Holik H. (ed.) Handbook of Paper and Board

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

References

1 Omya Paper Handbook, Klauser Weibel

Design, Zürich 2005.

2 P. Oittinen, H. Saarelma, Papermaking

Science and Technology, Book 13, Printing

Fapet Oy, Helsinki 1999.

3 E. Lehtinen, Papermaking Science and Tech-

nology, Book 11, Pigment Coating and Sur-

face Sizing of Paper, ISBN 952-5216-00-4

Fapet Oy, Helsinki 1999.

4 BASF Brochure of International Coating

Seminar, Ludwigshafen 05.2001.

5 N. Willenbacher, H. Hanciogullari, TAPPI

1997 Advanced Coating Fundamentals Sym-

posium Notes, TAPPI Press, Atlanta.

6 R. L. Kearney, H. W. Maurer, Starch and

Starch Products in Paper Coating, TAPPI

Press, Atlanta 1990.

7 H. Paulapuru, Papermaking and Technology,

Book 18, Paper and Board Grades, ISBN

952-5216-00-4 Fapet Oy, Helsinki 1999.

8 Preprints of 21

PTS Coating Symposium,

Sept. 16

-19

, 2003 at Baden-Baden.

9 R. Etzel, L.-H. Olsson, V. Elovaara, OptiS-

pray – the new improved coating technol-

ogy and the first production results, Das

Papier, 2004-T53pp

10 J. Schölkopf, P. A. C. Gane, The moment

ink contacts the surface: a fresh look at the

absorption dynamic into coated paper, Das

Papier, 2004-T26pp.

11 J. E. Levlin, L. Söderhjelm, Papermaking

Science and Technology, Book 17, Pulp

and Paper Testing, Fapet Qy, Helsinki

1999.

Fig. 7.30 Worldwide usage of all coated mechanical paper

grades for printing.

Fig. 7.31 Worldwide usage of coated fine paper grades for

printing.

References

382

Finishing

Herbert Holik

In a paper mill the process steps after the paper machine, i.e. reel slitting and roll

packaging, format cutting and packaging of the formatted sheets, in a wider sense

also offline calendering, and sometimes offline coating, can be summarized under

the term finishing. Reel-slitting converts the large parent reels from the paper

machine into suitable size rolls, to be delivered to the (external) customer after

being adequately packed, or for further in-house processes such as sheet cutting.

The input into the sheet cutter is pre-cut reels of up to 2.5 m. The sheet cutter cuts

the web into individual sheets, i.e. cuts the web first in MD and then in CD. The

individual sheets are piled automatically and packed. Reel slitting as well as roll

wrapping and handling will be described in the next two sections.

8.1

Reel-Slitting

Rüdiger Feldmann

8.1.1

Objective and General Description of Reel-slitting

The objective of reel-slitting is to convert the large parent reels (machine reels,

jumbo reels) from the paper machine into suitable size rolls which can be either

sent directly to the end-user, e. g. a printer, or receive further mill-internal treat-

ment such as sheeting.

The machine on which reel slitting is done is commonly called a winder. Basi-

cally, winders consist of equipment for parent roll change, an unwind station for

the parent rolls, a slitting station and a rewind station.

The rolls have to be free from defects (Fig. 8.1) such as:

• soft centers

• bursts

• corrugations/rope marks

• crepe wrinkles

• dishing

Handbook of Paper and Board. H. Holik (Ed.)

ISBN: 3-527-30997-7

383

• dust

• concave or convex faces.

These kinds of defects may disturb the subsequent working steps in or outside the

mill and may reduce the quality e.g. in printing or the productivity. The roll quality

ultimately determines the mill’s reputation with its customers and so the winding

process is very important.

Winders have a series of basic operations in common, e.g. unwinding, slitting,

reel and set change etc. These operations will be reviewed in the following. Later,

special attention will be paid to the various winder types and their suitability for

obtaining optimum winding results for the main paper grades.

Though various slitting techniques are available, e.g. water jet slitting and laser

slitting, most of the winders make use of the tangential shear slitting technique.

With this method, the web is cut between two edge-contacting circular knives, the

top slitter blade and the bottom slitter blade. In order to achieve optimum slitting

results, the cut point should be located at the beginning of the wrap, i.e. the area

where the web contacts the bottom band. The depth with which the blade should

incise into the web depends on the paper grade and ranges between 0.5 and

2.5 mm with 1.5 mm being a normal depth. The overlap of the top blade and the

bottom blade should be between 0.5 and 2.5 mm, the exact amount depending

again on the grade of the paper to be slit. Furthermore it is recommended that the

top blade exerts a light side load in the range of 20 to 45 N on the bottom blade.

Since the bottom bands wear, counter measures have to be taken in order to avoid

the cutting nip opening up, resulting in band wobble, so called slitter run out. The

speed with which the bottom blade is driven is yet another decisive factor. As a

Fig. 8.1 Various roll defects (source: Voith).

8 Finishing

384

rule, this blade is driven at a speed that is somewhat higher (2 to 3%) than the

running speed of the web.

With an improper setting of the blades, the slitter often generates dust but even

under optimum conditions, slitter dust cannot always be avoided and hence suc-

tion devices are installed to remove the dust.

The pair of knives must be accurately positioned so as to obtain precisely the

desired format for the sheets. Various solutions exist in this respect. Figure 8.2

shows one example: The apparatus for positioning has slides displaceable along

guides and a belt with oppositely moving stretches as the belt is moved in a single

direction. A coupling between the belt stretches and the slide can be actuated to

press against one or the other stretch or pass of the belt to couple it with the slide.

The coupling also has a cylinder-and-piston to lock the slide by clamping it against

its guide when the proper position is reached. Positioning can be carried out man-

ually, semi-automatically or in a fully automated manner.

After slitting, the partial webs have to be separated. Any overlap is unacceptable.

The extent of separation is 0.2 to 0.5 mm. In order to achieve proper separation,

winders are featured with a spreader device consisting, as a rule, of two spreader

rolls arranged parallel to each other (Fig. 8.3).

The following provides an overview of the main technical data of current

winders:

• parent rolls:

– max. width 11.000 mm

– max. diameter 4.500 mm

– max. weight 135 t

Fig. 8.2 Positioning system for slitters (source: Voith).

8.1 Reel-Slitting

385

• finished rolls:

– min. width 150 mm

– max. width 5.000 mm

– max. diameter 1.800 mm, paper grades

2.500 mm, board grades

– max. weight 10 t

• max. working speed 3.000 m min

–1

• max. availability 99 %

8.1.2

The Different Winder Types and Their Suitability for the Various Paper Grades

8.1.2.1 Classical Two-drum Winders

The rewind station of a classical two-drum winder consists of a first and a second

steel drum forming a winding bed wherein the set of rolls is wound side-by-side,

and a rider roll. The two-drum winder uses tension, nip load and torque as wind-

ing parameters.

The first parameter “tension” is necessary to get the single web-sheets spread

and to give them a basic strain at the front drum. The amount of tension needs to

be in the range of the elasticity of the web. A programmable tension curve is one

basic instrument to influence the roll quality.

The second parameter, “torque”, is another tool for controlling the “wound-in-

tension” or the density of the rolls. Increasing torque tightens the rolls. The torque

is introduced by the second drum which is not wrapped by the paper. Therefore the

second drum is torque controlled.

The first drum (wrapped drum) is a speed controlled drum.

The third parameter, “nip load in the winding bed”, results from the weight of

the roll set and the rider roll load. At the beginning of the winding process, the

weight of the rolls is not sufficient to produce the required line load for introduc-

ing additional torque by the second drum. Hence it is the rider roll placed on top of

Fig. 8.3 Web separation device (source: Voith).

8 Finishing

386

the roll set which provides the required nip load. As the diameter of the rolls

grows, the pressure exerted by the rider roll is decreased. Finally, the rider roll

serves only as means of keeping the set in the winding bed, for instance in the case

of vibrations (Fig. 8.4).

All of these parameters influence each other and have to be carefully adapted to

the different paper grades.

Classical two-drum winders are used for winding

• cigarette paper

• corrugated medium

• decor paper

• filter paper

• kraftliner

• test liner

• uncoated board.

8.1.2.2 Modified Two-drum Winders

The two-drum winder is often called the “work-horse” among the winders on

account of its easy set-up combined with high productivity and efficiency and its

initial investment cost being lower than with the single-drum winder. The classical

two-drum winder is an economic solution but its technological limitation is the

uncontrollable nip loads that necessarily occur when the roll diameters get above

nip-load critical limits, with the consequent risk of roll defects. To overcome this

drawback and to achieve low-intensity controlled nip pressures various modifica-

tions have been developed.

Modified two-drum winders are in use for the following grades:

• coated board

• directory paper

• envelope paper

Fig. 8.4 Two-drum winder with steel drums (source: Voith).

8.1 Reel-Slitting

387

• LWC paper

• newsprint paper (standard and improved grades)

• SC offset paper

• silicone base paper

• woodfree coated and uncoated paper.

8.1.2.2.1 Two-drum Winders with Air Relief

The two-drum winder with air relief is equipped with a pressure box arranged

underneath the winding bed and extending over its entire length. Compressed air

fed through this box defines a compressed air cushion in the roller bed and coun-

teracts the weight of the rolls. Since the supporting area increases with increasing

roll diameters (the supported roll surface gets bigger with growing roll diameter), a

rather low pressure (< 10 kPa) is sufficient to effectively relieve the set of rolls

(Fig. 8.5).

8.1.2.2.2 Two-drum Winders with Belt Support

This variant of the two-drum winder family consists of a drum and a belt bed to

support the roll set. As the roll diameter exceeds a certain diameter, the weight of

the roll set is partially transferred to the belt bed whereby the specific pressure in

the nip is reduced (Fig. 8.6).

Fig. 8.5 Two-drum winder with air relief (source: Voith).

8 Finishing

388

8.1.2.2.3 Two-drum Winders with Soft Covered Drums

The purpose of covering the drums with a soft material is to make the nips wider,

thus reducing the radial stress between the rolls and the drums to a level where

even with heavy rolls no nip load-induced defects can occur.

The deformation of the covers in the nip especially at the first, i.e. “wrapped

drum”, avoids roll defects such as corrugations and rope marks and allows wind-

ing of defect-free rolls with a larger diameter (Fig. 8.7).

Fig. 8.6 Two-drum winder with belt support (source: Metso).

Fig. 8.7 Comparison of a two-drum winder with soft covered drums

with a two-drum winder with steel drums (source: Voith).

8.1 Reel-Slitting

389

8.1.2.3 Single-drum Winders

The characteristic of single-drum winders – also called multi-station winders – is

that each paper roll is supported on a common center drum, yet is wound in a

separate station. Since the rolls are held by core chucks on both sides, they have to

be arranged alternately on either side of the single-drum at approximately 11 and 1

o’clock positions (Fig. 8.8). As a consequence, the weight of the rolls is partly

supported by the center drum and partly by the core chucks – the proportion can

be freely selected. The 11 and 1 o’clock arrangement is used for winding wide rolls

(normally of width 4.320 mm) of high density paper with a need for a very tight

core winding to get the roll stiff enough for the further production process, e.g.

printing. A tight core winding is achieved by connecting the core chucks to an

electrical motor which leads its torque via core-chucks directly to the core of the

wound roll.

In special cases, 9 and 3 o’clock positions are also used (Fig. 8.9). This arrange-

ment is used for paper grades with surfaces that are very sensitive to high nip

loads. Due to the position of the rolls during the winding process the nip load can,

theoretically, be reduced to zero. The necessary torque for tight core-winding is

created by the center torque motor.

Modern single-drum winders are core-, periphery- and rider-roll supported

winders. The main parameters influencing winding are web tension, nip load (by

rider roll load or core-chuck carriage load) and torque. At the beginning of the

winding process, rider rolls are placed against the cores so as to produce the re-

quired nip load or to avoid bending of wide cores due to web tension. When the

diameter of the rolls has reached a certain value, the rider rolls are no longer

necessary. The desired nip load is then obtained by the roll weight alone or by the

relief pressure of the core-chuck carriages. Therefore, the rider rolls are disabled or

pivoted downwards in order to support the wound rolls from below.

The grades to be wound on single-drum winders are:

• carbon copy paper – winder as in Fig. 8.9

• cast coated paper – winder as in Fig. 8.9

• LWC paper – winder as in Fig. 8.8

• SC rotogravure paper – winder as in Fig. 8.8

Fig. 8.8 Single-drum winder – finished rolls at 11 and 1

o’clock positions (source: Voith).

8 Finishing

390

• silicone treated paper – winder as in Fig. 8.9

• thermal paper – winder as in Fig. 8.9.

8.1.3

Automatic Functions

The productivity of a winder is a function of its speed, its acceleration rate and its

necessary stop times for set-change or reel-spool change. The stop times can be

reduced by using automatic functions. To that end, equipment and controls have

been developed which abridge the following functions:

• reel changing

• reel splicing

• web threading

• slitter positioning

• core inserting

• core gluing

• automatic set-change

• web cutting

• tail gluing

• roll ejecting

• automatic stop at wind-up and unwind-diameter.

Furthermore, diagnostic functions are available that help the operator to quickly

detect the cause of problems on the winder and in the paper:

• automatic stop at detected paper faults (holes, edge-cracks etc.)

• extended help messages if winding process discontinues

• run-time messages for preventive maintenance.

Fig. 8.9 Single-drum winder – finished rolls at 9 and 3 o’clock

positions (source: Voith).

8.1 Reel-Slitting

391