Gino Moliterno. Encyclopedia of Contemporary Italian Culture
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
he published, with Carmen Iarrera, a murder mystery, Mai con i quadri (Never With
Paintings), about the assassination of a Professor of Art History.
See also: art criticism
Further reading
Zeri, F. (1987) Behind the Image: The Art of Reading Paintings, trans. N. Rootes, New York: St
Martin’s Press.
Zeri, F. and Iarrera, C. (1997) Mai con i quadri, Milan: Longanesi.
MAX STAPLES
Zevi, Bruno
b. 22 January 1918, Rome; d. 9 January 2000, Rome
Architect, architectural critic, historian and editor
Having graduated from Harvard in 1941, Zevi returned to Rome in 1944 where he joined
the Partito d’Azione (Action Party) and founded the APAO (Association for Organic
Architecture). Inspired by Wright’s organic architecture and American models in general,
Zevi insisted on establishing a functionalist tradition in Italy as a basis for modern
architecture but, while advocating an uncompromising battle against rationalism, he
neglected to acknowledge the importance of its modern component. His theoretical stands
were inseparable from envisioned principles of action, and so after APAQ he went on to
found the National Institute for Architecture in 1959 and then the Institute of Operative
Criticism in Architecture in 1970. He collaborated on the magazine Metron from 1945
until 1955 when it became L’Architettura—cronache e storia under his sole
directorship. One of the best-known architectural critics and writers in Italy, he has
published numerous books and articles, organized many exhibitions and won various
distinguished awards for his teaching and criticism.
Further reading
Oppenheimer Dean, A. (1983) Bruno Zevi on Modern Architecture, New York:
Rizzoli.
GORDANA KOSTICH
Entries A–Z 911
Zorio, Gilberto
b. 21 September 1944, Andorno Micca, Vincenza
Artist
Closely identified with arte povera, Zorio studied at the Scuola di arte e di ceramica
(School of Art and Ceramics) and then at the Accademia delle Belle Arti (Academy of
Fine Arts) in Turin, the city where he continued to live. His first solo exhibition at the
Sperone Gallery in 1967 led to his adoption by Ileana Sonnabend and Leo Castelli in
New York. From 1967 to 1972, his work appeared in pioneering group exhibitions such
as ‘When Attitudes Become Form’ in Berne. Zorio began his artistic experimentation
using materials from his father’s building sites, creating structures made of scaffolding,
polystyrene, cement mixes and rubber. His work explores the energy in materials and
their interaction, sometimes involving the spectator as catalyst: in Tent (1967), salt water
dries on canvas leaving deposits; in Burnt Writing (1969), words in invisible ink appear
for an instant on combustion of a piece of paper; in To Purify Words (1969–84), chemical
substances react to human breath. For Zorio, art is a corporeal experience embracing all
the senses and does not require prior knowledge to be understood. Like those of Penone
and Mario Merz, Zorio’s creations are accompanied by his own philosophical
commentaries.
Further reading
Gilberto Zorio (1988), Florence: Hopefulmonster.
ROBERT LUMLEY
Zucchero
b. 25 September 1955, Adelmo, Reggio Emilia
Singer
One of Italy’s most popular and commercially successful rhythm and blues singers,
Zucchero (Sugar; real name Adelmo Fornaciari) began forming pop bands during the
1970s. In the early 1980s, always sporting the distinctive hat and feather which became
his trademark, he appeared several times at the Sanremo Festival with only modest
success. In the mid-1980s, however, he visited the USA and returned to Italy with a new
band, which included American musicians and was more strongly focused on the blues.
He began writing more of his own songs and was soon recognized as one of the new
generation of cantautori. His album Blue’s, released in 1987, reached record sales both in
Encyclopedia of contemporary italian culture 912
Italy and abroad, and gave Zucchero an international reputation which continued to grow
during the 1990s.
Singing in a guttural style which has sometimes prompted comparisons with Joe
Cocker, Zucchero has performed with musicians as different as Miles Davis, Eric
Clapton, B.B. King and Luciano Pavarotti, achieving both impressive record sales and
international renown. In 1994 he was the only Italian musician invited to the second
Woodstock Festival, and in 1995 his image was adopted by the United Nations to
celebrate its 50th anniversary.
GINO MOLITERNO
Zurlini, Valerio
b. 19 March 1926, Bologna; d. 27 October 1982, Verona
Film director and art critic
After graduating in law from the university of Bologna, Zurlini began his career in
cinema in the late 1940s with a number of short urban documentaries. His first feature
film, Le ragazze di San Frediano (The Girls of San Frediano) (1954), from a novel by
Vasco Pratolini, was the first of several fine adaptations of literary works that would
mark his career and which would include Cronaca Familiare (Family Diary) (1962), also
by Pratolini, and Le soldatesse (The Female Soldiers) (1965) from a novel by Ugo Pirro.
In 1968 he made Seduto alla sua destra (Seated at his Right, more commonly known as
Black Jesus), a powerful indictment of white colonialism in Africa and a fierce parable of
man’s inhumanity to man. Zurlini is probably best remembered, however, for the more
delicately wrought and intellectually complex Il Deserto dei Tartari (The Desert of the
Tartars) (1976), his highly successful adaptation of Dino Buzzati’s brilliant novel of the
same name.
GINO MOLITERNO
Entries A–Z 913
Index
Page numbers in bold indicate references to the main entry.
Abatantuono, Diego 22, 121, 229, 231
Abbado, Claudio 1, 529
Abbagnano, Nicola 1–2
Abitare 2, 24
abortion 2–3
feminist campaign for 71, 219, 220, 371
legislation 109, 326, 545, 604, 622
PR support for campaign 416, 469
press support for campaign 203, 417
writers on 355
Accardi, Carla 3, 35, 132, 241, 241–2
Adami, Valerio 3–4, 571
Adelphi 4, 84, 106, 145, 192
Adorno, Theodor 258, 551
advertising 4–7, 58, 77, 131, 185, 541
Agamben, Giorgio 7, 41
Age and Scarpelli 7–8, 23, 124
Agnelli family 8, 67, 126, 146, 227, 228, 238, 282, 386, 418, 439, 514, 561–2
Agnes, Mario 97
Agosti, Stefano 8–9, 142, 645
agriculture 9–10, 94, 184, 429, 460, 466, 553, 554
AIDS see HIV/AIDS
Alberoni, Francesco 11, 146
Albertazzi, Giorgio 11, 587
Albini, Franco 11, 23, 215, 217, 281
Aleramo, Sibilla 642, 643
alfabeta 12, 51, 135, 464
Alitalia 12
Almirante, Giorgio 205, 212, 233, 388, 397
L’altra domenica 12, 22, 487
Amato, Giuliano 13, 188, 476, 530
Amelio, Gianni 13–14, 229, 400, 401, 634
Amendola, Giorgio 14, 287, 393, 428
American influence 14–15
civil rights and anti-war movements 566
comics 121, 122
culture 289, 425
detective fiction 166
feminism 219
music 455, 497
neoavantgarde theatre 589
television advertising 6
visual arts 17, 285
see also Italian-American cinema
Anceschi, Luciano 15–16, 51, 143, 332, 443, 627
Andreotti, Giulio 16, 98, 152, 240, 418
charges of mafia involvement 153, 345, 434
clientelism 137, 241
and Gladio 259, 291
government 204, 477, 504
as leader of DC 622
restriction of film exports 399
Ansa (Agenzia nazionale stampa associata) 16–17, 286
Anselmo, Giovanni 17, 36
anti-communism 18, 19, 241, 270–1, 572
anti-design 17–18, 552, 568–9, 570
anti-fascism 18–19, 213, 434, 566
artists, writers and intellectuals 33, 52–3, 144, 159, 192, 256, 257, 268–9, 289, 394, 403, 487,
513, 631, 633
films 399
and historiography 268–9
Jewish writers 311
publishing 218, 398
and the Republic 18, 388, 508, 509, 579
Antonacci, Anna 19
Antonioni, Michelangelo 20–1, 101, 113, 136, 160, 167, 229, 230, 235, 359, 393, 516, 518, 632
films 150, 185, 231, 232, 308, 618
Arbasino, Alberto 21, 143, 185, 253, 262–3, 395
Arbore, Renzo 5, 12, 21–2, 487
Area, Paolo 22, 410
Archibugi, Francesca 22–3, 223, 400
architectural and design magazines 2, 23–6, 94, 115, 132–3, 177, 261, 362, 366, 371, 453, 519,
557, 562
architecture 11, 40, 45, 54–5, 58, 72–3, 73–4, 88–9, 155, 228–9, 248, 250, 261, 262, 330, 348, 365–
6, 372, 380–1, 389–90, 396, 400, 437–8, 438, 452–3, 464, 483–4, 485–6, 510–11, 513, 516–17,
519, 525, 531–2, 552, 587–8, 618, 624–5, 629
and housing policy 272, 273
landscape and gardens 461–2
under Fascism 33
writers 88–9, 262, 389–90, 513, 519, 571–2, 648
see also anti-design
L’Architettura, cronache e storia 23, 26, 648
Archizoom 17, 26–7, 73, 165
ARC I (Associazione Ricreativa Culturale Italiana) 27, 252, 272, 427, 584
Area 455
Argan, Giulio Carlo 27–8, 31, 32, 34, 36, 84, 132
Argento, Dario 28, 103, 230
Ariosto, Ludovico, theatre productions 43
Armani, Giorgio 25, 28, 214, 215, 217
armed forces 28–30
and censorship 103
Index 915
right-wing extremism 563, 580
and sports 558
see also carabinieri
Arpino, Giovanni 30
art criticism 27–8, 30–2, 71–2, 84–5, 102, 132, 178, 351, 550, 571, 626, 648
see also realism
art history 27–8, 84–5, 339, 626, 647–8
art movements 32–5, 36, 45, 132, 241–2, 262–4, 285–6, 387, 556, 599–600
arte concreta (concrete art) 34, 35–6, 120
arte povera (poor art) 17, 31, 32, 34–5, 36–7, 52, 70, 72, 102, 115, 125, 208, 235, 314, 340, 355,
417, 440, 441, 600, 648–9
arts festivals 37–9, 526–7, 557
see also Venice Biennale
Ascolini, Vasco 437
ASI (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana) 39
Asor Rosa, Alberto 39, 141
athletics 39–40
Auditel 40, 475, 492
Aulenti, Gaetana 40, 94
Aut aut 7, 40–1, 245, 414
autonomia 41, 207, 492, 500
autostrada network 42, 130, 476, 494
avantgarde movements 15, 102, 526
architecture and design 292, 362
art 498
music 177
see also avantgarde theatre;
Gruppo 63;
L’Informale;
neoavantgarde
avantgarde theatre 43–4, 50, 133, 154, 210, 315, 347, 446, 583–4
Avati, Giuseppe (Pupi) 44, 591
Aymonino, Carlo 45, 519, 615
Azimut and Azimuth 45
Baez, Joan, influence 90
Baget Bozzo, Gianni 46
Baj, Enrico 34, 46, 286, 387
Balducci, Armenia 222
Balducci, Ernesto 567
Balestrini, Nanni 12, 46–7, 143, 258, 262, 263, 332, 395, 443–4, 464
Balla, Giacomo, influence 241, 340
Banca Commerciale Italiana 47, 49, 146, 476
Banca d’Italia 47–8, 48, 93, 111, 146, 175, 188, 204, 294, 362–3
Banfi, Antonio 15, 48, 414
banking and credit system 47–8, 48–50, 146, 154, 282, 361, 362–3
Barba, Eugenio 44, 50–1, 515, 584
Baricco, Alessandro 51, 593
Barilli, Renato 31–2, 51, 262–3
Bartali, Gino 51, 134, 147
Bartoli, Cecilia 51–2
Index 916
Bartolini, Luciano 52
Bartolini, Ubaldo 35
basketball 52, 558, 559, 560, 634
Bassani, Giorgio 52–3, 162, 253, 311
Battisti, Lucio 53–4, 91, 455
Baudo, Giuseppe (Pippo) 54, 88, 91, 463, 475
Bazar, Matia 455
Beckett, Samuel 60, 582, 589
Bellezza, Dario 54, 253, 445
Bellini, Mario 54–5, 177, 406
Bellocchio, Marco 55, 382
Bene, Carmelo 43, 55–6, 82, 347, 583, 585–6
Benedetti, Arrigo 56–7, 203, 204, 374, 436, 469
Benedetti Michelangeli, Arturo 57
Benetton 6, 57–8, 196, 216, 240, 531, 593
Benevolo, Leonardo 58
Benigni, Roberto 12, 22, 58–9, 64, 171, 229, 262, 285, 602
Benjamin, Walter 7, 84, 551
Benni, Stefano 59
Berardinone, Valentina 222
Berengo-Gardin, Gianni 436
Berio, Luciano 59–60, 183, 344, 490, 526
Berlinguer, Enrico 60–1, 268, 340, 350, 382, 428, 511, 624
Berlusconi, Silvio 19, 61–2, 350, 540
and AC Milan 233, 238
critics and opponents 136, 179, 561
entry into politics 78, 243
government 60, 175, 188, 203, 213, 233, 388, 397, 472, 530, 576
investigations of corruption 167, 326, 352
media enterpreneurship 377, 417, 449, 474–5, 493
as media magnate 193, 288, 296
and the Northern League 72
and Polo della Libertà 100, 429, 450–1, 477, 605
publishing enterprises 192, 203
supporters 46, 119, 416
TV entrepreneurship 71, 88, 93
see also Fininvest;
Forza Italia
Bernabei, Ettore 62, 474
Berto, Giuseppe 62–3, 395
Bertolucci, Attilio 63, 65, 332, 443
Bertolucci, Bernardo 28, 63, 63–5, 65, 113, 114, 230, 285, 382, 526, 535, 562, 591
films 10, 13, 105, 231, 370, 380, 619, 631
Bertolucci, Giuseppe 58, 65, 285
Betocchi, Carlo 65, 442
Betti, Ugo 66, 136, 251
Bettiza, Enzo 66, 337
Bevilacqua, Alberto 66
Biagi, Enzo 67, 202, 205, 578
Biagiotti, Laura 67
Bianchini, Afra 531
Bianciardi, Luciano 131, 185
Index 917
Bigongiari, Piero 67–8, 342, 442
Bilenchi, Romano 68, 342
Birolli, Renato 33, 34
Blasetti, Alessandro 68, 101, 105, 136, 232, 255, 372, 399, 462, 646
Bo, Carlo 68–9, 342
Bobbio, Norberto 69, 144, 256, 288, 290, 420
Bocca, Giorgio 67, 69, 205, 402
Boccaccio, Giovanni 172
studies 73, 141
Bocchetti, Alessandra 222
Bocelli, Andrea 69–70
Bodei, Remo 41
Boetti, Alighiero 35, 36, 70
Bolognini, Mauro 70, 73, 101, 351, 359, 372, 420
Bona, Gian Piero 253
Bongiorno, Mike 5, 70–1, 88, 185, 474, 527
Bonino, Emma 71, 468
Bonito Oliva, Achille 31, 32, 35, 36–7, 71–2, 107, 235, 340, 599, 600
Borsellino, Paolo 209
Bossi, Umberto 72, 324, 397, 451
boxing 72, 559
BPR 23, 72–3, 461, 513, 615
Branca, Vittore 73, 141, 332, 412
Brancati, Vitaliano 11, 70, 73, 104, 235, 334, 374, 582, 644
Brandi, Cesare 31
Branzi, Andrea 25, 26, 73–4, 165, 371, 568
Brass, Tinto (Giovanni) 74
bread 74–5, 405
Brecht, Bertolt
influence 43, 561, 564
productions 560, 563, 564, 582, 586–7
Brera, Giovanni Luigi (Gianni) 559
Brioni 75, 216
Brito, Cristiana de Caldas 276
broadcasting 62, 75–8
deregulation 40
Mammì law 327
regulation by Constitutional Court 130
standards 78
see also private television;
radio;
RAI;
television
Bruck, Edith 79, 311, 337
Brusati, Franco 11, 79, 351
Bufalino, Gesualdo 79
bureaucracy 79–80, 126, 138, 321, 538
student movement 565
taxation system 575–6
Ulivo reforms 606
Burri, Alberto 34, 36, 52, 80–1, 85, 119, 286, 536
Busi, Aldo 81, 254
Index 918
business
entrepreneurs 61–2, 154, 227, 514
family enterprises 211
industrial managers 101–2, 154, 514
major companies 233–4, 254, 405–7
and politics 62, 102
Bussotti, Sylvano 56, 81–2
Buzzati (Traverse), Dino 43, 82–3, 235, 649
Cacciari, Massimo 12, 84
Cagnoni, Romano 437
Cagol, Margherita 146–7, 499
Calasso, Roberto 4, 84
Calvesi, Maurizio 84–5
Calvi, Roberto 154, 413
Calvino, Italo 85–7, 155, 162, 185, 192, 395, 425, 503, 533, 620
and cultural journals 12, 151, 332, 361, 383, 394, 448, 634
Camerini, Mario 87, 161, 374, 399, 550, 618, 644, 646
Camon, Ferdinando 87
Campanile, Achille 87–8
Canale Cinque 61, 71, 76, 77, 88, 93, 136, 233, 474
Cancogni, Manlio 88, 104
Canella, Guido 88–9
Canins, Maria 147
Cantafora, Arduino 89
Cantautori 53–4, 89–91, 153, 310, 454, 527, 630, 649
Canzonissima 91, 103, 236, 341, 378, 630, 636
capitalism
and Confindustria 126
debates 41, 485
Fiat as symbol of 227
and influential families 146
and migration 195, 196
see also consumerism;
economic miracle
Capogrossi, Giuseppe 34, 36
Capomazza, Tilde 222
Capriolo, Paola 91, 643
Caproni, Giorgio 92, 443
Capuano, Vito 401
Capucci, Roberto 92, 215
carabinieri 92–3, 150, 291, 350, 446, 558
see also police
Cardinale, Claudia 73, 93, 229, 327, 379
Carli, Guido 47, 93, 126
Carosello 5–6, 131
Carrà, Raffaella 93–4, 577
cartoons 135, 217, 426, 470–1, 535, 581
satire 146, 264, 350, 573
television advertising 5
Casabella 23, 40, 88, 94, 102, 115, 155, 177, 250, 261, 262, 272, 362, 371, 453, 513, 519, 615, 645
Index 919
Cassa per il Mezzogiorno (Southern Development Fund) 9, 94, 138, 152, 186, 282–3, 430, 449,
507, 554
Cassola, Carlo 94–5, 192
Castellaneta, Carlo 95
Castellani, Enrico 34, 45
Castellani, Renato 79, 95, 398, 646
Castiglioni, Achille 95–6, 96, 292, 293
Castiglioni, Pier Giacomo 95, 96, 293
Castri, Massimo 96, 587
Catholic Action 96–7, 97, 152, 158, 544, 566, 622
Catholic associations 96–7, 97–8, 124–5
attitudes to divorce 176
student movement (FUCI) 16, 98, 566–7
Catholic Church
attitude towards migrants 196
attitudes towards homosexuality 253
attitudes towards marriage and divorce 140, 175
beatification 414
cardinals and archbishops 358, 445–6, 521–2
and the Constitutional Court 130
and the DC 97, 98, 109, 110, 125, 152, 442, 446, 458, 459, 522, 538, 544, 623
Eucharist 74
and the family 210
and the Fascist regime 65, 96, 97, 158
liberal attitudes 358
links with the DC 152
and monarchists 373
and the peasantry 429
and politics 109–10, 137, 153, 381–2, 569, 622
popes 456–60
priests 46, 110, 366–7, 551–2, 569
Scalabrinian order 196
and writers 395
see also Catholic associations;
church, state and
society;
patron saints;
POA;
Second Vatican Council
Catholic press and publishing 65, 98–9, 110, 179, 210, 412
Cavalli, Giuseppe 436
Cavalli, Patrizia 99, 445
Cavani, Liliana 99, 222, 223, 349, 593, 631
CCCP 455
CCD (Democratic Christian Centre) 99–100, 100, 153, 450, 605
CDU (United Democratic Christians) 100, 125, 450, 468, 605
Cecchi, Carlo 100
Cecchi, Emilio 100–1, 633
Cecchi D’Amico, Suso (Giovanna) 101, 120
Cederna, Camilla 101
Cefis, Eugenio 101–2, 377
Celant, Germano 31, 32, 36, 37, 102, 178, 235
Index 920