Григорьев Ю.В. Система обязательного экземпляра произведений печати в СССР

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

105

kgZ[`_gbbbfb]hkm^Zjkl\_gguodgb]hojZgbebsª

Wlh[ueZi_j\Zybgkljmdpby

^Z\Z\rZy^_lZevgu_mdZaZgbyihhj]ZgbaZpbbkbkl_fu

IhklZgh\e_gbyGZjdhfijhkZbbgkljmdpbykh^_ckl\h\Zebmemqr_gbxihjy^dZk^Zqb

h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\bh[_ki_qb\Zebg_h[oh^bfu_mkeh\by^eydhgljheyaZ

iheghlhcbk\h_\j_f_gghklvxbo^hklZ\dbH^gZdhmbklhjbdh\h[yaZl_evgh]h

wda_fieyjZh[ZwlbihklZgh\e_gbyg_ihemqbeb^he`ghchp_gdbLZdGNYgbpdbc

g_kq_e^Z`_gm`gufmihfygmlvboijhy\eyyy\g mxg_^hhp_gdmwlboihklZgh\e_gbc

GZjdhfijhkZfgh]b_iheh`_gbydhlhjuo\k\h_\j_fyijZ\bevghhij_^_e_ggu_^h

kboihje_`Zl\hkgh\_kh\_lkdhckbkl_fuh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZ

F:

=h^d_\bqh]jZgbqbekyebrvi_j_kdZahfwlbo^hdmf_glh\bg_gZr_egbh^gh]hkeh\Z

^eyhp_gdbboagZq_gby

<k_f_jghklj_fykvdiheghl_ihemq_gbyh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\JPDI^h[beZkv

ihklZgh\e_gby<PBDhlbxey]h^Z©HjZkijhkljZg_gbbijZ\beh[yaZl_evghc

j_]bkljZpbbijhba\_^_gbci_qZlbgZl_jjblhjbb\k_oj_kim[ebdbZ\l hghfguo

h[eZkl_c\oh^ysbo\khklZ\JKNKJª

AgZq_gb_wlh]hihklZgh\e_gby^ey[b[ebhl_d

ohjhrh[ueh\ujZ`_gh\ibkvf_[u\Jmfygp_\kdhc[b[ebhl_dbhlZ\]mklZ

]kdhlhjufhgZh[jZlbeZkv\JPDIMdZau\ZyqlhwlhihklZgh\e_gb_Ij_ab^bmfZ

<PBD©y\ey_lkyf_jhijbylb_f\ukhdhc\Z`ghklbb^Z_lijZ\hgZ^_ylvkygZihegh_

mihjy^hq_gb_^_eZkgZ[`_gby[b[ebhl_dbgh\hcebl_jZlmjhcª;b[ebhl_d ZijhkbeZ

Dgb`gmxiZeZlm©ijbgylv\k_aZ\b kysb_hlg__f_judkdhj_cr_fmijh\_^_gbx\

`bagvmdZaZggh]hihklZgh\e_gbyª

<ke_^aZwlbfJPDImqblu\Zyqlh\l_]h^u

ba^Zl_evkl\ZJKNKJagZqbl_evgh_qbkehdgb]gZjmkkd hfyaud_ij_^gZagZq_gguo

^eyjZkijhkljZg_gbygZkh\_lkdhcl_jjblhjbbi_qZlZebaZ]jZgbp_c^h[beZkv

jZkijhkljZg_gbyaZdhgZhij_^klZ\e_gbbh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\bgZwlbba^Zgby

?kl_kl\_gghqlh^hklZ\dZwlbowda_fieyjh\[ueZ\haeh`_gZgZba^Zl_evkl\ZlZd

dZdaZ]jZgbqgu_lbih]jZnbbgZoh^bebkv\g_^hky]Z_fhklb^eyJhkkbckdhcdgb`ghc

iZeZluIhgylghdZdh_[hevrh_agZq_gb_^he`gu[uebbf_lvwlbihklZgh\e_gby

^eyh[_ki_q_gbyiheghlukh[bjZgby^_ckl\bl_evgh\k_oijhba\_^_gbci_qZlb

ihkdhevdmhgbij_^hklZ\eyebJPDIijZ\hlj_[h\Zlvh[yaZl_evgu_wda_fieyjuhl

lbih]jZnbcbba^Zl_evkl\\h\k_oqZklyoN_^_jZpbbLZdbfh[jZahfd]hem[ue

aZ\_jr_gho\Zlkbkl_fhch[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZ\k_ci_qZlghcijh^mdpbb

\uoh^ys_cgZl_jjblhjbbJKNKJb\k_oba^Zgbbdhlhju_ba^Zl_evkl\ZJKNKJ

i_qZlZebaZjm[_`hfKbkl_fZh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZ\JKNKJijbh[j_eZ

aZdhgq_ggmxnhjfmj_kim[ebdZgkdhckbkl_fu

H^gh\j_f_gghk[hjv[hcaZihemq_gb_h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\kh\k_c

l_jjblhjbbJhkkbckdhcn_^_jZpbbJPDIaZgyeZkvjZ[hlhcih

106

mlhqg_gbxkhklZ\Zdhfie_dlh\h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\kp_evxbogZb[hevrh]h

ijbkihkh[e_gbydijhnbexdhfie_dlm_fuo_x[b[ebhl_dLZdihklZgh\e_gb_f

GZjdhfijhkZJKNKJaZhlZ\]mklZ][uehh]jZgbq_ghdhebq_kl\h

h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\]Za_lghlebklh\^eydhlhjuo[ueZmklZgh\e_gZ

ihgb`_ggZyghjfZk^Zqbh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\\f_klhlZddZdhgbg_

lj_[h\Zebkv^ey\k_oZ^j_kZlh\ghy[jy]h^ZKh\_lGZjh^guoDhfbkkZjh\

JKNKJ\ihklZgh\e_gbb©Hij_^klZ\e_gbbwda_fieyjh\ijhba\_^_gbci_qZlb\

Jhkkbckdmxp_gljZevgmxdgb`gmxiZeZlmªih^ulh`beijbgylu_aZ

Jbk=_h]j Znbq_kdh_jZaf_s_gb_h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\\]h^m

²]]ihklZgh\e_gbybjZkihjy`_gbyihh[yaZl_evghfmwda_fieyjmb

hlf_gbe\k_ba^Zggu_^hghy[jy]h^Z

<h\gh\vijbgylhfihklZgh\e_gbb[ue

lhqghhij_^_e_gkhklZ\h[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZBmklZgh\e_ghdh ebq_kl\h

ih^e_`Zsbo^hklZ\d_wda_fieyjh\kmq_lhfh]jZgbq_gbcihlbjZ`mb\b ^Zf

ebl_jZlmju<j_amevlZl_ijh\_^_gby\`bagvwlh]hihklZgh\e_gbyihqlb\k_

hkgh\gu_\hijhkuhj]ZgbaZpbbkbkl_fuh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZdZdkbkl_fu

JKNKJ[uebj_r_guG_j_r_gghchklZ\ZeZkvaZ^ZqZihemq_gbyh[yaZl_evguo

wda_fieyjh\g_lhevdhkl_jjblhjbbJKNKJghbkl_jjblhjbb\k_]hKh\_lkdh]h

KhxaZ

Hlkmlkl\b_\dhfie_dlZoba^Zgbc^jm]bokhxaguoj_kim[ebdijb\_ehdh[jZah\Zgbx

\nhg^Zo\Z`g_crbodgb]hojZgbebskljZgu[hevrboijh[_eh\g_]h\hjym`_h

\j_^_ijbqbg_gghf[b[ebh]jZnbbbklZlbklbq_kdhfmmq_lmijhba\_^_gbci_qZlb

KKKJDgb`gZyiZeZlZgZklhcqb\hbkdZeZimlbj_r_gbywlhckeh`ghcijh[e_fu>ey

\\_^_gbykhxagh]haZdhgZhk^Zq_h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\dwlhfm\j_f_gb_s_g_

keh`bebkvg _h[oh^b fu_mkeh\byihkdhevd m_s_g_\h\k_okhxaguoj_kim[ebdZo

[uebhj]Zgbah\Zgudgb`gu_iZeZlubjZa\_jgmlZjZ[hlZ\h[eZklbgZpbhgZevghc

[b[ebh]jZnbbWlhh[klhyl_evkl\h\ugm^behJPDIj_rZlvwlmaZ^Zqmbguf[he__

ljm^gufbf_g__gZ^_`gufiml_fK]h^ZhgZgZqZeZmklZgZ\eb\Zlv^h]h\hjgu_

hlghr_gbyk^jm]bfb

107

khxagufbj_kim[ebdZfbh\aZbfghfh[f_g_h[yaZl_evgufbwda_fieyjZfb

ijhba\_^_gbci_qZlb

HnbpbZevgh_ijbagZgb_lZdhc ihjy^hdihemqbeebrv\]h^mdh]^ZjZ[hlZih

kh[bjZgbxh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\kh\k_cl_jjblhjbbKKKJijbihfhsb

^h]h\hjh\[ueZhnbpbZevgh\dexq_gZ\djm]h[yaZgghkl_cJPDI<gh\hf

©Iheh`_gbbhJhkkbckdhcp_gljZevghcdgb`ghciZeZl_ªml\_j`^_gghfdhee_]b_c

GZjdhfijhkZZ\]mklZ]h^Z[uehaZibkZghqlhgZg__\haeZ]Z_lky©Ihemq_gb_

\ihjy^d_khhl\_lkl\mxsbomaZdhg_gbcijZ\bl_evkl\ZJKNKJZlZd`_gZhkgh\Zgbb

^h]h\hjguokh]eZr_gbcJhkkbckdhcp_gljZevghcdgb`ghciZeZlukdgb`gufb

iZeZlZfbbebaZf_gyxsbfbbomqj_`^_gbyfbKhxaguoJ_kim[ebdh[yaZl_evguo

wda_fieyjh\\k_oijhba\_^_gbci_qZlb\uimkdZ_fuogZl_jjblhjbbKKKJª

D

]h^mijZdlbdZkh[bjZgbyh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\ijbihfhsb^h]h\hjh\ihemqbeZ

ihegh_jZa\blb_bho\ZlbeZdgb`gu_iZeZlu\k_okhxaguoj_kim[ebdGZ^h[ghklv\

g_chliZeZebrvihke_lh]hdZdKGDKKKJfZy]h^Zba^Zei_j\h_

ihklZgh\e_gb_hk^Zq_h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\kh\k_cl_jjblhjbbKh\_lkdh]h

KhxaZLZdbfh[jZahfihjy^hdaZdexq_gby^h]h\hjh\kms_kl\h\Ze[_ai_j_ju\Zk

ih]h^bg_khfg_gghku]jZe[hevrmxjhev\]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc

[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdhcj_]bkljZpbbb\dhfie_dlh\Zgbbdgb`guonhg^h\\Z`g_crbo

[b[ebhl_dkljZguH^gZdh\gZr_cebl_jZlmj_ih[b[ebhl_dh\_^_gbxb

[b[ebh]jZnbbwlZnhjfZkh[bjZgbyh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\^hkboihjg_

ihemqbeZhk\_s_gby>hklZlhqghkdZaZlvqlhhgZ^Z`_g_mihfygmlZgb\jZ[hlZo

ijhn?BRZfmjbgZihk\ys_gguobklhjbb<k_khxaghcdgb`ghciZeZlugb\

klZlvyoF:=h^d_\bqZdhlhjucdZdba\_klghki_pbZevghbamqZeihklZgh\dm

kbkl_fuh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZ\KKKJbaZ]jZgbp_cGbq_]hg_ibr_lbg_

]h\hjblh[wlhcnhjf_\k\hboklZlvyo^hdeZ^ZobGNYgbpdbcjZ[hlZ\rbc

^bj_dlhjhf=hkm^Zjkl\_gghcp_gljZevghcdgb`ghc iZeZluJKNKJkih]

ih^jmdh\h^kl\hfdhlhjh]h^h]h\hjgZynhjfZkh[bjZgbyh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\

jZajZ[Zlu\ZeZkvbijh\h^beZkv\`bagv

IjbqbgulZdh]haZ[\_gby^h]h\hjh\ijbf_gy\rboky\l_q_gb_e_lbg_khfg_ggh

ku]jZ\rboiheh`bl_evgmxjhev\bklhjbbkh\_lkdh]hh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZ

gZ^hbkdZlv\g_^hhp_gd_boagZq_gby<gZklhys__\j_fybamq_gb_wlh]h\hijhkZ

k\yaZghk[hevrbfbljm^ghklyfblZddZdi_qZlguo bklhqgbdh\ihg_fmg_lZ

agZqbl_evgZyqZklv^hdmf_glh\ojZgb\rboky\Zjob\Zo<k_khxaghcdgb`ghciZeZlu

bdgb`guoiZeZlMdjZbgub;_ehjmkkbbih]b[eZ\h\j_fy<_ebdhcHl_q_kl\_gghc

\hcguHklZ\rb_ky^hdmf_gluiha\heyxl^ZlvlhevdhkZfuch[sbchq_jdbklhjbb

\hijhkZ\uy\blvebrvhkgh\gu___wlZiu>h]h\hjuh[h[f_g_h[yaZl_evgufb

wda_fieyjZfbaZdexqZebkvf_`^mJhkkbckdhcp_gljZevghcdgb`ghciZeZlhckh^ghc

klhjhgubdgb`gufbiZeZlZfbbebaZf_gyxsbfbbomqj_`^_gbyfbkhxaguo

j_kim[ebdk^jm]hcklhjhgub\klmiZeb\kbemihke_boml\_j`^_gby

GZjdhfijhkZfb^h]h\Zjb\Zxsbokyj_kim[ebdIh^ibku\Zebkv^h]h\hjudZd

ijZ\behlhevdhgZh^bg]h^b_`_]h^ghi_j_aZdexqZebkv>hkha^Zgbydgb`guo

iZeZl\khxaguoj_kim[ebdZo^h]h\hju[uebaZdexq_gukP_gljZevguf

[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdbfhl^_ehfijb=hkm^ Zjkl\_gghfba^Zl_evkl\_MdjZbguk

=hkm^Zjkl\_gghcim[ebqghc[b[ebhl_dhc;_ehjmkkdhcKKJkGZjdhfijhkhf

=jmabgkdhcKKJbl^Jhkkbckdhcp_gljZevghcdgb`ghc iZeZl_aZdexq_gb_

^h]h\hjh\^Z\Z

108

^h\hafh`ghklvh[_ki_qblv]hkm^Zjkl\_ggmx[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdmxj_]bkljZpbx

ijhba\_^_gbci_qZlbba^Z\Z_fuogZl_jjblhjbb\k_oKhxaguoj_kim[ebdkha^Zlv

_^bgucZjob\i_qZlbKKKJh[_ki_qblvdhfie_dlh\Zgb_\Z`g_crbo

dgb]hojZgbebsJKNKJh[yaZl_evgufbwda_fieyjZfb\k_oba^ZgbcKhxaguo

j_kim[ebd

Dgb`gufiZeZlZfkhxaguoj_kim[ebdaZdexq_gb_^h]h\hjh\h[_ki_qb\Zeh

\hafh`ghklvdhfie_dlh\Zlv\Z`g_crb_[b[ebhl_dbk\h_cj_kim[ebdb

h[yaZl_evgufbwda_fieyjZfbijhba\_^_gbci_qZlbJKNKJ

kh[bjZlv\j_kim[ebdZgkdhfZjob\_i_qZlb\k_ba^ZgbygZjh^ghfyaud_

\uoh^ysb_gZl_jjblhjbb\k_ohklZevguokhxaguoj_kim[ebd

>h]h\hjuihkZfhck\h_ckmlblj_[mxljZ\ghcaZbgl_j_kh\Zgghklbh[_boklhjhg<

gbo^he`gh[ulvij_^mkfhlj_ghohly[uhlghkbl_evgh_jZ\_gkl\h\aZbfguo

h[yaZl_evkl\dhlhju_ijbgbfZxlgZk_[yh[_^h]h\Zjb\Zxsb_kyklhjhguIj_^f_lhf

h[f_gZ\^ZgghfkemqZ_y\bebkvdhfie_dluh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\JKNKJk

h^ghcklhjhgubdhfie_dluba^ZgbclhcbebbghcKhxaghcj_kim[ebdbk^jm]hc

klhjhguMqblu\Zyy\gh_g_khhl\_lkl\b_\dhebq_kl\_gghfhlghr_gbbh^gh]h

dhfie_dlZba^ZgbcJKNKJh^ghfmdhfie_dlmba^Zgbcex[hc^jm]hckhxaghc

j_kim[ebdb[uehhij_^_e_ghqlh²dhfie_dlZkhxaghcj_kim[ebdb[m^ ml

wd\b\Ze_glguh^ghfmdhfie_dlmJKNKJIjZ\bevgh_nmgdpbhgbjh\Zgb_^h]h\hjgh]h

ihjy^dZdhlhjuc\k\h_fjZa\blbbihkl_i_gghho\Zlb e\k_khxagu_j_kim[ebdb

lj_[h\Zehj mdh\h^kl\Zbfh[s_]hkh]eZkh\ZgbyWlh^hklb]ZehkvdZdiml_fijyfhc

^h]h\hj_gghklbf_`^mJPDIbhl^_evgufbdgb`gufbiZeZlZfblZdbgZki_pbZevgh

khau\Z_fuokh\_sZgbyo^bj_dlhjh\dgb`guo iZeZlIj_^f_lhfh[km`^_gbyb

mj_]mebjh\Zgbyy\eyebkv\hkgh\ghfke_^mxsb_iylv\hijhkh\

mklZgh\e_gb_k_lbdgb]hojZgbebskhxagh]hagZq_gby

hij_^_e_gb_dhebq_kl\Zdhfie_dlh\h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\ih^e_`Zsbo

\aZbfghfmh[f_gm

hij_^_e_gb_khklZ\Zh[f_gb\Z_fuodhfie_dlh\\hlghr_gbb\b^h\ebl_jZlmjub

yaudh\

f_lh^ukh[bjZgbyh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\kbeZfbkZfhcJPDIbebq_j_a

Dgb`gmxiZeZlmkhxaghcj_kim[ebdb

f_klh[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdhcj_]bkljZpbbijhba\_^_gbci_qZlbKhxaguoj_kim[ebd\

©Dgb`ghce_lhibkbªJKNKJbeb\©Dgb`ghc e_lhibkbªkhhl\_lkl\_gghc

j_kim[ebdb

BgbpbZlhjhf\\_^_gby\ijZdlbdm^h]h\hjh\h[h[f_g_h[yaZl_evgufbwda_fieyjZfb

ijhba\_^_gbci_qZlby\beZkvKKJ=jmabb H[wlhfk\b^_l_evkl\m_lkhojZgb\r__ky\

Zjob\_<k_khxaghcdgb`ghciZeZluibkvfhiheghfhqgh]hij_^klZ\bl_ey=jmabgkdhc

KKJ\JhkkbbFPoZdZyhl^_dZ[jy]h^ZZ^j_kh\Zggh_\Jhkkbckdmx

dgb`gmxiZeZlm

<wlhfibkvf_lh\PoZdZyibkZe©<]Lbnebk_ijbJ_\dhf_=jmabb

kms_kl\m_l=hk m^Zjkl\_ggZyIm[ebqgZy;b[ebhl_dZdhlhjZy\kbemhkh[h]h

iheh`_gbyLbnebkZijbh[j_lZ_lagZq_gb_dgb]hojZgbebsZ^ey\k_]hAZdZ\dZavy

Ihk_fmIjZ\bl_evkl\h=jmabbhaZ[hq_ghjZkrbj_gb_f=hkm^Zjkl\_gghc;b[ebhl_db

^hkhhl\_lkl\_gguojZaf_jh\JhkkbckdZyDgb`gZyIZeZlZ\wlhfhlghr_gbbfh`_l

hdZaZlvkms_kl\_ggmxihfhsv_kebhgZkh]eZkbeZkv[um^_eylvbak\h_]haZiZkZh^bg

h[yaZl_evgucwda_fieyj^ey=hkm^Zjkl\_gghc;b[ebhl_db]LbnebkZijb

=jmaj_\dhf_\dexqb\__\qbkehk\hbo dhjj_kihg^_glh\<k\hxhq_j_^v

khhl\_lkl\mxsb_hj]Zgu

109

=jmaj_\dhfZh[yamxlkyihkueZlv<Zfihlbwda_fieyjh\dgb]\uoh^ysbo\

ij_^_eZo KhpbZebklbq_kdhcKh\_lkdhcJ _kim[ebdb=jmabbgZg_jmk kdhfyaud_blh

dhebq_kl\hdgb]gZjmkkdhfdhlhjh_<Zfb[m^_lmklZgh\e_ghª

<wlhfibkvf_\hi_j\uo[ueij_^eh`_ggh\uc f_lh^ kh[bjZgbyh[yaZl_evguo

wda_fieyjh\²kihfhsvx^h]h\hjh\kl_jjblhjbckhxaguoj_kim[ebdgZdhlhju_

aZdhgh^Zl_evkl\hJKNKJh[h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjZog_jZkijhkljZgyehkv\h

\lhjuobaeZ]ZekybkZfucijbgpbih[f_gZMqblu\Zyh[t_fh[yaZl_evgh]h

wda_fieyjZJKNKJdhlhjucagZqbl_evghij_\urZeh[t_fh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZ

KKJ=jmabb Ij_^klZ\bl_evkl\h\u^\b]ZehijbgpbiijhihjpbhgZevghklbGZdhg_p\

wlhfibkvf_ij_^eZ]Zehkv^bnn_j_gpbjh\Zgb_dhfie_dlh\h[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZ

ihijbgpbimyaudZba^ZgbygZjmkkdhfyaud_bgZ^jm]bo yaudZo <k_wlbijbgpbiu

\^Zevg_cr_f[uebiheh`_gu\hkgh\mh[f_gguohi_jZpbck^jm]bfbj_kim[ebdZfb

Ij_^klZ\bl_ev kl\hh^gh\j_f_gghkwlbfibkvfhfi_j_^ZehJPDIi_j\mxiZjlbx

dgb]ihwdadZ`^hcbl_fkZfufiheh`behgZqZehh[f_ggufhi_jZpb yfFug_

bf__fk\_^_gbchj_ZebaZpbbibkvfZF=PoZdZy\²]]KhojZgb\rbcky\

Zjob\_<k_khxaghcdgb`ghciZeZlu^h]h\hjh[h[f_g_h[yaZl_evgufbwda_fieyjZfb

k=jmabgkdhcKKJhlghkblkym`_d]h^m²]h^mhj]ZgbaZpbbDgb`ghciZeZlu

=jmabgkdhcKKJGhihkdhevdmnZdlijbkuedbijbibkvf_i_j\hciZjlbbdgb]ih

wdadZ`^hcnZdlbq_kdbagZf_gh\ZegZqZehh[f_gguohi_jZpbcfh`ghiheZ]Zlvqlh

wlhl^h]h\hjkhklhyekyb_kebg_iheghklvxlhohlyqZklbqgh[uej_Zebah\Zg

<Zjob\_<k_khxaghcdgb`ghciZeZlukhojZgbehkv^h]h\hjh\aZdexq_gguoJPDI

kdgb`gufbiZeZlZfbkhxaguoj_ki m[ebd\b]h^Zo?keb^h]h\hju

b]][uebaZdexq_guebrvkh^ghcMdjZbghclh\]h^mhgb[ueb

aZdexq_gum`_kdgb`gufbiZeZlZfbk_fbkhxaguoj_kim[ebdHnbpbZevghc^Zlhc

\hagbdgh\_gby^h]h\hjgh]hihjy^dZh\aZbfghfh[f_g_h[yaZl_evgufbwda_fieyjZfb

fh`ghkqblZlvyg\Zjy]h^Zdh]^ZJPDIaZdexqbeZk\hci_j\uc^h]h\hjk

P_gljZevguf[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdbfhl^_ehfijb=hkm^Zjkl\_gghfba^Zl_evkl\_

MdjZbguWlhl^h]h\hj[ueml\_j`^_g=hkm^Zjkl\_ggufba^Zl_evkl\hfJKNKJ

yg\Zjylh]h`_]h^Zbh[_ki_qbeJhkkbckdhcp_gljZevghcdgb`ghciZeZl_

\hafh`ghklv\h[f_ggZdhfie_dlZ\k_oijhba\_^_gbci_qZlb\uoh^ysbogZ

l_jjblhjbbJKNKJihemqZlvdhfie_dlh\\k_oijhba\_^_gbci_qZlb\uoh^ysbo

gZl_jjblhjbbMKKJ<k_dhfie_dlukqblZebkvihegufbgbdZdhc^bnn_j_gpbZpbb

bokhklZ\Zih\b^Zfebl_jZlmjubyaudZfg_ijhba\h^behkvH[yaZl_evgu_

wda_fieyju^he`gu[uebihklmiZlv\dgb]hojZgbebsh[s_khxagh]hagZq_gby<

khhl\_lkl\bbkgug_rgbfZ^fbgbkljZlb\ghiheblbq_kdbf^_e_gb_fKKKJ\kibkhd

\hrehhlJKNKJ²[b[ebhl_ddhfie_dlh\hlMKKJ²bihh^ghc[b[ebhl_d_

hl;_ehjmkkdhcKKJ=jmabgkdhcKKJbMa[_dkdhcKKJBal_dklZ^h]h\hjh\fh`gh

aZdexqblvqlhjZkij_^_e_gb_h[yaZl_evguo wda_fieyjh\f_`^mojZgbebsZfb\gml jb

j_kim[ebdh[_klhjhguijbgyebgZk_[yGZijZdlbd_`_h[_klhjhguh[yaZebkv

\ukueZlvk\hbdhfie_dlufbg myIZeZlug_ihkj_^kl\_ggh\dgb]hojZgbebsZ

[b[ebhl_d^jm]hcj_kim[ebdbWlhih^l\_j`^Z_lkyibkvfhfdhlhjh_JPDI

jZahkeZeZ\yg\Zj_]g_f_^e_ggh\ke_^aZaZdexq_gb_f^h]h\hjZkMKKJ

110

H^gZdh\uiheg_gb_wlh]h^h]h\hjZkkZfh]hgZqZeZ[uehfZehm^h\e_l\hjbl_evguf

H[yaZl_evgucwda_fieyjbaMdjZbguihklmiZedjZcg_g_iheghbg_ZddmjZlghH[wlhf

k\b^_l_evkl\mxlg_lhevdhhlq_luJhkkbckdhcp_gljZevghcdgb`ghciZeZlughb

p_eucjy^hkeh`g_gbc\hagbdrbo\k\yabkg_\uiheg_gb_f^h]h\hjZihkdhevdm

ihklmi e_gbyhlMdjZbgkdhcdgb`ghciZeZlu[uebkh\_jr_gghgbqlh`guijbq_f\

[hevrbgkl\_kemqZ_\dhebq_kl\hwda_fieyjh\g_khhl\_lkl\h\Zeh^h]h\hjguf²

\f_klhAZ\_kv]h^JPDIihemqbeZkMdjZbgu\k_]hgZa\Zgbcdgb]b

[jhrxjbagbooZjvdh\kdbo²db_\kdbo²h^_kkdbo²>eykjZ\g_gby

^hklZlhqghmdZaZlvqlh\lhf`_]h^mh^gZlhevdhDZaZgvijbkeZeZ\JPDI

dgb]b[jhrxj

LZdh\u[uebi_qZevgu_blh]b]h^Z²i_j\h]h]h^Z^_ckl\by^h]h\hjgh]hihjy^dZ

kh[bjZgbyh[yaZl_evguo wda_fieyjh\ ba^Zgbckhxaguo j_kim[ebd Gh b \  ]h^m

iheh`_gb_k^hklZ\dhc\JPDIh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\baMKKJg_baf_gbehkvd

emqr_fm Hlghr_gby f_`^ m Dgb`gufb iZeZlZfb JKNKJ b MKKJ ijh^he`Zeb

hklZ\Zlvky \_kvfZ gZijy`_ggufb Z k fZy ijbgyeb nhjfm hldjulh]h dhgnebdlZ K

gZqZeZ  ] JPDI \ k\yab k khdjZs_gb_f ihklmie_gbc mdjZbgkdbo ba^Zgbc

mf_gvrbeZ dhebq_kl\h dhfie_dlh\ JKNKJ k^hb\k\yab k wlbf ij_djZlbeZ

\ukuedm h[yaZl_evguo wda_fieyjh\ \ OZjvdh\kdmx gZmqghmq_[gmx [b[ebhl_d m <

dZq_kl\_ hl\_lghc f_ju MdjZbgkdZy dgb`gZy iZeZlZ mqblu\Zy baf_g_gb_ ^heb

MdjZbgu \ h[yaZl_evguo wda_fieyjZo JKNKJ gZ  kh k\h_c klhjhgu mf_gvrbeZ

^hex JKNKJ \ h[yaZl_evguo wda_fieyjZo MKKJ gZ  klZeZ ihkueZlv \f_klh

wda_fieyjh\²\hk_fvIjbwlhf ih k\h_c bgbpbZlb\_MdjZbgkdZyiZeZlZ bkdexqbeZ

bakibkdZJhkkbckdhcp_gljZevghcdgb`ghciZeZluBgklbl mldgb]h\_^_gby

<k\h_c^hdeZ^ghcaZibkd_\=eZ\gh_mijZ\e_gb_gZmqguomqj_`^_gbcGDIhlfZy

]h^ZJPDI\uklmibeZijhlb\aZdexq_gby^h]h\hjh\kijZ\_^eb\hmkfZljb\Zy\

gboebrviZeebZlb\g_kihkh[guch[_ki_qblvbgl_j_ku]hkm^Zjkl\_gghcj_]bkljZpbb

ijhba\_^_gbci_qZlb\uoh^ysbo\k\_lgZl_jjblhjb b\k_]h]hkm^Zjkl\Z\p_ehf

Dgb`gZyiZeZlZh[jZlbeZkv\dhee_]bxGZjdhfijhkZkijhkv[hc©\ha[m^blv\PBD

KKKJoh^ZlZckl\hhih^l\_j`^_gbbihklZgh\e_gby<PBDhlbxey]h^Zbh

jZkijhkljZg_gbb_]h^_ckl\bygZl_jjblhjbb\k_oj_ki m[ebdbh[eZkl_c\oh^ysbo\

Khxa[_a\kydbobatylbcª

<hl\_lgZwlm^hdeZ^gmxaZibkdmIj_ab^bmfdhee_]bb

GDIJKNKJfZy]h^ZihklZgh\beijbhklZgh\blvhi_jZpbbihh[f_gmdgb]Zfb

©\ij_^v^h^_ckl\bl_evghijZ\bevghchj]ZgbaZpbb\ij_^_eZoMdjZbgu^_eZ

j_]bkljZpbb]ZjZglbjmxs_ciheghlmbj_]meyjghklvihemq_gbyb^hklZ\db

h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\ª

<k_gly[j_]h^Zdhgnebdl[uemj_]mebjh\Zgb

ihkuedZebl_jZlmju\hah[gh\beZkvGZjdhfijhkMdjZbgujZkrbjberlZlIZeZlu^h

q_eh\_dbm\_ebqbe_chlimkdkj_^kl\gZhi_jZpbhggu_jZkoh^u<dhgp_]h^Z

h[_klhjhguijbklmibebdi_j_]h\hjZfhaZdexq_gbbgh\h]h^h]h\hjZgZ]h^

dhlhjucb[ueih^ibkZghdly[jy]h^Z

<hkgh\m\lhjh]h^h]h\hjZ[uehiheh`_ghjZajZ[hlZggh_ih\b^bfhfmMdjZbgkdhc

dgb`ghciZeZlhc©Kh]eZr_gb_h \aZbfhhlgh

111

r_gbyodgb`guoiZeZlJKNKJbMKKJª

Wlhl^h]h\hj[uem`_[he__keh`gufih

kh^_j`Zgbx\g_f[uebmklZgh\e_guhkgh\gu_ijbgpbiujZkij_^_e_gby

h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\^Zgkibkhddgb]hojZgbebsh[s_khxagh]hagZq_gby

^bnn_j_gpbjh\ZgkhklZ\dhfie_dlh\\u^_e_gughlu]Za_luebklubl^H[_

iZeZluh[yaZebkv\u^_eblvdhfie_dlh\^eyh[_ki_q_gby\dexq_gguo\kibkhd

dgb]hojZgbebs\lhfqbke_^\Zdhfie_dlZ^eyJmfygp_\kdhc[b[ebhl_db

Khhlghr_gb_dhebq_kl\Zwda_fieyjh\JKNKJbMKKJhklZehkvij_`gbfBa

dhfie_dlh\MKKJg_ihkj_^kl\_ggh\JKNKJhklZ\Zehkvebrvdhfie_dlh\Z

hklZevgu_dhfie_dlZgZijZ\eyebkv\^jm]b_khxagu_j_kim[ebdbkh]eZkgh

gug_rg_fmZ^fbgbkljZlb\ghohayckl\_gghfm^_e_gbxKKKJ²\;KKJ=jmabgkdmx

KKJ:a_j[Zc^`ZgkdmxKKJbMa[_dkdmxKKJBkiheg_gb_^h]h\hjZgZk_cjZa

ijhoh^beh[he__mki_rghkjZ\gbl_evghk^h]h\hjhf]h^ZH^gZdh\p_ehf

iheh`_gb_kkhxagufh[yaZl_evgufwda_fieyjhfijh^he`ZehhklZ\Zlvky

g_m^h\e_l\hjbl_evgufH[wlhfk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zeohly[ulZdhcnZdldZd

ijbhklZgh\dZihklZgh\e_gb_fIj_ab ^bmfZDhee_]bbGZjdhfijhkZhln_\jZey

]ihij_^klZ\e_gbxJhkkbckdhcp_gljZevghcdgb`ghciZeZlu\ukuedb

h[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZ\Lmjd_klZgkdmx]hkm^Zjkl\_ggmx[b[ebhl_dm\ij_^v^h

hj]ZgbaZpbb^hklZ\dbh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\baLmjdj_ki m[ebdb\Jhkkbckdmx

p_gljZevgmxdgb`gmxiZeZlm

H[f_g\hah[gh\b e kyebrv kimklyf_kypZ²

fZy]h^Z

>h]h^ZJhkkbckdZyp_gljZevgZydgb`gZyiZeZlZiulZeZkvj_]bkljbjh\Zlv\

©Dgb`ghce_lhibkbªba^Zgbyg_lhevdhJKNKJghbkhxaguoj_kim[ebdH^gZdh

\_klbwlmjZ[hlmm^h\e_l\hjbl_evgh_cg_m^Zehkvohlyg_dhlhjuomki_oh\\wlhf

gZijZ\e_gbbhgZb^h[beZkv<]h^m_kh\_sZgb_^bj_dlhjh\dgb`guoiZeZl\

k\h_fihklZgh\e_gbbhlf_lbehg_h[oh^bfhklvkha^Zgby\dZ`^hcj_kim[ebd_

dgb`ghciZeZlubj_kim[ebdZgkdh]hhj]ZgZi_qZlghcj_]bkljZpbb

Wlh

ihklZgh\e_gb_[uehh^h[j_gh<k_khxagufkh\_sZgb_f=eZ\gZmdkhklhy\rbfky\

OZjvdh\_Zij_ey]h^Z<khhl\_lkl\bbkwlbfJPDIk]h^ZklZeZ

j_]bkljbjh\Zlv\k\h_f`mjgZe_©D gb`gZye_lhibkvªi_qZlgmxijh^mdpbx

\uoh^ys mxlhevdhgZl_jjblhjbbJKNKJ

D]h^mm`_kms_kl\h\Zehiylv

dgb`guo iZeZl\JKNKJMKKJ;KKJKKJ=jmabbKKJ:jf_gbb baZdZgqb\ZeZkv

hj]ZgbaZpbyr_klhc²\:a_j[Zc^`ZgkdhcKKJWlbiZeZlu^he`gu[uebba^Z\Zlv

k\hbdgb`gu_e_lhibkbGhebrvMdjZbgkdZyb;_ehjmkkdZyiZeZlu\uihegyeb

\haeh`_ggmxgZgboaZ^ZqmHklZevgu_iZeZlug_kijZ\bebkvkg_xbwlhly`_eh

hljZabehkvgZ[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdhcjZ[hl_Hlgug_\jZkihjy`_gbb[b[ebh]jZnh\

ijba\Zgguoke_^blvaZdgb]Zfb\uoh^ysbfb\khxaguoj_kim[ebdZog_[ueh

_^bgh]h[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdh]hhj]ZgZbfijboh^behkvihevah\Zlvkyfgh]bfb

dgb`gufbe_lhibkyfbijbwlhfh`b^Zlvdh]^ZgZqgml\uoh^blv\k\_le_lhibkb

^jm]boj_kim[ebdIjblZdbomkeh\byohiheghl_j_]bkljZpbbijhba\_^_gbci_qZlb

KKKJg_fh]eh[ulvbj_qbHldZahl\k_khxa

112

gh]hfZkrlZ[Z©Dgb`ghce_lhibkbªg_khfg_gghmom^rbekhklhygb_]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc

[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdhcj_]bkljZpbb

<]\ihjy^hd^gy\klZeZaZ^ZqZbaf_g_gbyly`_eh]hiheh`_gbykha^Z\r_]hky\

^_e_]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdhcj_]bkljZpbbijhba\_^_gbci_qZlbKKKJ

Wlhb[ueh\uiheg_ghiml_fih^ibkZgbygZfKh\_sZgbbij_^klZ\bl_e_cdgb`guo

iZeZl:a_j[Zc^`Zgkdhc:jfygkdhc;_ehjmkkdhc=jmabgkdhcLmjdf_gkdhcb

Ma[_dkdhcaZbkdexq_gb_fMdjZbgkdhc

lj_lv_]hihkq_lmgh\h]h^h]h\hjZgZ

]h^<k_]h[uehaZdexq_gh^h]h\hjh\_^bghh[jZaghcnhjfu<bxe_]h^Z[ue

ih^ibkZg^h]h\hjbkMdjZbgkdhcdgb`ghciZeZlhc<p_ehfihemqbeZkvp_eZykbkl_fZ

^h]h\hjh\gZhkgh\Zgbbdhlhjhcdhfie_dlh\h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\JKNKJ

iheguobgZgZpbhgZevguoyaudZoj_kim[ebdh[f_gb\ZebkvgZdhfie_dlh\ba

^jm]bokhxaguoj_kim[ebdiheguobg_iheguoLZdh\u[uebblh]b]h^Z

²i_jbh^ZfZdkbfZevgh]hjZa\blbybklZ[bebaZpbb^h]h\hjh\b^h]h\hjguo

hlghr_gbcf_`^mJPIDbDgb`gufbiZeZlZfbkhxaguoj_kim[ebdWlb^h]h\hju

m`_[he__g_i_j_aZdexqZebkvbijhehg]bjh\Zebkv\iehlv^hhdhgqZgby^_ckl\by\k_c

kbkl_fu^h]h\hjh\\p_ehfl_^h]\dexqbl_evgh<²]h^Zo

^h]h\hjguckihkh[ijh^he`Ze[he__bebf_g__ghjfZevghnmgdpbhgbjh\Zlvho\Zlb\

iheghklvx\k_j_kim[ebdbKh\_lkdh]hKhxaZ

<dhgp_]h^Z[ueZaZ\_jr_gZhj]ZgbaZpbyDgb`ghciZeZluMa[_dbklZgZdhlhjZy

kyg\Zjy]h^ZgZqZeZk\hx^_yl_evghklv<k_gly[j_]h^ZijbklmibeZd

jZ[hl_Dgb`gZyiZeZlZLmjdf_gkdhcKKJ<]h^mgZqZeb\uoh^blv\k\_l

dgb`gu_e_lhibkb:a_j[Zc^`ZgZ=jmabbb:jf_gbb;b[ebh]jZnbq_kdZyjZ[hlZ\

khxaguoj_kim[ebdZoihkl_i_gghjZa\b\ZeZkvbdj_ieZ<k_wlhg_fh]ehg_hdZaZlv

[eZ]hl\hjgh]h\ebygbygZmemqr_gb_ihklZgh\db]hkm^ Zjkl\_gghc[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdhc

j_]bkljZpbbbkhxaguoj_kim[ebdgZmkbe_gb_jhebbagZq_gby\wlhf^_e_kbkl_fu

h[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZGh^h]h\hjgZynhjfZihemq_gbyihke_^gboy\gh[ueZ

g_^hklZlhqghgZ^_`gZbm[_^bl_evgZM`_g_wlbfiml_fgZ^h[uehj_rZlvaZ^Zqm

kh[bjZgbyh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\kba^Zgbc\k_okhxaguoj_kim[ebdGZkf_gm

^h]h\hjm^he`_g[ueijbclbaZdhgh[_ki_qb\Zxsbc[_amkeh\gmx^hklZ\dm

h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\\\Z`g_crb_dgb]hojZgbebsZkljZguAZsbsZlv

^h]h\hjgucf_lh^dZdwlh^_eZeZJPDIgZhfKh\_sZgbbdgb`guoiZeZl

klZgh\behkv\k_lj m^g__bljm^g__l_f[he__qlhIjZ\bl_evkl\hKKKJm`_k]h^Z

gZqZeh^Z\Zlvhl^_evgufmqj_`^_gbyfijZ\hgZihemq_gb_h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\

kh\k_cl_jjblhjbbKKKJ

LZdbfh[jZahfkha^Zehkviheh`_gb_ijbdhlhjhf

bf_ebkv\k_hkgh\ZgbyklZ\blv\hijhkhaZf_g_^h]h\hjgh]hkihkh[Zkh[bjZgby

h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\^_dj_lguf

H[_ki_qb\Zyijbihfhsb^h]h\hjh\k\hbbgl_j_kubbgl_j_ku\Z`g_crbo[b[ebhl_d

Kh\_lkdh]hKhxaZJhkkbckdZyp_gljZevgZydgb`gZyiZeZlZg_ij_djZsZeZ[hjv[uaZ

aZdhgh^Zl_evgh_hnhjfe_gb_

113

\k_khxaghckbkl_fuh[yaZl_evgh]hwda_fieyjZJmdh\h^kl\hiZeZlukqblZehqlh

jZ^bdZevgufjZaj_r_gb_fwlh]h\hijhkZ[ueh[uij_h[jZah\Zg b___\Dgb`gmx

iZeZlmKKKJ<k_k\hbihiuldb^h[blvky\k_khxaghc[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdhc

j_]bkljZpbbbklZlbklbq_kdh]hmq_lZijhba\_^_gbci_qZlbJhkkbckdZyp_gljZevgZy

dgb`gZyiZeZlZkljhbeZgZkha^Zgbbkljh]hp_gljZebah\Zgghckbkl_fuZ

gZpbhgZevgmx]hkm^Zjkl\_ggmx[b[ebh]jZnbx\khxaguoj_kim[ebdZokqblZeZ

g_h[oh^bfufkh\_jr_gghebd\b^bjh\ZlvIZeZlZ^h[b\ZeZkv^hklb`_gbyk\h_c

p_eb^\mfyimlyfbhgZijyfhklZ\beZwlhl\hijhkZj]mf_glbjmy_]h]eZ\guf

h[jZahfiehobfkhklhygb_f^_eZ[b[ebh]jZnbb\khxaguoj_kim[ebdZo b

g_p_e_khh[jZaghklvx__^_p_gljZebah\Zggh]hjZa\blbyhgZklj_fbeZkvdg_c

hkms_kl\e_gb _k[hjZb jZkkuedbih[b[ebhl_dZfh[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\kh

aZ\_jr_gb_ex[h]hbawlboiml_c_kl_kl\_gghijb\_eh[uihkl_i_gghbebkjZamd

ij_\jZs_gbxJhkkbckdhcp_gljZevghcdgb`ghciZeZlu\Dgb`gmxiZeZlmKKKJ

Ghmqblu\Zyqlh\l_]h^ugZpbhgZevgZy[b[ebh]jZnby\khxaguoj_kim[ebdZo

_s_g_[ueZhj]Zgbah\ZgZijbgylb_ih^h[gh]hj_r_gbyaZlhjfhabeh[u__

jZa\blb_Zfh`_l[ulv^Z`_iheghklvx_]hijbhklZgh\behLZdZyihabpby

Dgb`ghciZeZluijhlb\hj_qbeZkh\_lkdhcgZpbhgZevghciheblbd_dhlhjZy

^bdlh\ZeZg_h[oh^bfhklvhj]ZgbaZpbbdgb`guoiZeZlbj_]bkljZpbb

ijhba\_^_gbci_qZlb\dZ`^hckhxaghcj_kim[ebd_b[hlhevdhiml_f

^_p_gljZebaZpbbfh]eZ[ulvhkms_kl\e_gZaZ^ZqZkha^ZgbykhpbZebklbq_kdhcih

kh^_j`ZgbxbgZpbhgZevghcihnhjf_]hkm^Zjkl\_gghc[b[ebh]jZnbb\khxaguo

j_kim[ebdZoy\eyx s_ckyg_hlt_fe_fhcqZklvxdmevlmjugZjh^Zg_lhevdh

hljZ`Zxs_cwl mdmevlmjmghbkh^_ckl\mxs_c__^Zevg_cr_f mjZa\blbx

IhklZgh\dm[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdh]h^_eZ\j_kim[ebdZog_evay[uehhl^_eylvhlbo

h[s_ohayckl\_ggh]hh[s_dmevl mjgh]hjZa\blbybjhklZdgb]hba^Zl_evkdhc

^_yl_evghklbAZ^ZqZaZdexqZeZkvg_\ebd\b^Zpbb[b[ebh]jZn bq_kdhcjZ[hlugZ

f_klZoZ\__\k_f_jghfjZa\blbbbmdj_ie_gbbLhevdhijbwlhfmkeh\bb

\hafh`gh[uehkha^Zgb_h[s_khxaghc[b[ebh]jZnbbjZa\b\Zxs_cky

h^gh\j_f_gghbiZjZee_evghkjZa\blb_fgZpbhgZevguoj_kim[ebdZgkdbo

[b[ebh]jZnbcF_`^ml_fjmdh\h^bl_ebJhkkbckdhcp_gljZevghcdgb`ghc

iZeZlubkoh^ylhevdhba\j_f_gguog_iheZ^hdkhj]ZgbaZpb_c

[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdhcjZ[hlu\khxaguo j_kim[ebdZokh\_jr_gg h_kl_kl\_gguob

g_ba[_`guogZjZgg_fwlZi_bojZa\blbydh]^ZDgb`gZyiZeZlZMKKJ[ueZ

_^bgkl\_gghciZeZlhcdjhf_JKNKJbgZkqblu\ZeZ\k_]hebrvh^bg]h^

kms_kl\h\Zgby^_eZebbawlh]hiheblbq_kdbg_ijZ\bevguc\u\h^h

g_p_e_khh[jZaghklbkha^Zgby\khxaguoj_kim[ebdZok\hbo[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdbo

p_gljh\²dgb`guoiZeZlbba^Zgbybfbk\hbokZfhklhyl_evguoj_]bkljZpbhggh

[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdbohj]Zgh\

Wlbfbh[tykgy_lkylhqlhKh\_lkdh_ijZ\bl_evkl\hdZd[m^_lihdZaZgh^Zevr_

ij_^eh`_ggh_Jhkkbckdhcp_gljZevghcdgb`ghciZeZlhcj_r_gb_wlh]h\hijhkZ

hldehgbehaZdhghf_jghhlghky\hijhku[b[ebh]jZnbb b h[yaZl_evgh]h

wda_fieyjZddhfi_l_gpbbhl^_evguokhxaguoj_kim[ebd<k_oh^ZlZckl\ZIZeZlu

gZijhly`_gbb²]]hij_h[jZah\Zgbb__\Dgb`g mxiZeZlmKKKJ[ueb

[_amki_rgufbGh gZjy^_kh\_sZgbc_c\k_`_m^Zehkvihemqblvih^^_j`dm__

lhqdbaj_gbyLZd\ghy[j_]h^Zki_pbZevgh_kh\_sZgb_kha\Zggh_

ih^hl^_ehfi_qZlbPDJDI[aZkemrZ\^hdeZ^^bj_dlhjZJPDIGNYgbpdh]h

hkhklhygbbJPDIijbagZehp_e_khh[jZagufkha^Zgb_h[s_khxaghcDgb`ghc

114

iZeZluijbIj_ab^bmf_PBDKKKJij_^hklZ\b\j_r_gb_wlh]h\hijhkZ

Kh\_sZgbxgZjdhfh\ijhk\_s_gbykhxaguoj_kim[ebdH^gh\j_f_gghkwlbf

Dgb`ghciZeZl_[uehij_^eh`_ghkhklZ\blvijh_dlkhhl\_lkl\mxs_]h

ihklZgh\e_gbybijh_dliheh`_gbyh\k_khxaghcDgb`ghciZeZl_gZhkgh\_

b^_heh]bq_kdh]hjmdh\h^kl\Zbhlq_lghklb_zi_j_^Kh\_sZgb_fgZjdhfh\

ijhk\_s_gbybij_^klZ\blvlZdh\u_\dhee_]bxGZjdhfijhkZ

GZkhklhy\r_fky\kdhj_²^_dZ[jy]²fkh\_sZgbbgZjdhfh\

p_gljZevghcdgb`ghciZeZlu\Dgb`gmx iZeZlmKKKJª\dhlhjhfhg^Ze

hljbpZl_evgmxoZjZdl_jbklbdmkhklhygby^_eZ[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdhcj_]bkljZpbbb

h[yaZl_evgZyj_]bkljZpbyihklZ\e_gZh[jZaph\hJhkkbckdhcp_gljZevghcdgb`ghc

iZeZlhc

<^jm]boj_kim[ebdZoKhxaZh[yaZl_evgZyj_]bkljZpbybebg_\_^_lky

\h\k_AKNKJbebihklZ\e_gZg_m^h\e_l\hjbl_evghMKKJ

;b[ebh]jZnbq_kdZyj_]bkljZpbyba^ZgbcgZkljZgbpZo`mjgZeZkijZ\hqgbdZ

KlZlbklbdZijhba\_^_gbci_qZlb\_^_lkylhevdh\JKNKJJhkkbckdhc

p_gljZevghcdgb`ghciZeZlhcª

?^bgkl\_gguc\uoh^bakha^Z\r_]hky

dgb`gmxiZeZlm[m^msmxP_gljZevg mxdgb`gmxiZeZlmKKKJbaih^qbg_gby

GZjdhfijhkZJKNKJ\\_^_gb_Ij_ab^bmfZPBDZKKKJ ªIh_]hfg_gbx

h[yaZl_evghcj_]bkljZpbb^ey\k_ooj_kim[ebdhliZeZ[ugZ^h[ghklv\

dgb`guo iZeZlZohl^_evguoj_kim[ebdZlZd`_g_h[oh^bfhklvhl^_evguo

j_]bkljZpbhggh[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdbohj]Zgh\ª<kemqZ_`_khojZg_gbyiZeZl

h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\^eydgb]hojZgbebsf_klgh]hagZq_gbydhgljheygZ^

iheghlhc^hklZ\dbh[s_khxaguoh[yaZl_evguo wda_fieyjh\\h\lhjhfkemqZ_k

ih^qbg_gb_fP_gljZevghcdgb`ghciZeZl_KKKJª

Kh\_sZgb_gZjdhfh\ijhk\_s_gby\ijbgpbi_kh]eZkbehkvkg_h[oh^bfhklvx

hkms_kl\eylv\h\k_khxaghffZkrlZ[_kh[bjZgb_h[yaZl_evguowda_fieyjh\b

[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdmxj_]bkljZpbxijhba\_^_gbci_qZlbghijbgyehj_r_gb_

qlh[uwlmjZ[hlm\_eZJhkkbckdZyp_gljZevgZydgb`gZyiZeZlZhklZxsZykyih

ij_`g_fm\\_^_gbbGZjh^gh]hdhfbkkZjbZlZijhk\_s_gbyJKNKJDgb`gu_

iZeZlukhxaguo j_kim[ebdijbwlhfkhojZgyebkv

LZdbfh[jZahf\hijhkh

p_gljZebaZpbbbeb^_p_gljZebaZpbb]hkm^ Zjkl\_gghc[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdhc

j_]bkljZpbbgZr_e_^bgkl\_gghijZ\bevgh_\lh\j_fyj_r_gb_Kh]eZkghgh\hfm

GZjdhfijhkhfZ\]mklZ]h^ZaZg_c[uebkhojZg_guebrvnmgdpbbgZmqgh

[b[ebh]jZnbq_kdh]hp_gljZJKNKJbbf_ggh\wlhfgZijZ\e_gbb[uehgZf_q_gh

^Zevg_cr__jZa\blb_bm]e m[e_gb___jZ[hlu

K]h^Zhlf_qZ_lkymkbe_gb_khijhlb\e_gbykhklhjhgudgb`guoiZeZl^j m]bo

j_kim[ebdhkh[_gghMKKJklj_fe_gby fJPDIaZgylv

§§ 1-5.