Inversin R. Allen Micro-hydropower Sourcebook
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107. C.C. Wamick, “Ungaged Streams: Estimating
Hydrologic Flow,” Hydro Review (Hydro Consul-
tants, Inc., 755 Bolyston St., Suite 707, Boston,
MA 02116), Vol. IV, No. 1, Spring 1985.
108. Garry Whitby, “Heat Storage Cookers, The
Norwegian Experience and Indications for Imple-
mentation in Developing Countries,” ITIS, Sep-
tember 1981.
109. H.G. Wilm and H.C. Storey, “Velocity-head Rod
Calibrated for Measuring Stream Flow,” Civil
Engineering, Vol. 14, pp. 475-476, 1944.
110. John F. Wood, personal correspondence, Ennisty-
man, Ireland, May 5, 1981.
111. J.L. Woodward and J.T. Boys, “Electronic Load
Governor for Small Hydro Plants,” Water Power
and Dam Construction, July 1980, pp. 37-39.
OTHER REFERENCES
----, Design of Small Dams, U.S. Dept. of the Interior,
Bureau of Reclamation, Washington, D.C. 1974 (avail-
able from Burec
for
$14.25, stock number 2403-00089;
or
from GPO).
---, Handbook of Steel Drainage and Highway Con-
struction Products, American Iron and Steel Institute
(1000 16th Street, NW, Washington, DC 200361, 197i.
-----, “PCA Soil Primer,” Engineering Bulletin, PCA,
1973.
---, “Small Concrete Gravity Retaining Walls,” PCA,
1983.
----, Small Hydropower in Africa, Proceedings of a
workshop held in Mbabane, Swaziland, June 20-24, 1983,
NRECA.
----, Small-Scale Hydropower in Africa, Proceedings
of
a workshop held in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, March l-5,
1982, NRECA (also available in French).
--, “Soil-Cement Construction Handbook,”
Engineering Bulletin, PCA, 1979.
-, “Soil-Cement for Facing Slopes and Lining
Channels, Resevoirs, and Lagoons,” PCA, 1984.
-, Steel Pipe Design and Installation, AWWA Manual
Mll, American Water Works Association (6666 West
Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235), 1964.
112. Chilton A. Wright and Clifford A. Betts, “Flash-
Board Pins,” Transactions of the American
Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 105, pp. 1412-
1444, ASCE, 1940.
113. Robert D. Yoder, Energy Storage for Domestic
Cooking in Nepal (thesis), Cornell University
(Ithaca, NY 148531, 1981.
114. Robert D. Yoder and G.E. Rehkugler, “Energy
Storage for Domestic Cooking in Nepal,” (1981
Annual Meeting, North Atlantic Region, of the
America Society of Agricultural Engineers,
Brock University, St. Catherines, Ontario,
Canada), 1981.
115. Robert Yoder, personal correspondence, Argali,
Nepal.
Cohn R. Elliot (ea.), Small Hydropower for Asian Rural
Development, Proceedings
of
a workshop held in
Bangkok, Thailand, June 8-12, 1981, NRECA, 1983.
K.C. Ford (ed.), Plastics Piping Manual, Plastics Pipe
Institute (355 Lexington Ave., New York, NY 100171,
1976.
P. Greenwood and P. Robinson, Small Scale Hydropower
in Papua New Guinea, Dept. of Electrical and Commun-
ication Eaeering, UNlTECH, Papua New Guinea,
1982.
Drummond Hislop, Upgrading Micro Hydro in Sri Lanka,
Case Study 2, ITDG, 1986
L. Jajmg and J. Arneaud Clarke, Survey of Microhydro
Schemes in Pindiu Area, November 1981, Departmental
Report No. l/82, Dept.
of
Electrical and Communica-
tion Engineering, UNITECH, 1981.
Jagdish Lal, Hydraulic and Fluid Mechanics, Metropoli-
tan Book Co. Pvt. Ltd. (1 Netaji Subhas Marg, Delhi
110006, Indial, 1984.
Walter D. Lawrence, “Karawa Integrated Rural Devel-
opment Project, Evaluation of OPG Project Proposal for
USAID/Kinshasa,”
March 21, 1978.
Dermot ‘McGuigan, Harnessing Water Power for Home
Energy, Garden Way Publishing Co. (Charlotte, VT
054451, 1978.
J.
George
Butler, How to Build and Operate Your Own
Small Hydroelectric Plant, Tab Books Inc. (Blue Ridge
Summit, PA 172141, 1982.
Bernard Miller, Manual for Calculation of Check Dams,
Swiss Association for Technical Assistance (P.O. Box
113, Kathmandu, Nepal), September 1979.
References 281
ACRONYMS AND ADDRRSSRS
ASCE
ASE
Burec
GATE
GPO
JTDG
ITIS
American Society of Civil Engineers
345 East 47th Street
New York, NY 10017-2398
Alternative Sources of Energy, Inc.
107 S. Central Avenue
Milaca,
MN
56353
Bureau of Reclamation
Attn: D-922
P.O. Box 25007
Denver, CO 80225-0007
German Appropriate Technology Exchange
Postfach 5180
D-6236 Eschborn 1, Fed. Rep. of Germany
U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, DC 20402
Intermediate Technology Development
Group
9 King Street
London WCZE 8HN
England, U.K.
Intermediate Technology Industrial
Services
M yson House
Railway Terrace
Rugby CV21 3HT
England, U.K.
282 References
NRECA
NTIS
A’CA
SKAT
UNITECH
VlTA
National
Rural Electric Cooperative
Association
International Programs Division
1800 Massachusetts Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20036
National Technical Information Service
U.S. Department of Commerce
5285
Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22151
Portland
Cement
Association
5420 Old Orchard Road
Skokie, Illinois 60077
Swiss Center for Appropriate Tech;~.o:cqv
VarnbGelstrasse 14
CH-9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
The PNG University of Technology
Private Mail Bag
Lae, Papua New Guinea
Volunteers in Technical Assistance
3815 N. Lynn
Street
Arlington, VA 22209
INDEX
A page number in bold-face type next to a listing indi-
cates the page on which the definition
of
that term can
be found. An index to locations of specific micro-
Abney level (see Clinometer)
Access ports,
Af terbay, 153
Air inlet valve, 76-77 (see also Air valves)
Air-release valve, 76 (see also Air valves)
-.
Air valves, 77, 86, 147, 150
Air vent , 74, 75, 76, 85-86 (see also Air valves)
Altimeter, 22, 24-25
Anchors, 74-75, 140-144
Battery storage, 217-219
Belt drives, 193-194
Blowoff, 77
Brushless generator, 223
Bucket methcd, 9, lo-11
Bulb turbines, 183, 184
Butterfly valves, 159
Canals (see Powr
CavitatiG 56-57, !a ?02
Chain drives, 194
Chute, 112
Clinometer, 22, 23-24
Collars, 84
Concrete,
preparation of, 270-271
use
for lining, 107-108
Conduits
low pressure, 71,118
Conversion tables, 265-266
Couplings, 192-194, 223
Crib dams, 83
Critical time, 133-134, 274
Crossflow turbines, 44, 178-182
setting, 56
Culvert, 7
1
designs, 116-118
Current meter, 14-15
Cylinder gates, 158, 168
Dams and weirs
dams, 48, 64
designs, 78-84
functions served, 64-67
weirs, 64
hydropower installations by country can be found in
OTHER PROJECT DRSCmONS
(p. 263).
Diameter ratio, 175
Direct coupling, 192
Direct current, 217-219, 243-244
Discharge
measurement of, 9-21
Draft tube, 56-57, 179-180
Drop intake, 94
Drop
structures, 71
designs, 11 O-l 11
?arth dams, 83-84
Efficiencies, 197 (see also specific turbine types)
Expansion ioints, 74
‘Bel!cw&type; 137
Sleeve-type, 136-137
Flashboards, 8 1
Flat belts, 193
Float method, 13
Flow
measurement of, 9-21
Flow-duration curve
definition, 30-31
determining energy and power potential, 38-42
estimating for ungaged basins, 38
implication
for
turbine selection, 42-45
Flume, 71
designs, 112-l 15
Forces on supports, anchors, and thrustblocks, 138-145
conditions for stability, 146-147, 150
reducing forces, 145-146, 148-149
Forebays
description, 72-74
designs, I 18-124
Frame and deck dams, 83
Francis turbines, 44, 182
setting, 56
Freeboard, 109, 112-l 13
Frequency, 199, 220
Friction, 157, 158
Gabions, 79
Gate valves, 158-159
Gates and valves, 68, 73, 75, 86
designs, 154-l 59
Index 283
Gear boxes, 194
Gearing ratio; 192, 206
Generators
electrical, 220-223
mechanical heat, 198, 241-242
Glory-hole spillway (see Shaft spillway)
Governing devices
load controller, 204-205
mechanical, 204
oil-pressurs governor, 203-204
purpose, 199-200
Head
measurement of, 21-25
Headrace (see Power canal)
Heat generator (see Generators, mechanical heat)
Heat storage coo=, 242-243
Hoists, 156-l 57
Hydraulic radius, 19-20, 100-104
Hydrograph, 29-30
Impulse turbine, 171
In-stream turbines (see Water-current turbines)
Intakes
dascription, 67-68
designs, 84-96
location along stream, 52-55
Inverted siphons, 7 1
designs, 115-116
Invcrter, 218-291
Irrigation
integrating with, 53-55
Isolation valve, 75, 190
Jet ratio, 175
Joints
in timber, 113-114
Joukovsky’s equation, 134
kVA, 220-221
Level, 22-23
Lining of canals, 104-108
Load controllers, 202-203
Load
factor, 218
Low-pressure conduits, 71, 118
Manning’s equation
for canal flow, 19-20
for pipe flow, 100, 102, 126
Marine thrusters, 189
Masonry, 106-107, 272-273
Mean annual flow
estimating for ungaged basins, 33-37
Minimum flow
estimating, 37-38
MPPU, 178
284 Index
Needles, 155
Gil-pressure governor, 203
Overflow spillway, 160
Overspeed, 224 (see also Runawzsy speed)
Pelton turbines, 44, 173-177
with draft tube, 57
Penstocks
basic layouts, 49-51, 65
description, 74-77
materials, 124-125
pipe diameter, 125-133
wall thickness, 133-136
Phase imbalance, 219, 224
Pipe
diameter, 125-133
thickness, 133-136
Pipe drop, 111
Pipir.a, 83
Pitch circle diameter, 174
Power
electrical, 220-222
Power canals
basic layout, 51-52
construction, 104-108
design, 96-104
drainage, 71, 108-109
freeboard and spil!ways, 71, iO+llO
profiles, 98-99
roughness coefficient, 97-98
sizing, 99-104
velocity in, 96-98
Power conduits (see also Power canals, Low-pressure
condi
component of site layout, 51-52
description, 6%72
Power equation, 4849, 56
Power factor, 222
Powerhouses
description, 77-78
designs, 147,150-l 54
location of, 56-57
Pressure losses
pipe friction, 126-l 29
pipe turbulence, 129
Prossure relief valve, 76
Propeller turbines, 44, 182-185
setting, 57
Pumps as turbines, 44, 185-187
Rating curve, 21
Reaction turbine, 171
Reducing forces, 145-146
conditions for stability, 146-147
Right-angle drive turbine, 183,184
Roughness coefficient
for canals, 97-98
for pipes, 126-127
Runaway speed, 174, 206, 223
Runner, ?71
Runoff, 34
“Run-of-rivt-r“ schemes, 64
Salt-dilutior. -. .Lhod, 10, 19
Schneider engine, 189
Seepage, 84, 105
Segner turbine, 189
Service factor, 193
Settling basins, 68, 72, 88
designs, 166-170
Shaft spillway, 160-161
Sharp-crested weir, 16
Side intake, 8?
Significant figures
meaning, 267-268
use in text, 9, 268
Single phase, 219
Siphon (see also Inverted siphons)
intake, 86
spillway, 161-162
Skimmers (see Trashrack and skimmers)
Sliding gates
designs, 155-l 58
Slope-area method, 10, 19-20
Soil
types, 269
compaction of, 104
Specific mean annual flow, 33
Specific minimum flow, 37
Specific speed, 172-173
Speed
generator, 222
Spillways, 68, 71, 73, 87-88, 109-110
designs, 159-162
Stability, conditions for, 146-147, 150
Stage-discharge method, 10, 20-21
Standardized designs, 92-93
Stilling basin, 82
stoplogs, 73
designs, 154-l 55
Storage cookers (see Heat storage cooker)
-
Support piers, 74, 138-140
Surge pressure (see Water hammer)
-
Surge tank, 76
Switchgear, 223
Tailrace, 56, 78
Thermal expansion, 74, 136-137
Thoma sigma, 184, 192
Three phase, 219
Thrustblocks, 75, 144-145
Timing belts, 194
Tirolian intake (see Drop intake)
Trashracks and skimmers, 68, 73, 88-91
Skimmers, 89, 165
Trashracks, 85, 88-89, 162-165
Tubular turbines, 183, 185
Tunnels, 69
Turbines (see &o specific turbine type)
--
impulse and reaction, 171-172
miscellaneous, 187-189
operation under new conditions, 191-192
setting, 56-57, 184, 192
specifications, 189-190
Turgo turbine, 44, 177-178
with draft tube, 57
Units of measure, 265-266
Va!ves (see Gates and valves)
V-belts,-@!3
Velocity
in a canal, 96-18
scouring, 98
Velocity-area method, 9, 11-16
Velocity-head rod, 13-14
Voltage, 199, 220
Vortices, 120-121, 163
Water-current turbines, 64, 187-189
Water hammer, 75, 133-136, 274-275
Waterwheels, 185
Wave ve!Tcity, 133, 274
Weir method, 9, 16-19
Weirs (see Dams and weir)
Well screen, 164
Wetted area, 109
Wetted perimeter, 100
Wicket gate, 183
PHOTO CREDITS
Dr.
M.
Abdullah: 10.2, 10.42, 10.44, 10.45, 10.49, 10.52,
Arturo Garrido: 6.1
10.53, 10.54
Mike Johnson: 5.46, 5.167, 6.13, 6.14, 6.15, 6.21
Broughton Coburn: 1.4, 5.161
Dale Nafziger: 10.1, 10.11, 10.13, 10.14, 13.15, 10.17,
Andreas Bachmann: 1.5, 1.6,
6.6, 6.2Z1 7.1,
7.2, 7.3
10.20, 10.21, 10.29, 10.34, 10.35, 10.37, 10.38
Peter Garman: 6.19
Robert Yoder: 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.12, 10.23-10.28,
Index 285