Григорьев Ю.В. Система обязательного экземпляра произведений печати в СССР

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

Hdly[jvkdhckhpbZebklbq_kdhc j_\hexpbbdhebq_kl\hh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\

^hklb]eh^_kylbJZkij_^_e_guhgb[uebke_^mxsbfh[jZahf

;b[ebhl_qg u_h[yaZl_evgu_wda_fieyju P_gamjgu_h[yaZl_evgu_

;dZ

:dZ^_f

bbgZmd

KI[

Im[ebq

gZy[dZ

;dZ

Jmfygp_

\kdh]h

=_evkbg]nhjkk

dbc

mgb\_jkbl_l

Dgb`gZ

yiZeZlZ

F_klgu

dhfbkkZ

Dgb`gZ

yiZeZlZ

<h_ggh

pkgamjg

mklZgh\e_g

1111 1122

DZd\b^ghbalZ[ebpu\k_]hebrvh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\ihklmiZeh\

[b[ebhl_dbhklZevgu_gZijZ\eyebkv\p_gamjmlZddZdbwda_fieyjZba

gZijZ\ey_fu_\Dgb`gmxiZeZlmihkmlb^_eZbkihevah\Zebkv\l_o`_p_gamjguo

p_eyo

OZjZdl_jghchkh[_gghklvxkbkl_fuy\bekymdZaZgguc\ihklZgh\e_gbbhlZij_ey

]h^Zkihkh[kh[bjZgbyh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\²q_j_a]m[_jgkdbob

m_a^guod hfbkkZjh\<j_f_ggh]hijZ\bl_evkl\Z

hkms_kl\eyxsbogZf_klZop_gamjgucdhgljhevaZi_qZlvxLZdbfh[jZahfij_`^_

q_fihiZklv\[b[ebhl_dbh[yaZl_evgu_wda_fieyjuijhoh^beb^h\hevghkeh`guc

imlvlbih]jZnby²]m[_jgkdbcbebm_a^gucdhfbkkZj²Dgb`gZyiZeZlZ²

[b[ebhl_dZGbq_]h^jm]h]hqlh[ueh[uijbgpbibZevghgh\uf\wlhckbkl_f_g_

[uehhgZnZdlbq_kdbih\lhjyeZkbkl_fm[u\rmx\Jhkkbb^hn_\jZevkdhc

j_\hexpbbG_gh\uf[ueglhlnZdlqlhDgb`gZyiZeZlZaZf_gb\rZy=eZ\gh_

mijZ\e_gb_ih^_eZfi_qZlbgZoh^beZkv\\_^_gbbFbgbkl_jkl\Z\gmlj_ggbo^_e

<j_f_ggh_ijZ\bl_evkl\hg_ihj\Zeh\_dh\hck\yabkbkl_fuh[yaZl_evgh]h

wda_fieyjZkp_gamjhchghebrviulZehkv^h\hevghg_mdex`_kijylZlv__hl

h[s_kl\Z

Jbk=_h]jZnbq_kdh_jZaf_s_gb_h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\\]h^m^h

<_ebdhcHdly[jvkdhckhpbZebklbq_kdhcj_\hexpbb

Dh\k_fmkdZaZgghfmhklZ_lky^h[Z\blvqlh^hklZ\dZh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\

\uihegyeZkvdjZcg_g_m^h\e_l\hjbl_evgh@mjgZe©;b[ebh]jZnbq_kdb_ba\_klbyª\

]h^mkhh[sbeqlh©h[yaZl_evgu_wda_fieyjuihke_ebd\b^Zpbb=eZ\gh]h

mijZ\e_gbyih^_eZfi_qZlbklZebj_^dbfb]hklyfb]hkm^Zjkl\_gguo[b[ebhl_d

Ihk\b^_l_evkl\mj_]bkljZpbhggh]hhl^_eZI_ljh]jZ^kdhcim[ebqghc[b[ebhl_db

lm^ZihklmiZ_l\_kvfZg_agZqbl_evgh_dhebq_kl\h\uoh^ysboba^Zgbc²_^\Zeb

[hevr_G_fgh]bfemqr_h[klhbl^_ehb\Fhkdh\kdhfJmfygp_\kdhffma__ª

H^bgbajZ[hlgbdh\I_ljh]jZ^kdhcdgb`ghciZeZluEDBevbgkdbcibkZeqlh

©lhevdhddhgpm]h^Zm^Zehkvkgh\ZgZeZ^blv^hklZ\dmblhlhevdhih

I_ljh]jZ^ mbqZklbqghihFhkd\_Ijh\bgpbZevgu_ba^Zgbyg_[uebij_^klZ\e_gu

kh\_jr_gghª

Ke_^h\Zl_evgh[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdZyj_]bkljZpby]h^ZkljZ^ZeZ

h]jhfgufb

ijh[_eZfbho \Zlu\ZeZg_[he__²i_qZlghcijh^mdpbbkljZguDjhf_lh]hd

fhf_gl m<_ebdhcHdly[jvkdhckhpbZebklbq_kdhcj_\hexpbb^Z`_hkgh\guf

[b[ebhl_dZfkljZgug_[uehh[_ki_q_ghihe mq_gb_

h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\\k_o\gh\v\uoh^ysboijhba\_^_gbci_qZlbIjba\Zggh_

hkms_kl\eylv^hklZ\dmh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\ihgZagZq_gbxki_pbZevgh_

mqj_`^_gb_²Dgb`gZyiZeZlZk\hxjZ[hlm\uihegyehg_m^h\e_l\hjbl_evgh

Fheh^h_kh\_lkdh_]hkm^Zjkl\h\h[eZklbh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZb

]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdhcj_]bkljZpbbihemqZehly`_eh_gZke_^kl\h

Lj_[h\ZeZkvdhj_ggZyi_j_kljhcdZ\k_ckbkl_fuh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZgZ

ijbgpbibZevghgh\uohkgh\Zoghk[_j_`gufkhojZg_gb_f\k_]hiheh`bl_evgh]h

qlh[ueh\ujZ[hlZghaZ^he]b_]h^ukms_kl\h\Zgb ywlhckbkl_fu\ljm^guo

mkeh\byo^hj_\hexpbhgghcJhkkbb

=E:<:,,BKLHJBYH;YA:L?EVGH=HWDA?FI EYJ:<KKKJ

§ 1. Nhjfbjh\Zgb_kh\_lkdhckbkl_fuh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZ\²]]

Kh\_lkdZykbkl_fZh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZ\²]] § Kh\_lkdZy

kbkl_fZh[yaZl _evgh]hwda_fieyjZ\²]]Kh\_lkdZykbkl_fZ

h[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZ\]h^u<_ebdhcHl_q_kl\_gghc\hcgu²]]

JZa\blb_kh\_lkdhckbkl_fuh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZ\²]]

<_ebdZy

Hdly[jvkdZykhpbZebklbq_kdZyj_\hexpbydhj_ggufh[jZahfbaf_gbeZiheh`_gb_\

kljZg_Kh\_lh[yaZl_evgh]h_dZy\eZklvihklZ\beZ\k_dmevlmjghijhk\_lbl_evgu_

\ 1917-1920rr.mqj_`^_gbygZkem`[mih[_^b\r_f mgZjh^mb[md\Zevghki_j\uo`_

k\hborZ]h\g_\abjZygZly`_eu_mkeh\byklZeZm^_eylv[hevrh_\gbfZgb_

jZa\blbx[b[ebhl_qgh]h^_eZb[b[ebh]jZnbb\fheh^hcKh\_lkdhcj_kim[ebd_

<_ebdZyHdly[jvkdZykhpbZebklbq_kdZyj_\hexpbyij_\jZlbeZklj_fe_gb_gZjh^Zd

h[jZah\ZgbxdZdlb\ghfmmqZklbx\iheblbq_kdhc`bagb\gZkmsgmxihlj_[ghklv

<²]h^Zo\ijhp_kk_nhjfbjh\Zgby]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh]hZiiZjZlZ

Kh\_lkdZy\eZklvh^gh\j_f_ggh^_eZeZ\k_\hafh`gh_^eyih^^_j`ZgbybjZa\blby

wlh]hh]jhfgh]hih^ebgghgZjh^gh]h^\b`_gby[_adhlhjh]h[ueh[ug_\hafh`gh

kha^Zgb_khpb Zebklbq_kdhcihkh^_j`ZgbxbgZpbhgZevghcihnhjf_dmevlmju²

kZfhci_j_^h\hckZfhcb^_cghcdmevlmju\fbj_²]h^uy\bebkv\_kvfZ

ljm^gufbhl\_lkl\_ggufi_jbh^hf\bklhjbbfheh^h]hkh\_lkdh]h]hkm^Zjkl\Z

G_kfhljygZly`_eu_ij_iylkl\bykh\_lkdZyJhkkby\wlb]h^uij_h^he_eZ

h]jhfgu_ljm^ghklbki_j\uo`_^g_c\klZ\rb_gZ__imlbBghkljZggZy\h_ggZy

bgl_j\_gpbyb]jZ`^ZgkdZy\hcgZlhjfhabebhkms_kl\e_gb_jZajZ[hlZggh]h<B

E_gbguf\_kghc]h^ZieZgZijbklmiZdkhpbZebklbq_kdhfmkljhbl_evkl\m\

dhlhjhf\hijhkuih^t_fZdmevlmjugZjh^ZaZgbfZeb\Z`gh_f_klh<kz[ueh

[jhr_ghgZ[hjv[mk\g_rgbfbb\gmlj_ggbfb\jZ]ZfbKh\_lkdhc\eZklbgZaZsblm

khpbZebklbq_kdh]hhl _q_kl\ZH^gZdhb\wlb]h^u\h[eZklbdmevlmjgh]h

kljhbl_evkl\Z[ueb^hklb]gmludjmigu_mki_ob<uklmiZy\fZ_]h^Zk

ijb\_lkl\_gghcj_qvxgZi_j\hf<k_jhkkbckdhfkt_a ^_ih\g_rdhevghfm

h[jZah\Zgbx<BE_gbgkdZaZe©Ym\_j_gqlh_^\ZebgZc^_lkylZdZyh[eZklv

kh\_lkdhc^_yl_evghklb dZd\g_rdhevgh _h[jZah\Zgb_bijhk\_s_gb_]^_[uaZ

ihelhjZ]h^Z[ueb^hklb]gmlu

klhev]jhfZ^gu_mki_obª

IZjlbybKh\_lkdh_ijZ\bl_evkl\hm`_\]klZ\bebh^ghcbak\hboaZ^Zq

ba^Zgb_gh\uo dgb]^eyiheblbq_kdh]hijhk\_s_gbyrbjhdbofZkkih^t_fZbo

dmevlmjgh]hmjh\gy^eyh[kem`b\Zgby\k_omqZkldh\khpb Zebklbq_kdh]h

kljhbl_evkl\ZD]h^mhlghkblkygZqZehjZ

[hluP_gljhi_qZlb²P_gljZevgh]hZ]_glkl\ZihkgZ[`_gbxbjZkijhkl jZg_gbx

ijhba\_^_gbci_qZlb\uoh^ysbo\k\_lgZl_jjblhjb bJKNKJ<]h^m[ueh

kha^Zgh=hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_ba^Zl_evkl\hJKNKJG_khfg_ggu_mki_ob[ueb

^hklb]gmlu\h[eZklb[b[ebhl_qgh]h^_eZb[b[ebh]jZnbbAZwlb]h^um\_ebqbeZkv

k_lv[b[ebhl_d\ujhkebbodgb`gu_nhg^uihihegb\rb_kygh\hckh\_lkdhc

ebl_jZlmjhcbaf_gbekykhklZ\b\hfgh]h jZam\_ebqbehkvdhebq_kl\hqblZl_e_c

Zdlb\babjh\Zebkvf_lh^ujZ[hlu[b[ebhl_dkqblZl_eyfbI_jbh^²]]

[ue\j_f_g_fdhgp_gljZpbb\gZmqguob\djmig_crbo]hjh^kdbobim[ebqguo

[b[ebhl_dZoh]jhfguodgb`guo[h]Zlkl\klZ\rbo\j_a mevlZl_j_\hexpbb

gZjh^guf^hklhygb_fLZdh]hbgl_gkb\gh]hgZdhie_gbydgb`guonhg^h\\

[b[ebhl_dZogbdh]^Zg_agZeZgbh^gZkljZgZ;b[ebhl_dbk\yaZebk\hxjZ[hlmkh

\k_c`bagvxgZjh^Zihkl_i_gghij_\jZsZebkv\hqZ]bdmevlmjuZdlb\gh

jZatykgyxsb_aZ^Zqbkh\_lkdhc\eZklbkh^_ckl\mxsb_fh[bebaZpbbfZkkgZ

hkms_kl\e_gb _aZ^ZqkhpbZebklbq_kdh]hkljhbl_evkl \Z Ki_j\uo`_^g_c

j_\hexpbb[b[ebhl_qgZyjZ[hlZgZijZ\eyeZkviZjlb_cbKh\_lkdbfijZ\bl_evkl\hf

ebqgufbmdZaZgbyfb<BE_gbgZ>bj_dlb\ubmdZaZgby<BE_gbgZhihklZgh\d_

[b[ebhl_qgh]h^_eZhaZ^ZqZobkh^_j`ZgbbjZ[hlu[b[ebhl_dkihkh[kl\h\Zeb

b^_cghfm\hhjm`_gbxkh\_lkdbo[b[ebhl_dZj_cku]jZebj_rZxsmxjhev\

kljhbl_evkl\_gh\uo[b[ebhl_d

<u^\b]Zyb^_xieZghf_jgh]hihkljh_gbyk_lbkh\_lkdbo[b[ebhl_d<BE_gbgih

keh\ZfGDDj mikdhcklj_fbeky©LZdihkljhblv[b[ebhl_qgh_^_eh\KljZg_

Kh\_lh\qlh[u]mklZyk_lv[b[ebhl_djZagh]hlbiZh[kem`b\ZeZk\h_\j_f_ggh

ih]heh\gh\k_gZk_e_gb_gm`ghc_fmdgb]hcm^h\e_l\hjyeZ\k_jZklmsmx

ihlj_[ghklvfZkk\agZgbyorbjbeZbo]hjbahgl hl\_qZeZgZboaZijhkuª

GZjy^ mkjZkrbj_gb_fdjmig_crbo[b[ebhl_dkljZgu²;b[ebhl_dbJmfygp_\kdh]h

fma_y\Fhkd\_bIm[ebqghc\I_ljh]jZ^_ZlZd`_^jm]bop_gljZevguo

[b[ebhl_d²[uebkha^Zgugh\u_hihjgu_gZmqgu_bim[ebqgu_[b[ebhl_db\

\Z`g_crboijhfure_gguop_gljZokljZguHgblhbklZeb[Zahc^eyh[_ki_q_gbyb

m^h\e_l\hj_gbyih\ur_ggh]hkijhkZgZdgb]mkhklhjhgugZk_e_gbyg_lhevdhlhc

h[eZklbdjZy]^_hgb[uebjZkiheh`_gughbl_jjblhjbbijbfudZxs_cdg_c

Mqblu\Zybkdexqbl_evgh\Z`gh_agZq_gb_dhlhjh_ijbh[j_eb\wlb]h^u\hijhku

dhfie_dlh\Zgbydgb`guonhg^h\kh\_lkdbo[b[ebhl_d<BE_gbgm^_eyehkh[h_

\gbfZgb_wlhfm\hijhkmlj_[h\Zehj]ZgbaZpbbij_bfms_kl\_ggh]hb

k\h_\j_f_ggh]hdhfie_dlh\Zgby[b[ebhl_d\k_cg_h[oh^bfhcbfebl_jZlmjhc

bkihevamy^eywlh]h]eZ\gufh[jZahff_lh^p_gljZebah\Zggh]hdgb]hkgZ[`_gby

H[yaZl_evgucwda_fieyjdZdhkgh\Zdhfie_dlh\Zgby\Z`g_crbo[b[ebhl_dkljZgu

\wlbomkeh\byog_fh]g_ijb\e_qvdk_[_ijbklZevgh]h\gbfZgby]hkm^Zjkl\Z

H]jZgbqb\rbkv\i_j\u_]h^ukhojZg_gb_fkms_kl\h\Z\r_ckbkl_fukbaf_g_gb_f

ebrvp_e_\h]hgZagZq_gbyh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\Kh\_lkdh_ijZ\bl_evkl\h\

]h^mih^\_j]eh__dhj_gghcj_hj]ZgbaZpbbkbkl_fZ[ueZijb\_^_gZ\

khhl\_lkl\b_kg_baf_jbfh\hajhkrbfbihlj_[ghklyfb]hkm^Zjkl\ZIjZ\bl_evkl\h

hkms_kl\behjy^f_jhijbylbcgZijZ\e_gguogZ__mdj_ie_gb_bjZa\blb_dZd

kZfh]hihegh]hbgZ^_`gh]hbklhqgbdZdhfie_dlh\Zgby\Z`g_c

rbo[b[ebhl_dkljZgu\k_cg_h[oh^bfhcbf\gh\v\uoh^ys_chl_q_kl\_gghc

ebl_jZlmjhcOZjZdl_jghchkh[_gghklvxhlghr_gbyKh\_lkdhc\eZklbki_j\uo^g_c__

kms_kl\h\Zgbydkbkl_f_h[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZ[uehijbagZgb___[hevrh]h

agZq_gby^eykhpbZebklbq_kdh]hkljhbl_evkl\ZIj_`^_\k_]hwlZkbkl_fZ[ueZ

iheghklvxhk\h[h`^_gZhlk\yabkp_gamjhcbihemqbeZgh\h_p_e_\h_gZagZq_gb_²

[ulvbklhqgbdhfdhfie_dlh\Zgbydjmig_crbo[b[ebhl_dkljZgukem`blvhkgh\guf

fZl_jbZehf^eyklZlbklbdbi_qZlbbjZaebqguo\b^h\[b[ebh]jZnbq_kd hcjZ[hlu

;eZ]h^Zjywlhfmm`_\²]]gZqZebjZa\b\ZlvkyjZaebqgu_klhjhgukbkl_fu

ij_^hij_^_eb\rb___dhj_ggh_hlebqb_hlkbkl_fuh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZ

kms_kl\h\Z\r_c\^hj_\hexpbhgghcJhkkbbD²]]hlghkylkyi_j\u_

aZdhgh^Zl_evgu_ZdluKh\_lkdh]hijZ\bl_evkl\Zku]jZ\rb_j_rZxsmxjhev\

khojZg_gbbj_hj]ZgbaZpbbb^Zevg_cr_fjZa\blbbkbkl_fuh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZ

\ij_\jZs_gbb__\ih^ebgghkh\_lkdmxkbkl_fm

I_j\uflZdbfZdlhfijZ\^Zbf_xsbfdhk\_ggh_hlghr_gb_dkbkl_f_h[yaZl_evgh]h

wda_fieyjZy\behkvj_r_gb_\hijhkZh\_^hfkl\_gghcijbgZ^e_`ghklbJhkkbckdhc\

lh\j_fybf_gm_fhc©I_ljh]jZ^ kdhcªdgb`ghciZeZludhlhjZydZdfuihfgbfijb

<j_f_gghfijZ\bl_evkl\_gZoh^beZkv\\_^_gbbFbgbkl_jkl\Z\gmlj_ggbo^_e

IhklZgh\e_gb_fdhee_]bbijbGZjh^ghfdhfbkkZj_ih\gmlj_ggbf^_eZfhlghy[jy

]Dgb`gZyiZeZlZ[ueZi_j_\_^_gZ\\_^_gb_GZjh^gh]hdhfbkkZjbZlZih

ijhk\_s_gbx

Kkbkl_fhch[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZwlhihklZgh\e_gb_k\yaZgh

ihklhevdmihkdhevdmJhkkbckdZyI_ljh]jZ^kdZydgb`gZyiZeZlZ\uiheg yeZjZ[hlmih

kh[bjZgbxbjZkijhkljZg_gbxh[yaZl_evg uowda_fieyjh\ih[b[ebhl_dZfKhojZgb\

Dgb`gmxiZeZlmdZdmqj_`^_gb_]hkm^Zjkl\_g gh]hagZq_gbybi_j_^Z\__\GZjh^guc

dhfbkkZjbZlijhk\_s_gbyKh\_lkdh_ijZ\bl_evkl\hl_fkZfufg_lhevdhijbagZeh

g_h[oh^bfhklvkms_kl\h\Zgbykbkl_fuh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZghbhij_^_ebeh__

gh\h_p_e_\h_gZagZq_gb_gZ\k_]^Zk\yaZeh__k^_ehfgZjh^gh]hijhk\_s_gbykh

kljhbl_evkl\hfgh \hckh\_lkdhcdmevlmju

Kimkly^g_cihke_wlh]hihklZgh\e_gbyJhkkbckdZyI_ljh]jZ^kdZydgb`gZyiZeZlZ\

p_eyomkbe_gbyihklmie_gbyh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\\uimklbeZebklh\dm\haa\Zgb_

©HlDgb`ghciZeZluªh[jZs_ggmx©dh\k_flbih]jZnbyfbijhqbfaZ\_^_gbyf

i_qZlgh]h^_eZkijhkv[hc\hah[gh\blv\bgl_j_kZojmkkdhcgZmdbbdmevlmju

ijZ\bevgh_^hklZ\e_gb _\Dgb`gmxiZeZlm\hkvfbh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\\k_o

\gh\v\uoh^ysbodgb][jhrxj`mjgZeh\]Za_l \haa\Zgbcebklh\hdbl^ª

H^gZdh

wlh\haa\Zgb_ih^ibkZggh_K:<_g]_jh\ufg_hdZaZeh^he`gh]h\ebygbygZ

\eZ^_evp_\lbih]jZnbcG_^hklZ\dZwda_fieyjh\ijh^he`ZeZkvijh[_eu\nhg^Zo

[b[ebhl_db\hj]ZgZo]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdhcj_]bkljZpbbijh^he`Zeb

m\_ebqb\Zlvky<_kghc]h^ZZdZ^_fbd<BKj_ag_\kdbc²h^bgbajmdh\h^bl_e_c

;b[ebhl_db:dZ^_fbbgZmd²ijbk\b^Zgbbk<BE_gbgufih`Zeh\Zekyqlh©\

[b[ebhl_dm:dZ^_fbbihklmiZxlg_j_]meyjghb^Ze_dhg_\k_\gh\v\ur_^rb_dgb]b

]Za_lu`mjgZeuebkldbb^jm]b_ba^Zgbyª

<eZ^bfbjBevbqij_^eh`begZjh^ghfm

dhfbkkZjmijhk\_

s_gby:<EmgZqZjkdhfmkhklZ\blvijh_dl^_dj_lZh[h[yaZl_evghfwda_fieyj_

J_amevlZlhfwlh]hihjmq_gbyy\behkvihklZgh\e_gb_GZjh^gh]hdhfbkkZjbZlZ

ijhk\_s_gbyhln_\jZey]h^Zih^l\_j`^Zxs__h[yaZgghklvlbih]jZnbc

^hklZ\eylvwda_fieyjh\\k_oijhba\_^_gbci_qZlb\JhkkbckdmxI_ljh]jZ^kdmx

dgb`gmxiZeZlm

AgZq_gb_wlh]hihklZgh\e_gbyaZdexqZ_lky\lhfqlh\g_f^Zgu

mdZaZgbyihjZ[hl_kh[yaZl_evgufbwda_fieyjZfbh[yaZgghklvbo^hklZ\db\haeh`_gZ

dZdwlh[uehbij_`^_gZlbih]jZnbbeblh]jZnbbb^jm]b_iheb]jZnbq_kdb_

ij_^ijbylbykjhd^hklZ\dbhij_^_e_g©\l_q_gb_kmlhdihke_\uimkdZ\k\_lª\

hlghr_gbbdZq_kl\Zh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\\u^\bgmlhlj_[h\Zgb_^hklZ\eylvbo ©\

kh\_jr_gghbkijZ\ghfbiheghf\b^_ªaZg_^hklZ\dmwda_fieyjh\m dZaZgZ

©hl\_lkl\_gghklvi_j_^aZdhghfkljZguª

<hlghr_gbbihjy^dZ^hklZ\db ihklZgh\e_gb_hln_\jZey]h^Zbkoh^yba

j_Zevghkms_kl\h\Z\r_c\kljZg_h[ klZgh\dbmklZgh\beh^\Z\hafh`guokihkh[Z²

g_ihkj_^kl\_ggmx^hklZ\dmbalbih]jZnbc\Dgb`gmxiZeZlmb\__hl^_e_gbygZ

f_klZob^hklZ\dmbalbih]jZnbc\f_klgu_hj]Zgu\eZklbZm`_hlkx^Z\Dgb`gmx

iZeZlmWlhihklZgh\e_gb_g_khfg_gghku]jZeh[hevr mxjhev\klZgh\e_gbbkh\_lkdhc

kbkl_fuh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZihkdhevdmwlbfZdlhfKh\_lkd h _]hkm^Zjkl\h

xjb^bq_kdbhnhjfbeh__bihlj_[h\Zehhllbih]jZnbc\uiheg_gbyijZ\bl_evkl\_ggh]h

j_r_gbyhk\h_\j_f_gghc^hklZ\d _h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\AZ[hluKh\_lkdh]h

ijZ\bl_evkl\Zh[mj_]mebjh\Zgbbkbkl_fuh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZgZwlhfg_

aZdhgqbebkvfZy]h^ZdhfbkkbyijbKh\gZjdhf_h[km`^ZeZijh_dl

pbjdmeyjgh]hjZkihjy`_gbyhkgZ[`_gbbh[yaZl_evgufbwda_fieyjZfblj_o\Z`g_crbo

[b[ebhl_dkljZgu²;b[eb hl_dbJmfygp_\kdh]hfma_yIm[ebqghc[b[ebhl_db\

I_ljh]jZ^_b;b[ebhl_db:dZ^_fb bgZmdIhkhh[s_gbxBKKfbjgh\ZKh\gZjdhf

ml\_j`^ZyijhlhdhedhfbkkbbhlfZy]h^Z©h[yaZeGZjdhfijhkhlg_klbkvd

ijh_dlmdZdd^_emqj_a\uqZcghk_jv_aghfmbkjhqghfmbij_^hklZ\be_fmh^gh^g_\guc

kjhdgZaZ\_jr_gb_jZ[hlugZ^gbfDjhf_lh]hKh\gZjdhf\ug_kj_r_gb_©h[yaZlv

\k_oba^Zl_e_ckh[jZlv\k_g_^hbfdbb\g_klb\[b[ebhl_dbª

D]h^mhlghkblkyb\u^ZxsbckynZdl\bklhjbbkh\_lkdh]hh[yaZl_evgh]h

wda_fieyjZ²IhklZgh\e_gb_Kh\_lZgZjh^guodhfbkkZjh\JKNKJaZih^ibkvx<B

E_gbgZhlbxey]h^Z©H]hkm^Zjkl\_gghcklZlbklbd_ª\dhlhjhf[ueZ

mklZgh\e_gZk^ZqZh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZijhba\_^_gbci_qZlbhlghkysbokyd

h[eZklbklZlbklbdb©<k_]hkm^Zjkl\_ggu_bh[s_kl\_ggu_hj]ZguqZklgu_b

h[s_kl\_ggu_ebpZ²]eZkb lwlh]h©Iheh`_gbyª²i_qZlZxsb_ba^Zgby

hlghkysb_kydh[eZklbklZlbklbdbh[yaZgu\l_q_gb_f_kypZihhli_qZlZgbbba^Zgbc

ihkueZlvbo\^\mowda_fieyjZo\P_gljZevgh_klZlbklbq_kdh_mijZ\e_gb_ª

IhklZgh\e_gb_h^hklZ\d_wlh]hwda_fieyjZ kmki_ohf

j_Zebah\Zehkv\l_q_gb_p_eh]hjy^Ze_lKih]ihklmie_gb_h[yaZl_evguo

wda_fieyjh\\;b[ebhl_dmPKM©ijhbko h^beh [_ahkh[uo aZljm^g_gbcebrvk

i_j_oh^hffgh]boba^Zl_evkl\gZohajZkq_lij_^klZ\bebkvg_dhlhju_aZljm^g_gbygh

\k_`_[eZ]h^ZjyijbgbfZ_fuff_jZf[hevrbgkl\hklZlbklbq_kdhcebl_jZlmju\

[b[ebhl_d_bf__lkyªLZd\i_j\u_\kh\_lkdhckbkl_f_h[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZ[ueZ

mklZgh\e_gZk^ZqZ_]hgh\h]h\b^Z²^jh[gh]hh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZl_

dhfie_dlZba^Zgbcihh^ghchljZkebagZgbybebki_pbZevghklb\^ZgghfkemqZ_ih

klZlbklbd_HljZ`_gguc\wlhf^hd mf_gl_nZdlij_^klZ\ey_lbkdexqbl_evgucbgl_j_k

^eybklhjbbkh\_lkdh]hh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZihkdhevdmwlh²i_j\h_

ih^ibkZggh_<BE_gbgufihklZgh\e_gb_bf_xs__ijyfh_hlghr_gb_dbklhjbb

kh\_lkdhckbkl_fuh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZ

Mkbe_gb_bgl_j_kZdbamq_gbxf_klgh]hdjZyklj_fe_gb_kha^Zlv\dgb]hojZgbebsZo

gZf_klZog_h[o h^bfu_^eywlh]hdjZ_\_^q_kdb_

nhg^u\ua\Zeh^Zevg_cr__jZkrbj_gb_kbkl_fuh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZ²ihy\e_gb_

\²]]\JKNKJlZdgZau\Z_fuof_klguoh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\

\\h^bfuo\^_ckl\b_ihklZgh\e_gbyfbf_klguohj]Zgh\\eZklb<k\yabkl_fqlh

lZdh]hjh^ZihklZgh\e_gby[uebba^Zguebrv\g_dhlhjuo]m[_jgbyof_klgu_

wda_fieyju_s_g_klZebg_hl^_ebfuf k\hckl\hf\k_ckbkl_fuh[yaZl_evgh]h

wda_fieyjZlZdh_k\hckl\hklZehijbkms__c]hjZa^hiha`_²ebrv\]h^mghwlh

g_m f_gvrZ_lagZq_gbykZfh]hnZdlZboihy\e_gbyLZdgZqZehhkms_kl\eylvky^Z\g__

ih`_eZgb_jmkkdbo[b[ebhl_dh\_^h\dhlhjh_g_fh]eh[ulvj_Zebah\Zg h\mkeh\byo

^hj_\hexpbhgghcJhkkbb

?s_\]h^mZ\lhjmdZaZl_ey©Bklhqgbdbbihkh[by^eybamq_gby<hjhg_`kdh]h

djZyªibkZeqlhiheghlZf_klgh]hhl^_eZfh`_l[ulvh[_ki_q_gZ\<hjhg_` kdhc

im[ebqghc[b[ebhl_d_ebrvijblhfmkeh\b b_keb©f_klgu_lbih]jZnbbbZ\lhju

i_qZlZ_fuo\<hjhg_`_dgb]kh]eZkylky`_jl\h\Zlvihwdaba^Z\Z_fuobfbkhqbg_gbc

\dgb]hojZgbebs_[b[ebhl_dbª

Hg_h[oh^bfhklb\\_^_gby\Jhkkbbf_klguo

wda_fieyjh\g_h^ghdjZlghibkZebW:<hevl_j

©Ih^h[ghlhfmdZd]hkm^Zjkl\_ggZy

[b[ebhl_dZkh[bjZ_l\k_qlh\uoh^bl\kljZg_²ibkZeZ\]h^mh[wlhf\b^_

h[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZE;OZ\dbgZ²[b[ebhl_dZh[kem`b\ZxsZy[hevrhc ]hjh^

bebp_emxh[eZklv \p_eyokhojZg_gbyf_klguoba^Zgbc^he`gZkh[bjZlv\k_qlhlZf

i_qZlZ_lkyZ]eZ\gh_^he`gZkh[bjZlvfZl_jbZeu^ey\k_klhjhgg_]hbamq_gby^Zggh]h

djZyg_lhevdhi_qZlgu_ghbjmdhibkgu_ª

H^gZdh\k_wlbih`_eZgbylZd

ih`_eZgbyfbbhklZebkv<i_j\u_f_klgu_wda_fieyju[ueb\\_^_gumgZkihke_

<_ebdhcHdly[jvkdhckhpbZebklbq_kdhcj_\hexpbb

Bklhjbyf_klguoh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\aZi_jbh^\j_f_gbkih]]

bamq_gZg_^hklZlhqgh^Zlvh[smxdZjlbgm__khklhygby\hl^_evgu_bklhjbq_kdb_

i_jbh^u\gZklhys__\j_fyg_ij_^klZ\ey_lky\hafh`gufWlhlijh[_em^Zklky

ebd\b^bjh\Zlvebrvlh]^Zdh]^Z[m^_lbamq_gZbklhjbyjZa\blby[b[ebhl_qgh]h^_eZ\

hl^_evguo

djZyobh[eZklyoZlZd`_bklhjbyhl^_evguo \Z`g_crbokh\_lkdb o[b[ebhl_dD

qbkemk\_^_gbchf_klghfwda_fieyj_hlghkblkyba\_klb_h_]h\\_^_gbb \]h^m

\<ylkdhc]m[_jgbbH[wlhfk\b^_l_evkl\mxlojZgysb_ky\Dbjh\kdhfh[eZklghf

Zjob\_^hdmf_gluGZb[he__jZggbcbawlbo^hd mf_glh\²^Zlbjh\Zggh_Zij_ey

]h^Zhlghr_gb_<ylkdh]hdhfbkkZjbZlZih^_eZfi_qZlbaZ\<ylkdmx

im[ebqgmx[b[ebhl_dmbf:B=_jp_gZhlhfqlh_c\ukueZxlky©wda_fieyju

f_klghcbm_a^ghcij_kku[jhrxjubh[yaZl_evgu_ihklZgh\e_gbyba^Zggu_\]

<yld_ª

Zij_ey]h^Zwlhibkvfh[uehaZkemrZghgZ,;kh[jZgb bkh\_lZ

mdZaZlvHl^_emi_qZlbgZqj_a\uqZcgmxp_gghklvwlh]h^eyIm[ebqghc

[b[ebhl_dbª

Zij_ey]h^Z[b[ebhl_dZibkvfhfaZm\_^hfbeZDhfbkkZjbZli_qZlb

qlh\ukeZggu__cZij_eywda_fieyjh\f_klguoba^Zgbcihemq_gu

f_klgh]hhl^_eZª

H^gZdhiheghlZ^hklZ\dbh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\g_[ueZ

h[_ki_q_gZqlh\b ^g hbahlghr_gby<ylkdh]h]m[_jgkdh]hhl^_eZgZjh^gh]h

h[jZah\Zgbyhlk_gly[jy]h^ZZ^j_kh\Zggh]h\=m[_jgkdbcdhfbkkZjbZl

wda_fieyj_\k_o\uo h^ysbo\k\_l\<ylkdhc]m[_jgbbba^Zgbcª<k\yabkl_fqlh

i_j_ju\Z\ijbkued_ª

<hl\_l<ylkdbc]m[_jgkdbcbkihegbl_evgucdhfbl_l

Kh\_lh\jZ[hqbobdj_klvygkdbo^_imlZlh\ba^Zeh[yaZl_evgh_ihklZgh\e_gb_

ebklh\dbZnbrb[jhrxjudgb]bb`mjgZeu\h^ghfwda_fieyj_i_j_kueZlv\

[b[ebhl_dmª

:gZeh]bqgu_ihklZgh\e_gbyh[h[yaZl_evghc^hklZ\d_\]m[_jgkdmx

[b[ebhl_dmba^Zgbc[uebijbgylujy^hf^jm]bo]m[_jgkdbobkihegbl_evguo

dhfbl_lh\gZijbf_j<heh]h^kdbfn_\jZey]h^Z

Di_j\uf`_]h^ZfKh\_lkdhc\eZklbhlghkblkyihy\e_gb_b\_^hfkl\_gguo

h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\ij_^gZagZq_gguo ^eykh[bjZgby\p_gljZevghc

[b[ebhl_d_lh]hbebbgh]h\_^hfkl\Z\k_oba^Zgbc\uimkdZ_fuo\k\_lk_lvx

mqj_`^_gbcbij_^ijbylbcih^qbg_gguo^Zgghf m\_^hfkl\ mBgbpbZlhjhf\wlhf

^_e_[ue,<k_jhkkbckdbckt_a^ihdmevlmjghijhk\_lbl_evghc^_yl_evghklb

dhhi_jZpbb<ughkyj_r_gb_hkhklZ\e_gbbbkq_jiu\Zxs_c[b[ebh]jZnbb

ebl_jZlmjuihdhhi_jZpbbkt_a^ijba\Ze\k_dhhi_jZlb\gu_ba^Zl_evkl\ZijbagZlv

dgb]b[jhrxjuebklh\dbb^ji_qZlgu_bbgu_fZl_jbZeu\P_gljZevgmx

[b[ebhl_dmDhhi_jZlb\gh]hBg klblmlZ<k_jhkkbckdbodhhi_jZlb\guokt_a^h\ª

Gh

ijZdlbq_kdZyp_gghklvwlh]hihklZgh\e_gby\lh\j_

76,

fyih\b^bfhfm[ueZg_\_ebdZl_f[he__qlh^hklZ\dZwda_fieyjh\ghkbeZebrv

fhjZevghh[yaZl_evgucoZjZdl_jGhbklhjbq_kdbwlhihklZgh\e_gb_y\behkvnZdlhf

[hevrh]hagZq_gbydZdi_j\ZyihiuldZ\\_klb\kh\_lkdmxkbkl_fmgh\uc\b^

h[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZ²\_^hfkl\_ggucwda_fieyj

H^gZdhg_kfhljygZjy^ijbgyluoihklZgh\e_gbchj]ZgbaZpbykbkl_fu

h[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZgZijhly`_gbb\k_owlboe_lklhyeZ_s_gZdjZcg_gbadhf

mjh\g_qlh\ua\Zehk_jv_agu_ijh[_eu\]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdhc

j_]bkljZpbbijhba\_^_gbci_qZlbb\dgb`guonhg^Zo\Z`g_crbo[b[ebhl_d

G_^hmq_lebl_jZlmjuaZi_jbh^²]]^hklb]Z_l²Ihih^kq_lZf

aZj_]bkljbjh\Zlvg_[he__\k_]hnZdlbq_kdb\ur_^r_]h\Jhkkbb ª

Wlm`_

pbnjmih^l\_j`^Z_lbijhn ?BRZfmjbg

Z[b[ebh]jZnF<Khdmjh\Z\k\h_c

©?^\Zeb

a\k_ci_qZlghcijh^mdpbbwlh]hi_jbh^Z²ibr_lhgZ²ihiZ^Z_l\

bE_gbg]jZ^Zj_]bkljbjmxlkyg_iheghklvxª

Wlbpbnjuiha\heyxlkhklZ\blv

ij_^klZ\e_gb_h\_ebqbg_ijh[_eh\\dgb`guonhg^Zo[b[ebhl_dkgZ[`Z_fuo

[_kieZlgufbh[yaZl_evgufbwda_fieyjZfbIjbwlhfgZ^hmq_klvqlhqbkehwlbo

LZd`_iehohh[klhyeh^_ehk\uiheg_gb_f\lhjhc\Z`g_cr_ch[yaZgghklb

\haeh`_gghcgZDgb`gmxiZeZlm²j_]meyjghklvxba^Zgbyhj]ZgZ]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc

g_ZddmjZlghk[hevrbfhiha^Zgb_f<f_klhh^ghcg_^_ebijhf_`mldbf_`^m

\uoh^hf\k\_lhl^_evguo ghf_jh\^hklb]Zeb²b [he__f_kyp_\Hl\_lkl\_gghklv

aZlZdh_iheh`_gb__kl_kl\_gghg_keZJhkkbckdZyI_ljh]jZ^kdZydgb`gZyiZeZlZ

iZdhlhjmx]hkm^Zjkl\hf[ueZ\haeh`_gZh[yaZgghklvkh[bjZgbybjZkkued b

h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\G_khfg_gghhkgh\ghcijbqbghcg_m^h\e_l\hjbl_evghc

jZ[hluDgb`ghciZeZluy\beZkvly`_eZyh[klZgh\dZdhlhjZy\i_j\u_]h^u

Kh\_lkdhc\eZklbkeh`beZkv\kljZg_\k\yabk]jZ`^Zg kdhc\hcghcbbghkljZgghc

\h_gghcbgl_j\_gpb_cHl^_evgu_qZklb]hkm^Zjkl\Zg_h^ghdjZlghjZah[sZebkv

f_`^ mkh[hckghr_gbyf_`^mgbfbij_ju\Zebkv\kljZg_mkbebeZkvohayckl\_ggZy

jZajmoZgZjmrb\rZyijZ\bevgmxjZ[hlmljZgkihjlZbihqlu

Ba\_klgmxjhev\mom^r_gbb^hklZ\dbh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\ku]jZeblZd`_

ijbqbguhj]ZgbaZpbhgghl_ogbq_kdh]hoZjZdl_jZdZdlh

g_gZeZ`_gghklvkhhl\_lkl\mxs_]hZiiZjZlZhlkmlkl\b_mDgb`ghciZeZlu

\hafh`ghkl_c\ha^_ckl\bygZhj]Zguf_klghc\eZklbb^j

Gh[ueh[uhrb[dhc

^mfZlvqlhIZeZlZ\_eZk\hxjZ[hlm\h^bghq_kl\_[_aih^

^_j`db\_^hfkl\bhl^_evguomqj_`^_gbcbebpK\b^_l_evkl\hfwlhfmfh`_l

kem`blvohly[upbjdmeyj<k_jhkkbckdh]h=eZ\gh]hrlZ[Zhl11bxey]h^Z

khljm^gbdZf\h_ggh]h\_^hfkl\ZaZgbfZxsbfkyba^Zl_evkdhc^_yl_evghklvxª

lhevdhdgb]b`mjgZeub]Za_lughb\haa\ZgbybieZdZlu

Hkgh\gZyijbqbgZg_j_]meyjghc^hklZ\dbaZdexqZeZkvilhfqlhjmdh\h^bl_eb

Jhkkbckdhcdgb`ghciZeZluaZ]jhfh`^Zeb__ieZgp_eufjy^hf\lhjhkl_i_gguob

lj_lv_kl_i_gguoih\Z`ghklbaZ^Zgbchl\e_dZ\rboIZeZlmhlj_r_gbylZdbo

hkgh\guoaZ^ZqdZd\hafh`gh[he__ihegh_bk\h_\j_f_ggh_ihemq_gb_

h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\j_]bkljZpbygZbohkgh\_\gh\v \uoh^ysbo\k\_l

ijhba\_^_gbci_qZlbbkgZ[`_gb_bfb\Z`g_crbo[b[ebhl_dkljZguHrb [dhc

y\behkvbkhijhlb\e_gb_Dgb`ghciZeZlu__i_j_\h^mbaI_ljh]jZ^Z\Fhkd\m]^_

gZoh^bebkvGZjh^gucdhfbkkZjbZlijhk\_s_gbyhkms_kl\ey\rbcjmdh\h^kl\h

dmevlmjghc`bagvxkljZgu\_^Z\rbc\hijhkZfbi_qZlbZlZd`_=hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_

;jm_\bq²ijbgyej_rbl_evgh\k_f_judlhfmqlh[uhldehgblvi_j__a^ª

Hlju\

IZeZluhlFhkd\u²p_gljZiheblbq_kdhc bdmevlmjghc`bagbkljZgu²ebrbe__

g_h[oh^bfuok\ya_ckZfufhljbpZl_evgufh[jZahfkdZaZekygZ__ijZdlbq_kdhc

^_yl_evghklbLZdh_iheh`_gb_m`_kZfhihk_[_k\b^_l_evkl\h\Zehhly`_ehf

khklhygbb[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdh]h^_eZ\kljZg_bg _h[oh^bfhklbhkms_kl\e_gbyjy^Z

f_jhijbylbcih_]hdhj_gghcj_hj]ZgbaZpbbdhlhju_h[_ki_qbeb[u

m^h\e_l\hj_gb_aZijhkh\bgm`^fheh^h]hkh\_lkdh]h]hkm^Zjkl\Z\h[eZklb

[b[ebh]jZnbb

i_j_^Zq_[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdh]h^_eZ\JKNKJGZjh^ghfmdhfbkkZjbZlm

ijhk\_s_gbyª

Wlhl^_dj_ly\bekydjmig_crbfkh[ulb_f\Z`g_cr_c\_ohc\

bklhjbbkh\_lkdhc[b[ebh]jZnbbZlZd`_bkbkl_fuh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZ<

g_f[ueZ^ZgZjZa\_jgmlZyijh]jZffZjZa\blby[b[ebh]jZn bq_kdh]h^_eZ\kljZg_

ih^q_jdgmlh_]h]hkm^Zjkl\_ggh_agZq_gb_bknhjfmebjh\Zgugh\u_

hj]ZgbaZpbhggu_ijbgpbiudhlhju_ke_^h\Zehiheh`blv\hkgh\m\k_ckh\_lkdhc

[b[ebh]jZnbbZlZd`_kbkl_fuh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZIhkmlb^_eZ\k_

ihke_^mxsb_ihklZgh\e_gbybf_jhijbylbyijh\_^_ggu_\h[eZklb[b[ebh]jZnbbb

h[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZy\bebkvm]em[e_gb_fb^Zevg_crbfjZa\blb_fhkgh\guo

iheh`_gbcwlh]hbklhjbq_kdh]h^hdmf_glZIjZ\bevghmqblu\Zyqlhih^ebggmx

[Zam^eymq_lghj_]bkljZpbhgghc[b[ebh]jZnbbfh`_lh[_ki_qblvebrvkbkl_fZ

h[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZ^_dj_lk\yaZebo\_^bgh_g_jZaju\gh_p_eh_ihwlhfmhg

g_kfhljygZlhqlh\hkgh\ghf[ueihk\ys_glhevdh\hijhkZf[b[ebh]jZnbbaZgye

bkdexqbl_evgh\Z`gh_f_klh\bklhjbbh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZ<kdmiuo

nhjfmebjh\dZo