t
within three months.
He submits a re
p
ort to
the Euro
p
ean Parliamen
t
at the end of each annual
session.
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162
Parliamentary commit-
tees
Various committees have
b
een set u
p
within the
Euro
p
ean Parliament to
or
g
anise its work. The
members of each com-
mittee are elected at the
beginning of and half-
way through each par-
liamentary term, ac-
cordin
g
to their
p
olitical
affiliation and their ex-
pertise.
Parliament’s Rules of
Procedure s
p
ecif
y
tha
t
the Members of Parlia-
ment set the number of
committees and deter-
mine their
p
owers. A
t
present there are seven-
teen specialised perma-
nent committees in
which the Commission’s
p
ro
p
osals are discussed.
Parliament can also se
t
up sub-committees, tem-
p
orar
y
committees an
d
committees of in
q
uir
y
if
it considers it necessar
y
.
Two committees of in-
quiry have been set up so
far: on the Community
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163
transit procedure in 1996
and on the bovine spon-
g
iform ence
p
alo
p
ath
y
(BSE) epidemic in 1997.
The main task of the
permanent committees is
to debate
p
ro
p
osals fo
r
new legislation put for-
ward b
y
the Euro
p
ean
Commission and to draw
up own-initiative reports.
For an
y
p
ro
p
osal fo
r
legislation or other ini-
tiative, a ra
pp
orteur is
nominated accordin
g
to
an a
g
reement between
the
p
olitical
g
rou
p
s
which make up Parlia-
ment. His or her report is
discussed, amended an
d
voted on within the par-
liamentar
y
committee
and then transmitted to
the
p
lenar
y
assembl
y
,
which meets once a
month in Strasbourg, and
which debates and votes
on the basis of this re-
port.
As preparation for Par-
liament’s vote of ap-
p
roval of the Euro
p
ean
Commission, the parlia-
mentary committees also
hear the proposed Mem-
b
ers of the Commission
in their specialised areas.
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Person
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— a legal person,
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164
— where the possibility is
p
rovided for under the
rules in force, an
association of
p
ersons
reco
g
nized as havin
g
the
ca
p
acit
y
to
p
erform le
g
al
acts but lackin
g
the le
g
al
status of a legal person
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Petitions
The ri
g
ht of
p
etition is
the ri
g
ht which ever
y
citizen of the Euro
p
ean
Union enjoys, individu-
all
y
or in association
with other citizens, to
submit a re
q
uest to the
Euro
p
ean Parliament o
r
to table a grievance be-
fore it on an
y
sub
j
ec
t
which falls within the
s
p
heres of activit
y
of the
Community and con-
cerns him or her directl
y
(
Articles 21 and 194 of
the EC Treat
y
, formerl
y
Articles 8d and 138d).
Parliament’s Committee
on Petitions considers
whether such re
q
uests
are admissible. Where i
t
sees fit, it ma
y
p
ut a
question to the Om-
budsman. When drawing
up an opinion on a peti-
tion deemed to be admis-
sible, it ma
y
ask the
European Commission to
provide it with docu-
ments or information.
The Treaty of Amster-
dam added a new para-
g
ra
p
h to Article 21,
statin
g
that ever
y
citizen
of the Union ma
y
write
to any of the institutions,
includin
g
the Committee
of the Re
g
ions and the
Economic and Social
Committee, and to the
Ombudsman in any of
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165
the official Union lan-
g
ua
g
es
(
includin
g
Irish
)
and receive an answe
r
written in the same lan-
guage.
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Police and judicial co-
o
p
eration in criminal
matters
Some of the
p
olic
y
areas
p
reviousl
y
covered b
y
Title VI of the Treat
y
on
Euro
p
ean Union
(
Justice
and Home Affairs or the
«third
p
illar»
)
were
transferred to the firs
t
p
illar b
y
the Treat
y
of
Amsterdam. For those
remainin
g
in the thir
d
p
illar, es
p
eciall
y
p
olice
and
j
udicial coo
p
eration
in criminal matters, the
Treat
y
of Amsterda
m
establishes one of the
Union’s most im
p
ortan
t
ob
j
ectives: the creation
of an area of freedom,
security and justice.
The aim is to provide the
p
ublic with a hi
g
h level
of protection by pre-
ventin
g
and combatin
g
the phenomena of racism
and xeno
p
hobia an
d
other cross-border crime,
including:
x terrorism;
x traffickin
g
in human
b
ein
g
s and crimes
against children;
x drug trafficking;
x arms trafficking;
x corruption and fraud.
This is to be achieve
d
by:
x closer coo
p
eration
b
etween
p
olice forces
and customs authorities
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166
throu
g
h the Euro
p
ean
Police Office (Europol);
x closer coo
p
eration
b
etween the
j
udicial
authorities, including co-
o
p
eration throu
g
h the
European Judicial Coop-
eration Unit
(
Euro
j
ust
)
,
established by the Treaty
of Nice;
x a
pp
roximation, where
necessar
y
, of rules on
criminal matters in the
Member States.
Althou
g
h the Treaties of
Amsterdam and Nice
extended the use of
qualified majority vot-
in
g
, however, decisions
on matters covered b
y
the third
p
illar still have
to be adopted unani-
mousl
y
. On the area of
freedom, securit
y
an
d
justice on the other hand,
a number of legal in-
struments used in the
field of police and judi-
cial cooperation since the
Maastricht Treat
y
have
chan
g
ed. The common
position and the conven-
tion remain, but joint ac-
tions have been re
p
lace
d
by
two new instruments:
decisions and framework
decisions.
The Schengen acquis de-
velo
p
ed b
y
some of the
Member States in an in-
tergovernmental frame-
work, which also covers
police and judicial coop-
eration, was also incor-
porated into the Euro-
pean Union and Com-
munit
y
framework with
the entry into force of the
Amsterdam Treaty.
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Pre-accession
strategy
On the basis of the
Europe Agreements (as-
sociation a
g
reements with
Central and Eastern
Euro
p
ean countries
)
, in
1993 the Commission
p
ro
p
osed that there be a
‘structured dialo
g
ue’
b
etween the associate
d
countries and the institu-
tions of the Union in the
form of meetin
g
s a
t
which the different part-
ners could consult each
other.
In December 1994 the
Essen Euro
p
ean Council
ado
p
ted a
p
re-accession
strategy based on:
x dee
p
enin
g
relations
b
etween the associate
d
countries, the Membe
r
States and the institu-
tions of the Union
(strengthening the struc-
tured dialogue);
x im
p
lementation of the
Europe Agreements;
x adaptation of the fi-
nancial assistance pro-
vided by Phare.
At Decembe
r
1997’s
Luxembour
g
Euro
p
ean
Council a reinforced pre-
accession strategy was
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PHARE.
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1997 -
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168
x
launched for the ten
Central and Eastern
European applicant coun-
tries. It is based on:
x the Europe Agree-
ments;
x the accession partner-
shi
p
s and the national
p
ro
g
rammes for the
adoption of the acquis;
x participation in certain
Community program-
mes, agencies and com-
mittees.For C
yp
rus, a
s
p
ecial
p
re-accession
strate
gy
was
p
ut in
p
lace
the same
y
ear. In 1998 a
strate
gy
was ado
p
ted fo
r
Malta, and the last strat-
e
gy
is now takin
g
sha
p
e
for Turkey. Pre-ac-
cession strategies for Malta
and Turkey are based on:
x the association agree-
ments;
x the accession partner-
shi
p
s and the national
p
ro
g
rammes for the
adoption of the acquis;
x participation in Com-
munit
y
p
ro
g
rammes,
agencies and commit-
tees;
x s
p
ecial
p
re-accession
aid;
in Turkey’s case, a rein-
forced political dialogue.
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Presidency of the Union
(rotation of the
Presidency)
The Presidenc
y
of the
Union is held in turn on a
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169
six-monthl
y
basis b
y
each Member State. A
stint in the Presidenc
y
is
a duty and a contribution
that each Member State
makes to the
p
ro
p
e
r
functioning of the Com-
munit
y
institutions. A
t
p
resent, a Member State
holds the Presidenc
y
ever
y
seven and a half
years
In the context of the in-
stitutional as
p
ect of the
accession negotiations, it
has been established tha
t
the order of rotation be-
tween the 15 curren
t
Member States will be
maintained until 2006, in
order to give new mem-
b
ers a minimum
p
erio
d
in which to ada
p
t an
d
p
re
p
are for takin
g
on the
Presidency of the Coun-
cil themselves.
In any event, in the run-
u
p
to enlar
g
ement this
s
y
stem of rotation is
demonstratin
g
its limits,
and the 2004 Intergov-
ernmental Conference is
to propose an alternative:
a revolving but more sta-
b
le
p
residential team, a
lon
g
-term «President of
Europe» or various for-
mulae de
p
endin
g
on the
different formations (Sum-
mit, Council of Minis-
ters, Coreper); there are a
number of proposals.
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170
President of the Euro-
pean Commission
The Treaty of Amster-
dam stren
g
thened the
role and
p
osition of the
President of the Euro-
p
ean Commission. The
g
overnments of the
Member States currentl
y
designate the person they
intend to a
pp
oint as
President b
y
common
accord — a choice which
then has to be a
pp
rove
d
by the European Parlia-
ment.
The
g
overnments then
desi
g
nate the
p
ersons
the
y
intend to a
pp
oint as
Members of the Com-
mission, in a
g
reemen
t
with the new President.
The President la
y
s down
the broad
p
olic
y
lines to
b
e followed b
y
the
Commission in its work.
He also decides on the
allocation of
p
ortfolios
among the Commission-
ers and an
y
reshufflin
g
of
p
ortfolios durin
g
the
Commission’s term of
office.
The Treat
y
of Nice,
which entered into force
on 1 Februar
y
2003, has
altered the
p
rocedure fo
r
appointing the President.
From now on, the Euro-
p
ean Council meetin
g
a
t
the level of the heads of
state and
g
overnmen
t
will designate the person
that they intend to ap-
point by a qualified ma-
j
orit
y
. The Euro
p
ean
Parliament then approves
this appointment.
The new Article 217 of
the EC Treaty also ex-
tend s the President’s
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