Gino Moliterno. Encyclopedia of Contemporary Italian Culture

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MLD (Movement for Liberation of Woman) 2, 220, 371

modernism 31, 33, 465, 599–600

Modigliani, Franco 371

Modo 362, 371

Modugno, Domenico 372, 454, 526

Mogol (Giulio Rapetti) 53, 103

Mollino, Carlo 23, 372, 453

Momigliano, Arnaldo 373

monarchists 373, 388, 441, 572

Mondadori 30, 61, 77, 78, 145, 165, 192, 233, 244, 373–4, 416, 462, 474, 482, 509, 542, 633

Il Mondo 56, 185, 235, 374, 436, 469, 530, 614

Monicelli, Mario 101, 164, 167, 255, 374–5, 452, 516, 535, 551, 619

films 7, 93, 123, 185, 251, 341, 454

Montaldo, Giuliano 52, 307, 375, 634

Montale, Eugenio 30, 63, 249, 375–7, 418, 442, 443, 444, 547

influence 202, 513, 542

studies 131

Montanelli, Indro 202, 324, 377

Montedison 102, 227, 254, 377–8

Monti, Adriana 378

Monti, Eugenio 641

Monticone, Alberto 97

Morandi, Gianni 90, 378, 382, 454

Morandi, Giorgio 33, 339, 379

Morante, Elsa 54, 100, 121, 253, 379, 380, 395, 546, 643

Moravia, Alberto 178, 253, 379–80, 399

censorship of 104

as editor 332, 374, 383

film adaptations 64, 151

studies 526

theatre productions 424

Moretti, Luigi Walter 24, 380–1

Moretti, Nanni 229, 231, 342, 381, 400, 401

films 230, 361, 386

Moro, Aldo 16, 46, 152, 178, 212, 381–2, 409, 472, 572, 622, 644

kidnapping and assassination of 136, 268, 292, 350, 413, 428, 459, 500, 509, 541, 580, 629

Morricone, Ennio 230, 327, 382–3, 555, 593

Morselli, Guido 383, 395

Moschino 216, 383–4

Moser, Francesco 147

motor car industry 130–1, 185, 224–5, 227–8, 384

see also Fiat;

Pirelli

motor racing 224–5,

384–6, 559, 560

motorscooters 384, 386

Moussa Ba, Saidou 276, 387, 396

Movimento di Comunità 387, 406

Movimento Nucleare (Nuclear Movement) 120, 387–8

MSI (Italian Social Movement) 195, 200, 205, 212, 233, 388–9, 409, 441, 450, 507, 572

and monarchists 373

and National Alliance 396–7

and strategia della tensions 563, 579–80

Index 941



Il Mulino 389, 533

multiculturalism 196, 319

Munari, Bruno 25, 34, 36, 389

Muratori, Saverio 389–90

Mursia 390, 532

museums 32–3

architecture 40, 531, 625

music

composers 22, 59–60, 81–2, 116, 150, 177, 226, 344, 363–4, 393, 403, 435, 496, 519–20, 532,

533–4, 549

conductors 1, 344, 392

orchestras 59–60

prizes 1, 19, 81, 363

radio 21

singer-songwriters 149–50, 153–4, 248, 310, 438–9, 446

see also film composers;

folk music and song;

jazz;

opera;

pop and rock music;

rap music;

Videomusic

music festivals 37–8, 390–1, 392, 549

music institutions 391–2

see also La Scala

Mussolini, Alessandra 213

Mussolini, Benito 18, 80, 268, 333–4, 489–90

biographies 157, 270

see also Fascist regime

Muti, Riccardo 392, 529

Nannini, Gianna 90, 230, 393, 525

Napolitano, Giorgio 393, 428

narrative 393–6

autobiography 79, 108, 164, 249, 275–6, 295, 311, 328, 329, 355, 365, 396, 497, 534, 549, 550,

592

children’s literature 411

essays 21, 66, 67, 68, 73, 79, 84, 85–6, 88, 106, 113–14, 128, 162, 164, 183, 226, 246, 249–50,

329, 341, 342–3, 349, 411, 412, 453–4, 495–6, 497, 534, 543, 578–9, 633–4, 646

novels 21, 30, 47, 51, 52–3, 54, 56–7, 59, 62, 66, 68, 73, 79, 82, 84, 85–6, 87, 87–8, 88, 91, 94–

5, 95, 99, 102, 107, 127–8, 151, 155, 162–3, 164, 180, 185, 209, 224, 226–7, 235, 249–50, 257,

264–5, 275 8, 295, 310, 311–12, 312–13, 315, 316, 317, 328, 329–30, 341, 350, 351, 362, 379–

80, 383, 411–12, 412, 415–16, 417–18, 420, 425, 426, 439, 453–4, 463–4, 470, 471, 473, 497,

498, 511, 513–14, 520–1, 527, 529, 534–5, 546, 547, 549–50, 571, 578–9, 589, 591–2, 617,

618, 622, 633

short stories 59, 66, 83, 91, 92, 95, 127, 162, 224, 235, 249, 276–7, 313, 316, 317, 328, 341,

379, 380, 383, 411, 411–12, 425, 498, 546, 549–50, 571, 646

see also detective fiction;

fotoromazo;

gay writing;

immigrant literature;

Index 942



literature in dialect;

literature in translation;

pulp fiction;

science

fiction;

women’s writing

Natalini, Adolfo 26, 165, 396, 570

National Alliance 153, 213, 233, 243, 279, 324, 388, 396–7, 402, 450, 505

national anthem 397–8

nationalization see privatization and nationalization

La Nazione 398, 401

Nenni, Pietro 398, 409, 479, 590

neoavantgarde 51, 154, 258, 394, 414, 464, 556, 622, 645

neofascism see fascism and neofascism;

MSI

neorealism 53, 68, 141, 143, 331, 398–400, 442, 470

cinema 7, 13, 14, 20, 57, 95, 113, 121, 123, 160, 161, 161–2, 217, 229, 231, 323, 398–400, 421,

512, 517–18, 573, 583, 591, 644, 646

literature 66, 85, 394, 399, 425, 443, 511, 581, 633

visual arts 34

Nervi, Pier Luigi 400

New Italian Cinema 44, 64, 229, 342, 400–1, 403, 512, 634

news agencies 16–17, 98

newspapers 68, 134–5, 257, 353–4, 398, 401–3, 507, 509, 530, 561, 609

censorship 104, 609

effect of economic miracle 185

see also Catholic press and publishing;

sports

publications;

under titles of newspapers

Nichetti, Maurizio 12, 400, 403

Nizzoli, Marcello 281, 292, 362

Nobel Prizes 235, 236–7, 329, 371, 375, 486, 521, 556, 642

Nono, Luigi 403, 410, 490

North—South divide

cultural identities 7

electricity gap 197

income gap 186

political identities 243

and unemployment 188, 606–7

see also Southern Question

nuclear energy programme

failure of 197, 200

opposition to 626

Nuova Compagnia di Canto Popolare (New Company of Popular Song) 171, 403–4

Occhetto, Achille 149, 287, 405, 428, 429, 605, 624

oil crises 187, 197, 284

olive oil 10, 405, 502

Olivetti 133, 154, 258, 272, 282, 405–7, 547, 562, 588, 635

buildings architecture 248, 618

Index 943



and cultural movements 386

design 40, 54–5, 280, 461, 531, 552

National Prize for architecture 250

and urban planning 615

Olmi, Ermanno 5, 9, 22, 231, 407, 630

Olympics 39, 147–8, 341, 407–8, 557–8, 591

see also winter sports

Ontani, Luigi 329, 408–9, 466

opening to the Left 152, 160, 178, 212, 257, 373, 381, 388, 398, 409, 459, 469, 480, 508, 572

opera 39, 390, 392, 409–11, 564, 630, 636, 647

composers 226, 363, 364, 393

singers 19, 51–2, 69–70, 424–5, 510

see also La Scala

Opus Dei 9

Orelli, Giorgio 411

Orengo, Nico 411

Orlando, Leoluca 179, 347

Ortese, Anna Maria 4, 395, 411–12

L’Osservatore Romano 97, 98, 286, 402, 412

Ossola, Carlo 73, 143, 332, 412

Ottieri, Ottiero 185, 387, 412

P2 19, 29, 134, 136, 213, 241, 292, 413–14, 474, 623

Paci, Enzo 1, 40, 414

Padre Pio 414

Pagani, Herbert 490

Pagliarani, Elio 262, 414–15, 443–4

painting 3–4, 35, 46, 52, 81, 82–3, 107, 115–16, 120, 132, 156, 159, 178, 205, 237, 254–5, 265–6,

285–6, 314, 328, 329, 340, 354–5, 356, 379, 415, 419–20, 426, 440–1, 471, 528, 532, 556, 571,

624, 647

see also art movements

Pajetta, Giancarlo 60, 415, 428

Paladino, Mimmo (Domenico) 35, 415, 599, 600

Palazzeschi, Aldo 253, 415–16

Pannella, Marco (Giacinto) 207, 416, 451, 469, 501

Panorama 59, 101, 203, 373, 374, 416–17

Panzieri, Raniero 41

Paoli, Gino 89, 149, 454

Paolini, Giulio 36, 125, 340, 417, 466, 536–7

Pareyson, Luigi 183, 417, 624

Parise, Goffredo 417–18

Parliament 84, 137, 160, 211, 259, 312, 324, 360, 418–19, 429, 439, 451, 472, 508, 511

abortion law 2–3

and the armed forces 29

and broadcasting 77

and the constitution 129, 129 30

higher education reforms 610, 611–12

introduction of crime of mafia assocation 150

and laws on sexual violence 140

and the legal system 325

publishing law 481

Index 944



radio information 491

reform of intelligence services 291–2

and regional government 504

tax policy proposals 576

and Ulivo 606

writers 21, 39

Parmiggiani, Claudio 419–20

Partito d’Azione (Action Party) 67, 160, 269, 420, 508, 604, 648

Pascali, Pino 34–5, 36, 54, 537

Pasolini, Pier Paolo 9, 70, 113, 164, 230, 285, 289, 339, 351, 420–2, 512, 535, 555, 591, 594

censorship of 104

criticism of consumer society 131, 185, 545–6

films 56, 164, 229, 273, 348, 382, 618–19

influence 63, 512–13

and literary journals 332, 334, 521

manifesto for theatre 43–4

plays 251

studies 39

writings 102, 143, 253, 273, 334, 395, 442–3, 444

Passerini, Luisa 270

pasta 107, 303, 422–3, 503

patron saints 423–4

Patroni Griffi, Giuseppe 43, 253, 424, 587

Pavarotti, Luciano 69, 285, 363, 424–5

Pavese, Cesare 14, 85, 136, 192, 257, 334, 399, 425–6, 511, 602

Pazienza, Andrea 426–7, 573

Pazzi, Roberto 395, 426

PCI (Italian Communist Party) 14, 69, 164, 212, 259–60, 388, 427–9, 446, 449

anti-nuclear stance 626

artists, writers and intellectuals 28, 33, 39, 48, 68, 85, 119, 124, 163, 236, 256, 263, 266, 313,

394, 403, 420, 425, 438, 452, 473, 487, 526, 528, 633

attitude towards migration 195

broadcasting from abroad 490

change to PDS 227, 284, 511, 512

and the Church 176

Constituent Assembly 128

criticism of 41, 117, 206

cultural debate 448, 511, 633

and the DC 16, 136, 158, 160, 268, 644

demonstrations against terrorism 580

depicted in cartoons 350

effect on foreign policy 240

exclusion by broadcasting system 76, 493

films commissioned by 631

and historic compromise 428, 504, 580

historiography and Marxism 269

implications of corruption 352

intellectuals 289, 290

newspapers 353–4, 402, 426, 573, 609

non-legitimation of 240, 540

and opening to the Left 381

opposition of Red Brigades 500

Index 945



and Parliament 419

and the PDS 429

and the PLI 441

politicians 14, 60, 84, 149, 287, 312, 339–40, 393, 405, 415, 589–90, 624

and the press 205

and the PSI 137, 160, 409, 478

relationship with UDI 219, 604

and social realism 3

and the student movement 566

support for European integration 203

PDS (Democratic Party of the Left) 164, 227, 284, 388, 429, 450, 451, 472, 511, 539

and the Church 623

newspapers 402, 512, 609–10

and Parliament 419

and the PCI 428, 479

politicians 84, 149, 287, 312, 393, 405, 605, 624

and the PPI 100, 153, 468

satire against 637

and Ulivo alliance 210, 605

PDUP (Democratic Party of Proletarian Unity) 72

peasants 429–31

Bertolucci film 64

effect of economic miracle 184

Gramsci’s thought 260, 289

literature documenting lives of 328, 394, 412, 521, 547

population changes 460–1

Penna, Sandro 99, 431–2, 443

Penone, Giuseppe 36

pensiero debole 84, 142, 432, 624

pentiti 16, 209, 326, 345, 433–4, 500, 580

Peragallo, Perla 154

performance 125, 236–7, 248, 310, 315–16, 347, 403, 496, 521

see also avantgarde theatre

Perilli, Achille 116, 132, 241

Perlini, Memè 43

Pertini, Alessandro (Sandro) 19, 69, 137, 157, 434, 472

Petrarch, Florentine language 172

Petrassi, Goffredo 116, 177, 382, 392, 410, 435

Petri, Elio (Eraclio) 229, 230, 375, 435, 634

philology 141–2

philosophy 7, 15, 48, 84, 119–20, 144–5, 163, 251, 256, 414, 417, 543, 623–4

and critical currents 141

existentialism 1, 48, 68

journals 40–1

legal 69

Marxist 259–60

see also pensiero debole

photography 372, 435–7, 532, 593

art works 408–9

magazines 205

Piano, Renzo 437–8, 461–2, 615

Piazza Fontana 213, 291, 402–3, 438, 563, 566

Index 946



Piccinato, Luigi 23, 330, 438, 510

Pietrangeli, Paolo 90, 438–9

Piovene, Guido 66, 439

Pirandello, Luigi 237

film adaptations 574

influence 43, 157

theatre productions 11, 96, 100, 424, 560, 563, 586, 587

Pirella, Emanuele 439

Pirelli 8, 126, 146, 282, 406, 439–40, 453, 542, 547, 588, 615

Pisani, Vettor 440

Pistoletto, Michelangelo 35, 36, 440, 440–1

pizza 106–7, 441, 503

PLI (Italian Liberal Party) 409, 441, 450, 469, 473, 554

POA (Pontifical Works of Assistance) 441–2

poetry 46–7, 53, 54, 63, 65, 66, 67, 79, 87, 92, 99, 105–6, 112, 145, 151, 177, 202, 237–8, 242,

245, 257–8, 317, 342, 348, 349, 364, 375–6, 411, 412, 415–16, 420, 425, 426, 431–2, 442–5, 463–

4, 489, 498, 513, 514, 517, 520–1, 523–4, 526, 533, 542–3, 547, 551, 556, 556–7, 578–9, 594, 608–

9, 617, 618, 622, 645–6

concrete 294–5

criticism and studies 9, 51, 68, 132, 141, 142, 143, 334

in dialect 171, 444

experimental 15, 262–3, 556

neoavantgarde 414, 556

religious 65, 334–5, 364

polenta 107, 445, 502, 573

Poletti, Ugo 445–6

Poli, Paolo 446

police 167, 325, 446–8

fight against terrorism and the mafia 150

and sports 558

terrorism against 579

violence against demonstrators 566, 567, 579

see also carabinieri

Il Politecnico 23–4, 85, 192, 242, 289, 331, 361, 436, 448

Politi, Giancarlo 235

political parties 418, 448–50, 508

and the armed forces 28

attitude towards MSI 388

attitudes towards marriage and divorce 175

and broadcasting 76, 493

clientelism 117

and the co-operative movement 133

and the Constituent Assembly 128

corruption 62, 137, 138, 326

of Democrazia Proletaria 164

intrusion in social welfare systems 548–9

and Lega Nord 324

and postwar reconstruction 467

and President of the Council of Ministers 471

see also electoral systems

politics

and art 31, 35, 36

Index 947



and avantgarde theatre 43, 44

and broadcasting 76, 578

and business 102

and the Catholic Church 109–10, 137, 153, 381–2, 569, 622

Cold war era 109

corruption 137, 138, 152–3, 193, 213, 241, 324, 326

and feminism 219–20

influence of American student movement 15

journals 39, 389, 485, 511

the Left 39, 41, 47, 68, 119, 195, 198, 236, 485

Left—Right division 198, 200

and the mafia 16, 346–7, 434

and music 403

the Right 195, 198, 221, 259, 562–3

and theatre 124, 235–7

writers 46–7, 101, 144, 164, 264–5

see also extraparliamentary Left;

foreign policy

Polo delle Libertà 100, 136, 213, 233, 324, 429, 450, 450–1, 477, 508, 605

Pomilio, Mario 395, 451

Pomodoro, Arnaldo 34, 36, 132, 451–2, 452, 536

Pomodoro, Giò 34, 36, 132, 286, 387, 452, 536

Pontecorvo, Gillo (Gilberto) 112, 230, 375, 382, 452

Ponti, Giò (Giovanni) 23, 132, 177, 280, 292, 372, 400, 452–3, 516

Pontiggia, Giuseppe 453–4

pop and rock music 454–5, 496

American influence 15, 455

singers 102–3, 367, 378, 393, 649

songs in dialect 171

see also Cantautori;

Sanremo Festival

Pope John XXIII (Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli) 407, 409, 456, 458, 537, 623

Pope John Paul I (Albino Luciani) 456–7

Pope John Paul II (Karel Jozef Wojtyla) 124, 258, 445, 457–8, 468, 622

Pope Paul VI (Gianbattista Montini) 175, 196, 458–9, 545, 552, 622

Pope Pius XII (Eugenio Pacelli) 109, 152, 196, 442, 459–60, 623

population 460–1

Porcinai, Pietro 461–2

pornography 462–3, 545

censorship 103, 105

in crime comics 122

stars 111

Porta, Antonio 12, 143, 262, 332, 443–4, 445, 463–4

Portoghesi, Paolo 24, 132

postal services 464, 600

postmodernism 432, 464–6

architecture 250

film 19

journals 235

literature 183–4, 254, 643

painting 329

precursors 156

Index 948



theatre 43

theory and criticism 351

poststructuralism 40–1

postwar reconstruction 20, 126, 128, 466–8

architecture and design 510, 516–17, 531, 629

and the economy 186, 619

educational system 189, 610

industry 282

and narrative 394

and the rise of consumerism 130

and urban planning 613

Potere Operaio 47, 206, 207, 565

PPI (Italian Popular Party) 450, 451, 458, 468–9, 522

and the CDU 100

and the DC 151–2, 153, 158, 160, 358, 540

politicians 97, 158, 569

and the UDR 605

and Ulivo 605

PR (Radical Party) 136, 180, 207, 469, 501, 530

affiliation to MLD 2, 220, 371

and environmental groups 199

politicians 71, 111, 372, 416

radio broadcasting 491–2

support for gay movement 251

Prada 214, 216, 470

Pratolini, Vasco 143, 253, 394, 399, 470, 649

Pratt, Hugo 122, 123, 135, 331, 470–1

presepe 471

President of the Council of Ministers 137, 471–2, 472, 572

President of the Republic 47, 111, 129, 129–30, 136, 137, 241, 286, 418, 471, 472–3, 508, 530,

540, 605

Pressburger, Giorgio 337, 473

PRI (Republicans) 152, 409, 441, 450, 473–4

politicians 8, 57, 413, 420

Prini, Emilio 35, 36

private television 40, 88, 231, 296, 474–5, 576

advertising 6

American influence 15

effect on radio 492

entrepreneurs 61, 62

privatization and nationalization 111, 187, 197–8, 275, 283, 294, 451, 475–7, 606

Prodi, Romano 167, 179, 477–8, 605, 606

government 13, 42, 111, 112, 127, 137, 149, 188, 279, 429, 450, 469, 472, 511, 576

prosciutto 478, 502

protest movement 153

non-violence 177, 207

performers 248, 439

see also animal rights movement;

environmental movement;

student movement

PSDI (Italian Social Democratic Party) 128, 152, 398, 409, 420, 441, 450, 478

PSI (Italian Socialist Party) 128, 158, 450, 478–80

Index 949



artists, writers and intellectuals 46, 119, 530

and broadcasting 76, 491, 493

clientelism 137–8, 203, 241

collapse as consensus party 353, 505

corruption scandals 138, 153, 324

and the DC 137, 160, 398, 409, 427, 480, 540, 572

newspapers 354

and opening to the Left 381, 409

and the PCI 137, 160, 428, 590

and the PLI 441

politicians 13, 16, 46, 137, 149, 160, 398, 420, 429

and the press 203, 257

see also socialism

PSIUP 128, 398, 450, 478, 479, 480

psychoanalysis and psychiatry 290, 480–1, 589, 601

approaches to criticism 142

and narrative 395

and poetics 523

publishers 4, 192–3, 218–19, 357, 373–4, 390, 481–3, 510

see also Catholic press and publishing;

magazines;

newspapers;

scholarly publishers

Pucci, Emilio (Marchese di Barsento) 214, 216–17, 483

Puccini, Giacomo

festival 38

film adaptations 121

influence 409

pulp fiction 395–6

Purini, Franco 483–4, 588

Quaderni Piacentini 206, 348, 485

Quaderni Rossi 41, 206, 485

Quaroni, Ludovico 45, 272, 485–6, 519, 615

Quasimodo, Salvatore 442, 486–7, 547, 632

Quelli della notte 22, 487–8

Raboni, Giovanni 444, 489

racism

anti-Semitic laws 311, 373

Lega Nord 324

literature exploring 387

radio 21, 22, 76, 105, 482, 489–92

sports broadcasting 559

and writers 155

Radio Alice 426, 491, 492

RAI (Radiotelevisione Italiana) 5, 62, 63, 75, 99, 183, 296, 365, 367, 489, 492–4

and Canale Cinque 88, 93

censorship by 90, 262

Constitutional Court ending monopoly 6, 76–7, 130

cultural programmes 249, 487–8

Index 950

