Graef M. Introduction to conventional transmission electron microscopy
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Index
Abbe transform, 576
Abelian, 42
aberrated image, 167
aberration function, 594
absorption, 124
absorption length, 309
anomalous, 359
normal, 356
normal absorption length, 311
absorption coefficients
graphical representation, 409
absorption length
numerical computation of, 371
absorption ratio, 361
absorptive form factor, 115, 375
acceleration voltage, 146, 188, 237, 253
ACD, 203
ACD heater, 203
Aharonov–Bohm effect, 450
ALCHEMI, 417
aliasing, 222, 443
alignment
condensor aperture, 254
condensor astigmatism, 255
current centering, 256
diffraction centering, 256
gun, 254
illumination system, 255
voltage centering, 256
α-selector, 412
α-fringe contrast, 494
alternative basis
atomic column approximation, 343
combined basis algorithm, 342
orthogonalized plane waves, 343
angular magnification, 159, 200, 204
angular momentum, 85
ANNNI model, 575
annular dark field detector, 433
anode, 187, 189
anomalous absorption, 346, 359, 365, 395, 396
anti-contamination device, 203, 204
anti-phase boundary, 494, 557
aperture, 198
diffraction aperture, 206, 219
first condensor aperture, 196
objective aperture, 199
selected area aperture, 206, 219
aperture function, 591
aperture radius
measurement of, 591
associative, 42
astigmatism, 168, 171, 204, 595, 604
correction of, 173, 178, 268
four-fold, 597, 604
intrinsic, 596
three-fold, 597, 604
astigmatism correction
Fresnel fringes, 648
asymmetric lens, 199
asymmetric unit, 62, 65, 128, 237, 460, 588
asymptotic cardinal elements, 159
asymptotic lens properties
focal length, 157
image focus, 156
nodal planes, 159
object focus, 156
principal image plane, 157
principal object plane, 157
principal planes, 159
atomic column approximation, 343, 429, 449
atomic scattering factor, 126, 373
Doyle–Turner parameterization, 114, 128, 129
for electrons, 112
for x-rays, 112
Mott–Bethe formula, 113
Smith–Burge parameterization, 114
Weickenmeier–Kohl parameterization, 115, 128
atomic vibrations, 126
axial coma, 597, 614
axial flux density, 145
azimuthal equation, 148
back focal plane, 160, 206, 308
band-gap, 320
band-structure, 320
705
706 Index
band-width limited, 222
barrel distortion, 173
barrier potential, 180
basis vectors, 2
Cartesian, 9
4-index reciprocal basis vector, 27
reciprocal space, 11
transformation direct to reciprocal, 17
BaTiO
3
, 250, 406
beam brightness, 185, 270
beam coherence, 268, 270
beam convergence angle, 430, 542
beam current, 189
beam deflector, 176
beam divergence angle, 193, 198, 389, 606
beam shift, 176
beam tilt, 176, 208, 267, 389
beam-stop, 255
bend center, 279
bend contour, 279, 303, 388, 396, 548
Bethe potentials, 432, 436
Bloch wave approach, 395
Bloch waves, 313, 321
absorption, 327
bound states, 446
characteristic equation, 322
coefficients, 321
Darwin representation, 326
degeneracy of, 323
eigenvalue equation, 325
eigenvalues, 406
excitation amplitude, 322, 363, 406
excitation coefficients, 326
graphical representation, 410
high-energy approximation, 323
periodicity, 407
ranking of, 323
systematic row, 401
type I wave, 365
type II wave, 365
body-centered, 3
Boersch effect, 191
boost, 90
bra-ket notation, 82, 112, 118, 373
Bragg angle, 97
Bragg case, 306
Bragg condition, 545
Bragg equation, 9, 206
real space, 97
reciprocal space, 98, 99
Bragg lines, 404, 435
Bragg’s law, 306
Bravais lattice, 4, 35, 46, 53, 79, 116, 118, 330,
492
basis vectors, 2
centered lattice, 3
face centered, 4
primitive lattice, 3
translation vector, 330
bright field image, 262
Brillouin zone, 406
bronze, 238
Buckminster-fullerene, 582
Burgers vector, 463, 481, 493
Busch’s formula for focal length, 151
C
s
-corrector, 605
C
s
-corrector, 597
camera constant, 206
camera length, 142, 200, 206, 208, 237, 260, 430, 540,
550
camera system, 142
carbon coating, 252
cardinal elements
asymptotic, 159
osculating, 159
Cartesian coordinates, 9
CaTiO
3
, 250
Cayley’s square, 42
CBED, 263
energy filtered, 432
simulation, 430
thickness determination, 392
two-beam pattern, 388
CBED pattern, 550
CCD camera, 142, 271
CCD detector, 230
detective quantum efficiency, 233
CDF, 265, 282
center plane of thin foil, 330
centered dark field, 265, 267, 282, 512
centering vector, 53
centrosymmetric, 309
characteristic curve, 229, 269
charge density, 111
electron, 112
nuclear, 112
charge-coupled device, 230
chromatic aberration, 192, 204
chromatic aberration coefficient, 192
chromatic information limit, 615
chrysotile, 537
circle of least confusion, 170
circles of confusion, 161
classical mechanics, 80, 84, 87
cleavage plane, 244
cluster model, 575
cluster variation model, 575
coherence, 606
degree of, 607
coherent transfer function, 590
cold finger, 203
column approximation, 346, 351, 465
coma, 168, 170, 595, 629, 631
coma-free alignment, 171, 631
coma-free axis, 630, 631
combined basis algorithm, 342
commensurate, 558
commutative, 42
commutator, 315
complex conjugation, 81
complex fault, 499
Index 707
compositional modulations, 557
compression fringes, 533
Compton wavelength, 93
computer language, IDL, 132
concentration waves, 557
condensor aperture, 198, 254, 542
condensor astigmatism, 255
condensor lens, 143, 196, 197
conjugate planes, 158, 219
conservative fault, 495
continuity equation, 125
contrast reversal
example, 602
convergent beam
diffraction pattern, 263
electron diffraction, 261, 304
observations, 288
convergent domain wall image,
295
convolution
deconvolution, 107
definition, 106
identity operator, 106
multiplication theorem, 106
sifting property, 106
convolution kernel, 445
convolution product, 163, 590
convolution theorem, 106, 107, 111, 117,
443, 607
cooling system, 141
coordinate transformation, 48
direct space to Cartesian, 58
direction vector, 49
example, 50, 52, 58, 59
in direct space, 48
in reciprocal space, 49
inverse, 48
metric tensor, 49
reciprocal metric tensor, 50
reciprocal space to Cartesian, 59
rhombohedral vs. hexagonal, 54
summary, 50
to Cartesian, 55
copper, 239, 406
elastic moduli, 488
core excitations, 372
critical voltage, 437
critical voltage effect, 437
cross product, 63, 280, 287
determinantal expression, 20
direct space, 19
example, 20, 22
general definition, 20
reciprocal space, 21
short cut, 21
cross-over, 196
crystal information package
cross-tie domain wall, 295
crystal structure, 2
asymmetric unit, 65
graphical representation, 68
crystal systems, 3
anorthic, 3
cubic, 3
hexagonal, 3, 23, 53
monoclinic, 3
orthorhombic, 3
rhombohedral, 3, 53
tetragonal, 3
triclinic, 3
trigonal, 53, 62
crystal transfer matrix, 312, 398
crystallographic shear fault, 564
crystallographic shear plane, 557
crystallographic sign convention, 104
CsCl structure, 413
Cu, 239
Cu–Al alloys, 238
current centering, 256
cylindrical coordinates
basis vectors, 147
definition, 144
Laplace equation, 144
velocity vector, 147
volume element, 182
damping envelope, 612
dark atom contrast, 599
dark field
in Lorentz mode, 297
dark field image, 263
dark field symmetry, 338
dark image, 224
darkroom procedure, 271
Darwin–Howie–Whelan equations, 310, 398
de Broglie relation, 85, 92, 99
Debye–Waller factor, 62, 126, 195, 373, 374
estimated values, 376
deconvolution, 224
defect, 303
contrast simulations, 465
defect phase shift matrix, 500
defects, 460
deficient HOLZ lines, 540
deficit cone, 545
deflector
beam shift, 175
beam tilt, 175
image shift, 175
defocus, 265, 587, 592
defocus spread, 192
defocus spread function, 608
degree of coherence, 607
delocalization, 619
delta-function, 105, 164
complex representation, 106
definition, 105
sifting property, 106
densitometer, 228
density, 228
depth of field, 160
depth of focus, 160