Kolodziejczyk Dariusz. The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania (ENG)
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524 principles of publication
While the instruments published in the present volume are ren-
dered in Cyrillic script, quotations from Cyrillic-script sources and
secondary literature, found in the introductory parts and in the foot-
notes, are rendered in a simplied Latin transcription. For the sake
of consistency, also eenth- and sixteenth-century Ruthenian texts,
quoted not aer their originals but aer nineteenth-century modern-
ized Russian editions or aer the Latin-script edition of Pułaski, were
restored to their most probable original sounding.
e rules of the simplied Latin transcription of Cyrillic texts are
as follows:
78910
Cyrillic Ruthenian
8
Modern Ukrainian Modern Belarusian Russian
а aa a a
б bb b b
в vv v v
г h
9
hhg
ґ –g – –
д dd d d
е ee e e
ё – – ë (yo)ë (yo)
є – je (ye)– –
ж ž (zh)ž (zh)ž (zh)ž (zh)
з zz z z
и y (bit)
10
y (bit) – i
і ii i –
ї – ji (yi)– –
й –j (y)j (y)j (y)
к kk k k
л l (w or l)l (w or l)l (w or l)l (w or l)
м mm m m
7
e adopted system is based on the one proposed by George Shevelov in his
Historical Phonology of the Ukrainian Language (Heidelberg, 1979), although with
a number of modications. I would like to express my warmest thanks to Andrij
Danylenko for his consultations and suggestions.
8
English sound value is provided in parentheses when dierent from the standard
English phonetic value of a given letter.
9
Also “g” in some foreign names, though the Lithuanian chancery clerks typically
rendered the consonant “g” by the digraph кг.
10
Also “i” in some proper names (e.g., Ivan or Jurij) and words of foreign, especially
Old Church Slavonic or Polish origin (e.g., biskup); in the digraph ии, the second и
is solved as “j” (y), e.g., dokončalnyj [lyst], or “i,” e.g., dokončalnyi [lysty], depending
on its phonetic value.
principles of publication 525
Cyrillic Ruthenian Modern Ukrainian Modern Belarusian Russian
н nn n n
о oo o o
п pp p p
р rr r r
с ss s s
т tt t t
у uu u u
ў –– w –
ф ff f f
х x (kh)x (kh)x (kh)x (kh)
ц c (ts)c (ts)c (ts)c (ts)
ч č (ch)č (ch)č (ch)č (ch)
ш š (sh)š (sh)š (sh)š (sh)
щ šč (shch) šč (shch) – šč (shch)
ъ unmarked ––unmarked
ы y (bit) – y (bit) y (bit)
ь ’’ ’ ’
э –– ė ė
ю ju (yu) ju (yu) ju (yu) ju (yu)
я – ja (ya) ja (ya) ja (ya)
’ – unmarked unmarked –
old Cyrillic letters (save the letters used as numerals only) and digraphs
кг g–
– –
ꙋ, оу u– – –
ѣ e– – e
11
ꙗ ja (ya)– – –
ѧ ja (ya)– – –
ѳ f– – –
ѡ o– – –
11
Every document published in this volume is provided with a brief
introductory note concerning its characteristics, extant copies, trans-
lations, and any previous publication; whenever possible, the publica-
tion has been based on original documents. Textual variation in the
copies is referred to only in instances where their reading supplements
or substantially changes the original text. If the original document is
missing, its text was reconstructed on the basis of all the extant copies.
11
e letter ѣ was commonly used before 1917 and regularly appears in old pub-
lications in Russian.
Table (cont.)
526 principles of publication
Usually the oldest and/or the most reliable copy is referred to as copy
A and serves as the basis for reconstruction.
In the published documents, the following marks and rules have
been applied:
12
italicized square brackets, thus: [] line number in the original document
square brackets, thus: [] text evidently omitted (also editor’s
explanations in translations)
[sic] most obvious grammar or spelling
mistakes
pair of lesser than, greater than
signs, thus: <>
text inserted or repeated by mistake
bold face text written in gold
12
italic face names, words, and sentences with a
problematic reading or unclear
meaning
12
Except for Document 16 which is almost entirely written in gold ink hence it
would make no sense to render its whole text in bold characters.
DOCUMENTS
DOCUMENT 1 (22 SEPTEMBER 1461–14 SEPTEMBER 1463)
e donation yarlıq sent by Khan Hadji Giray
to Grand Duke Casimir
e original document is missing.
1
Polish translation:
A. Bibl. Kórn., ms. 222, pp. 103–104.
B. Bibl. Czart., ms. 20 (Teki Naruszewicza), pp. 671–673.
Published in a) Łukasz Gołębiowski, Dzieje Polski za panowania
Ja giellonów, vol. 3: Dzieje Polski za panowania Kaźmirza, Jana Olbrachta
i Alexandra (Warsaw, 1848), pp. 230–231; b) Bohdan Barvin’skyj, “Dva
zahadočni xan’ski jarlyky na ruski zemliji z druhoji polovyny XV. stoljitja,”
in: idem, Istoryčni pryčynky. Rozvidky, zamitky i materyjaly do istoryji
Ukrajiny-Rusy, vol. 2 (L’viv, 1909), pp. 11–21, esp. pp. 16–18.
Pakta C[ara] Adzigireiowe Roku Pańskiego 1461:
a
Chadzigireia cara słowo to jest:
Od prawej i lewej ręki naszej i od wszelkiego
b
państwa naszego ułanom,
panom radom, wszelkiego Państwa Ruskiego kniaziom, czerńcom, bielcom
i wszelkim pospolitym:
Co przedtym brat nasz starszy na koniu potnym
c
do wielkiego kniazia
Witulta do Lytwy
d
w gościnę przyjeżdżał i wielką uczciwość miał, najpier-
wej Kiiow daliśmy ze wszem na wszem ku państwu Lytewskiemu,
e
bratu
naszemu wielkiemu kniaziowi Kazimierzowi. I panowie litewscy żądali nas,
i myśmy na żądanie ich to uczynili, i wedle pierwszych carów postępków, to
jest: Kiiow ze wszelkimi dochody, ziemiami, wodami, i pożytkami ich; Łuczko
z wodami, ziemiami, i ze wszelkimi pożytkami ich; Smoleńsko z wodami,
ziemiami, i ze wszelkimi pożytkami ich; Podole z wodami, ziemiami, i ze
1
e original document was probably still extant in the late 18th century, cf.
n. 34 in Part I.
a
B. Pakta Chadzigireia cara Tatarow ordy Perekopskiej.
b
In B. here and hereaer (also in plural, in all cases): wszystkiego.
c
In B. mistakenly written na koniu polnym [lit. “on a eld horse”]; Barvin’skyj
correctly suspected that it should read na koniu potnym [“on a sweating horse”];
see idem, “Dva zahadočni xan’ski jarlyky,” p. 16; on this idiomatic Tatar expression,
referring to somebody who seeks refuge from danger, see Xoroškevič, Rus’ i Krym,
p. 111. roughout this book a proposal by Leslie Collins was adopted to translate
this expression as “a horse growing sweaty [beneath him];” cf. idem, “On the alleged
‘destruction’ of the Great Horde in 1502,” p. 394.
d
B. Litwy.
e
B. Litewskiemu.
530 document 1 (22 september 1461–14 september 1463)
wszelkimi pożytkami ich; Kamieniec z wodami, ziemiami, i ze wszelkimi
pożytkami ich; Braczlaw z ziemiami, wodami, i ze wszelkimi pożytkami
ich; począwszy od Kiiowa do ujścia morza; Sczieprutezilniskiego [sic] z zie-
miami i z pożytkami ich; Zolwasz, Budała z ziemiami, wodami, i pożytkami
ich; Czernieiow z ziemiami, wodami, i pożytkami ich; Bryczienszinass
f
[sic],
Luscza, Chotmy,
g
Slenniczany [sic] z ziemiami, wodami, i pożytkami ich; Sie-
wiersky
h
Nowohrod, Rilsko z wodami, ziemiami, i ze wszemi pożytkami ich;
Rylsko [sic]; tumyen Szaraiewicza Jagalta wyssuyu
i
[sic] z ziemiami, wodami,
i pożytkami ich: Midzass, Uspuł;
j
Starodub, Bransko z ziemiami, wodami, i
ze wszemi pożytkami ich; Mychalsko, Mobutulsko, Tula z wodami, ziemiami,
i ze wszelkimi pożytkami ich; Biresta i Ratuznisko, Alibsko [sic], Burunsko,
Kulminsko i Saschonar z ziemiami, wodami, i ze wszelkimi pożytkami ich;
Japuhrad, Bałykły,
k
Strożowy hrod, Teskye
l
horodziscze, Muschiczmy hrod z
ziemiami, wodami, i ze wszelkimi pożytki ich.
m
To jest bratu naszemu, wielkiemu kniaziowi litewskiemu Kazimirzowi,
n
panom, kniaziom, radom, widząc wielkie postępki przyjacielskie, i my Turap-
kie [sic] i Wielki Nowogrod, <Tula, i>
o
ze wszemi grody i wszemi ich dochody
i pożytkami ich,
p-
i wsi ze wszelkimi dochody i pożytkami ich,
-q
z łaski naszej
do państwa litewskiego podali.
I te zamki, które tu są napisane, tych zamków <z> pany z bojarami przed-
tym bratu naszemu, kniaziowi Witultowi, a teraz tobie, bratu naszemu, knia-
ziowi
r
Zigmuntowi będą służyć, i bratu naszemu kniaziowi Cazimierzowi.
s
Także i
t
mają, tak jako i przedtym służywali z tych zamków i wsi, i podatki
nieodmiennie mają dawać. A jeśli nie będą posłuszni, tedy im niedobrze
będzie.
I daliśmy ten nasz list pod złotą pieczęcią. Pisan w Krymie liata po roku Jego
Świętej Miłości Machomata proroka liata 867, dnia 22 miesiąca septembra,
lata od narodzenia Pana Jesusowego 1461.
u
f
B. Bryczienszinas.
g
B. Czotmy.
h
B. Siewierski.
i
B. tumien Szaraiewicza Jagalta wyssuju.
j
B. Uspul.
k
B. Balikły.
l
B. Teskie.
m
B. wszystkiemi pożytkami ich.
n
B. Kazimierzowi.
o
In A. only; the mentioning of Tula is redundant as it is already listed above.
p
–q
is fragment is missing in both Gołębiowski’s and Barvin’skyj’s editions.
r
Missing in B.
s
B. Kazimierzowi.
t
In A. only.
u
B. lata po roku Jego Świętej Miłości Machometa proroka lata ośmsetnego sześćdzie-
siątego siódmego, dnia dwudziestego drugiego miesiąca septembra, lata od narodzenia
Pana Jezusowego tysiącznego czterechsetnego sześćdziesiątego pierwszego.
document 1 (22 september 1461–14 september 1463) 531
Translation:
e pact of Khan Hadji Giray, A.D. 1461:
is is the word of Hadji Giray Khan:
To the ulans and lords counselors of our right and le hand, to the princes,
monks, laymen,
2
and commoners of the Ruthenian state [sic]:
As previously our elder brother, when his horse was growing sweaty [beneath
him], would come seeking hospitality [i.e., refuge] to Grand Duke Vytautas, in
Lithuania, and he enjoyed great sincerity, we have rstly granted Kiev along
with all [dependencies] to the Lithuanian state, to our brother, Grand Duke
Casimir. And as the Lithuanian lords have requested from us, we have granted
their request and—in accordance with the acts of the rst khans—[we have
granted] namely:
– Kiev along with all incomes, lands, waters, and their prots;
– Luc’k along with waters, lands, and all their prots;
– Smolensk along with waters, lands, and all their prots;
– Podolia along with waters, lands, and all their prots;
– Kamjanec’
3
along with waters, lands, and all their prots;
– Braclav along with lands, waters, and all their prots;
– starting from Kiev, down to the mouth [of the Dnieper] to the sea;
– Sneporod and Glins’k
4
along with lands and their prots;
– Žolvaž
5
and Putyvl’ along with lands, waters, and their prots;
– Černihiv along with lands, waters, and their prots;
– Byryn, Synec,
6
Losyčy, Xotmyšl’, and Nycjany
7
along with all their lands,
waters, levies, and incomes;
8
2
In old Ruthenian the term belec (lit. “[the one wearing] white [garments],” as
contrary to a monk referred to as černec, lit. “[the one wearing] black [garments]”)
referred to a person living in a monastery who had not undergone the rite of hair
clipping and thus had remained a layman.
3
It is not clear why Kamjanec’ (Pol. Kamieniec Podolski) is listed separately as it
was the center of the province of Podolia, already listed above.
4
In the Polish text: Sczieprutezilniskiego > Sczieprut, Ezilnisk<iego>; Sneporod and
Hlyns’k are mistakenly rendered as one word; also this word is given in the genitive
case as if it were the name of the sea from the former entry (Morza Sczieprutezilni-
skiego); on the identication of Sneporod and Hlyns’k, two estates on the river Sula,
see Document 8, notes 8 and 9.
5
An estate in the region of Putyvl’; on its identication, see Document 8, n. 10.
6
In the Polish text: Bryczienszinass > Bryczien, Szinas; Byryn and Synec are mis-
takenly rendered as one locality.
7
In the Polish text: Chotmy, Slenniczany, while it should rather read Chotmyslen,
Niczany.
8
is whole entry is heavily corrupt and it was deciphered by comparing with the
yarlıq from 1507; on the estate of Byryn near Putyvl’, on the estate Synec on the river
Sula, and on the three estates Losyčy, Xotmyšl’, and Nycjany on the river Vorskla, see
Document 8, notes 11, 12, 14, 15, and 16.
532 document 1 (22 september 1461–14 september 1463)
– Novhorod-Sivers’kyj and Ryl’sk
9
along with waters, lands, and all their prots;
– Kursk;
10
– the whole tümen of Jagoldaj, son of Saraj,
11
along with lands, waters, and
their prots: Mužeč and Oskol;
12
– Starodub and Brjansk along with lands, waters, and all their prots;
– Mcensk, Ljubutsk, and Tula
13
along with waters, lands, and all their prots;
– Berestej and Retan’,
14
Kozel’sk,
15
Pronsk,
16
Volkonsk,
17
Spažsk,
18
Čynamir
19
along with lands, waters, and all their prots;
– the castle of Jabu,
20
Balykly,
21
Karaul,
22
the ruined castle of Dašov,
23
Mušač
[and] Horod
24
along with lands, waters, and all their prots.
9
On Ryl’sk, see Document 8, n. 17.
10
Misspelled as Rylsko; for the correct identication, cf. the yarlıqs from ca. 1473
and 1507 (Documents 4 and 8).
11
On these estates, extending between the upper Sejm and the upper Donec rivers,
and their former owner, see Document 8, n. 18.
12
ese two estates belonged to the tümen of Jagoldaj; for their identication, cf.
the yarlıqs from ca. 1473 and 1507 (Documents 4 and 8). Oskol (here corruptly ren-
dered as Uspul) was situated on the river Oskol (Ukr. Oskil), a le tributary of the
Donec. e town Starij Oskol (today in Russia) is situated nearby.
13
For the identication of Mcensk and Ljubutsk, cf. the yarlıqs from ca. 1473 and
1507 (Documents 4 and 8). Tula belonged to Lithuania only temporarily in the years
1428–1434.
14
Two localities in the Duchy of Rjazan’ that were temporarily annexed to Lithu-
ania in the years 1428–1434; on their identication, see Document 8, n. 22.
15
Corruptly rendered as Alibsko; for the correct identication, cf. the yarlıqs from
1473 and 1507 (Documents 4 and 8).
16
A town in the Duchy of Rjazan’ that had temporarily acknowledged Lithuanian
suzerainty in 1427; cf. Document 8, n. 23.
17
An autonomous principality on the right side of the river Oka. In the document
it is corruptly rendered as Kulminsko; for the correct identication, cf. the yarlıq from
1507 (Document 8, n. 24).
18
An autonomous principality (centered in Pavšino) on the right side of the river
Oka; cf. Document 8, n. 25.
19
Unidentied locality, probably either on the Oka or on the Donec river; in the
yarlıq from ca. 1473 it reads Czynamir while in the yarlıq from 1507 Donec is entered
in this place (cf. Documents 4 and 8); a village of Žyznomyr, situated near Bučač and
founded probably later, does not seem to be an option.
20
Pol. Japuhrad, “the castle of Japu;” a Tatar settlement near the Black Sea shore
between the lower Boh and the lower Dniester; on its identication, see Document 8,
n. 27.
21
A ruined castle on the river Boh; on its localization, see Document 8, n. 28.
22
Pol. Strożowy hrod (“watchman’s castle”); the Polish word stróż is a translation
of the Turkish karaul/karavul, hence the entry obviously refers to Karaul, a settlement
on the lower Dniester; on its location, see Document 8, n. 29.
23
In the Polish text: Teskye horodziscze; in B. the scribe mistook the term horodzis-
cze (“ruined castle”) for a separate place-name; on Dašov (the future Očakiv), see
Document 8, n. 31.
24
In the Polish text: Muschiczmy hrod; Muschicz apparently refers to Mušač, an
unidentied locality that also appears in the yarlıqs from ca. 1473 and 1507 (cf.
document 1 (22 september 1461–14 september 1463) 533
And seeing great friendly acts [on your part], we have granted to our brother,
Grand Duke Casimir, the lords, princes, counselors, [and] to the Lithuanian
state Pskov[?]
25
and Velikij Novgorod along with all castles and all their incomes
and prots, and [their] villages along with their incomes and prots.
And [as concerns] the castles that are registered above, the lords of these
castles along with the boyars, as they previously [used to serve] our brother,
Duke Vytautas, they will now serve you, our brother, Duke Sigismund,
26
and
our brother, Duke Casimir. ey should also pay taxes invariably, as they used
to serve previously from these castles and villages. And if they do not obey,
nothing good awaits them.
We have given our present letter under the golden stamp. Written in Qırım,
27
in the year 867 aer the year [of the Hegira] of His Holy Majesty, Prophet
Muhammad, on the 22nd day of the month of September, in the year 1461
from the birth of Lord Jesus.
28
Documents 4 and 8), probably situated in lower Podolia. e term hrod (“castle”)
might refer to Čornyj Horod on the Dniester estuary; cf. Document 8, n. 30.
25
In the Polish text: Turapkie; the apparently corrupt entry might refer to Pskov or
Perejaslavl’ Rjazan’skij; cf. the yarlıqs from ca. 1473 and 1507 (Documents 4 and 8).
26
Sigismund (Lith. Žygimantas), the younger brother of Vytautas, was the grand
duke of Lithuania in the years 1432–1440. Apparently the present yarlıq, granted to
Casimir, was based on a former yarlıq, granted to Sigismund. e above fragment:
“they will now serve you, our brother, Duke Sigismund” (Pol. a teraz tobie, bratu
naszemu, kniaziowi Zigmuntowi będą służyć), le unchanged by mistake, was obvi-
ously anachronous at the time when the present document was issued, long aer the
death of Sigismund.
27
e locatio: pisan w Krymie, extant in Polish translation, apparently refers to the
old Crimean capital of Qırım (today Ukr. Staryj Krym or Tat. Eski Qırım) and not to
the whole Crimean peninsula.
28
e dating is contradictory as the Muslim year 867 A.H. lasted from 26 Sep-
tember 1462 till 14 September 1463. See the discussion of the date, circumstances
of delivery, and contents of this document in Part I. Lacking further evidence, we
must conclude that the yarlıq was either issued on 22 September 1461 and brought
to Poland, or between 26 September 1462 and 14 September 1463 and brought to
Lithuania.