Kolodziejczyk Dariusz. The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania (ENG)

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DOCUMENT 2 (17 SEPTEMBER 1467)

e instrument of peace (şartname) sent by Khan Nur Devlet

to King Casimir

e original document is missing.

Latin copy: Bibl. Jagiell., ms. 1961 (Liber magistri Petri de Ilkusch),

fol. 285a–285b.

Published in Codex epistolaris saeculi decimi quinti, [vol. 1]. Edited by

A. Sokołowski and J. Szujski (Cracow, 1876), pp. 240–241.

Concordia et pacis confederatio Serenissimi principis Regis Polonie cum

Tartharorum Imperatore:

Nordulath magnus imperator Tartharorum serenissimo domino et domino

Kazimiro regi Polonie salutem.

Vasti ferum orbis appetitum copia divine celestis bonitatis tollit atque

demit. Quum nihil potest creatura sine creatore, erat michi pungens in corde

stimulus, o immense Rex, qui me morsu maximo anxietatis angebat. Hic erat,

quod quamprimum suscepi imperium, ille inenarrabilis fervor amoris, qui

patrem meum Eczgerij et Vestram Serenissimam Maiestatem vinxerat liga-

mine caritatis, nam vinxisset et me reputabam. Dominus infra me, parentis

locum colo, paterne amicos recognoscere debeo maiestatis. Mecum et hic ipse

cogitando nuncium meum Coszari mortem ad anunciandam patris et desi-

derii mei fruende pacis intentum ad Vestram Maiestatem duxi propensius

intimare. Intimavi siquidem et melior fortuna subsecuta est principio debili

precedente. Appulit igitur anhelatu agitatus maximo strenuus nobilisque

vir Albertus Borowsky, orator vester, aspectu mitis, ingenio clarus, elloquio

fecundus et sermone. Qui parentis mortem singultosa voce deevit et me

lacrimabilem et mestum gravibus humanisque sermonibus ac instante sua

sanitate et elloquendi modulatione verborum placavit mecumque barones

lacrimis pepercerunt.

Nunciavitque idem orator pacem gloriosam et concordiam vestri parte, que

quidem omnia pocius ad Deum referenda sunt, quam humanis actibus appli-

canda. Recepi enim illum et elloquia sua in centro cordis mei, et in eodem

corde dico, quo carius Vestram conservo Maiestatem; amor patris redactus

in lium me Vos adamare cogit compellitque me Vos amare. Patri[s] amor

ad recursumquam perpetuum repetendo, probata des imperante magis ac

magis que Vos instat compellit adamare.

Itaque oblacionem Vestre pacis animo attenta [sic] suscepi, iura commisi,

ut in carta prolixius declaravi. Fuit autem huius operis auctor Deus, in quo

auctore durabit. Minima siquidem vidi Deo non operante corruere; concor-

diam tractandam tractaturus Deum metui, providenter eius oculo privati

aestunt ut magna scandala <et> exuberant.

document 2 (17 september 1467) 535

Immensum concordia est supremum mortalibus bonum, qua cuncte res

virent et gaudent. Concordia tutus, auro dives viator incedit. Canit populus,

canit plebs, arator petens arwa [sic] iubilat, fortis arma gerens segnis iacet,

virgo ores legit et animo iucundo volat. Negans mercator ocium urbes petit,

oppida, rura villasque frequentat, et omni populo colles silvaeque pacem into-

nant sempiternam. Concordiam igitur a vobis expectatam accepi et presto-

latum amorem impetravi. Hic primus gradus est principandi optimus Deus

omnipotens, qui ex abundantia sue gratie paret et auget omne bonum et qui

in hoc primo gradu nos tanto concordie amore sue fecit assidere, gradua-

tim hanc concordiam vehat illam ad nostrum nem deducendo, quam nostri

adimplectantur successores duraturam per saecula cuncta.

Ex Kyrcher

1467 die 17 septembris, anno Saracenorum octugentesimo

septuagesimo secundo mensis Zapher.

On Qırq Yer (the later Chufut Qal‘e), see Jankowski, Historical-Etymological Dic-

tionary, pp. 424–427.

e month of Safer of the Muslim year 872 A.H. lasted from 1 till 29 September

1467.

DOCUMENT 3 (27 JULY 1472)

e conrmation of peace sent by King Casimir

to Khan Mengli Giray

e original document is missing.

Latin copy: AGAD, Metryka Koronna, Libri Inscriptionum, no. 12, fol. 80a.

Published in Pułaski, Stosunki Polski z Tatarszczyzną, p. 200.

Imperatori Tartarorum:

Kazimirus etc. terrarum Cracovie, Sandomirie etc. potenti domino Mengligerej,

Magno Imperatori terre artharorum, fratri nostro dilecto, salutem et omnis

boni incrementum. Ea que pertulit coram nobis et consiliariis nostris, spiri-

tualibus et secularibus prelatis infrascriptis, honestus Zaara,

F[raternitatis]

Vestre nuncius nobis acceptus verba vera, delia et amicabilia, pacem na-

lem ex antiquo more paterno faciencia omnia accepta hilari vultu audivimus,

habuimus et pertulimus, et universa per V[estram] F[raternitatem] coram et

cum nunctio nostro Kyerdey

dicta ac iuramento F[raternitatis] Vestre cum

ulanis et tota horda V[estre] F[raternitatis] coniurata et conrmata atque

rmiter servari pollicita grati suscepimus. Que ecciam approbantes volumus

ecciam in omnibus rmiter et pacice, tam per nos quam per nostros subdi-

tos tenere et observare, propter incrementum diuturne amicicie inter nos et

nostros hinc inde deliter et inviolabiliter observande.

Entitled: “Odpowiedź Kazimierza Jagiellończyka na poselstwo Mendli-Gireja

przez Zaara—król zatwierdza przymierze—1472 roku.”

I.e., Zafer, or perhaps Sefer or Djafer.

In his study on the Kierdej family, prominent in Podolia in the 15th century,

Kazimierz Pułaski was unable to establish who from among its members had been

the envoy to the Crimea in 1472; cf. idem, “Ród Kierdejów podolskich. Monograa

historyczno-genealogiczna,” in: idem, Szkice i poszukiwania historyczne. Serya trze-

cia (Cracow, 1906): 169–194. Ludwik Kolankowski proposed to identify the envoy

with Jan Kierdej, the steward (Pol. podstoli) of Podolia, basing his argument on the

fact that the latter was granted two royal estates shortly aerwards; see Kolankowski,

Dzieje Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego, p. 327; for the grant for Jan Kierdej, dated

26 February 1473, see Matricularum regni Poloniae summaria, excussis codicibus, qui

in Chartophylacio Maximo Varsoviensi asservantur, pt. 1. Edited by T. Wierzbowski

(Warsaw, 1905), pp. 51–52 (entry no. 999). e envoy to the Crimea should not be

confused with his namesake, kidnapped in infancy during the Ottoman invasion of

1498 and converted to Islam, who became famous as the Ottoman dragoman Said

Bey; cf. the latter’s biography by Zygmunt Abrahamowicz in PSB, vol. 12 (Wrocław

etc., 1966–1967), pp. 424–425.

document 3 (27 july 1472) 537

Actum et datum Cracovie feria secunda proxima post Jacobi

anno domini

LXXII

nostro sub sigillo etc. Presentibus ibidem reverendissimo ac reve-

rendis in Christo patribus, domino Johanne archiepiscopo Gneznensi et

primate,

Johanne Cracoviensi

et Jacobo Wladislawiensi

episcopis, nec non

magnicis, strenuis ac generosis Derslao de Rythwany Sandomiriensi,

Stanis-

lao de Ostrorog Kalisiensi,

Stanislao de Chotecz Russie et capitaneo generali,

Spithkone de Jaroslaw Belzensi

palatinis, Dobeslao Kmytha de Wysnycze

Lublinensi,

Johanne Amor de arnow Woynyczyensi,

Johanne Felicis de

ibidem Wyslycziensi,

Johanne Wantropka de Strelcze Sandecensi

castella-

nis, Petro Camorovi lii Comiti[s] Lipthoviensi,

Johanne de Rythy Regni

I.e., on Monday aer St. Jacob’s Day; in 1472 St. Jacob’s Day (July 25th) was on

Saturday, hence the document was issued on 27 July.

Jan Gruszczyński, archbishop of Gniezno since 1463; see his biography by

Krystyn Malinowski in PSB, vol. 9 (Wrocław etc., 1960), pp. 55–57.

Jan Rzeszowski, bishop of Cracow since 1471; see his biography by Feliks Kiryk,

Janusz Kurtyka, and Maria Michalewiczowa in PSB, vol. 34 (Wrocław etc., 1992–

1993), pp. 70–80.

Jakub z Sienna, bishop of Włocławek since 1465; see his biography by Feliks

Kiryk in PSB, vol. 10 (Wrocław etc., 1962–1964), pp. 364–367.

Dziersław Rytwiański, palatine (Pol. wojewoda) of Sandomierz since 1460; see his

biography by Wojciech Fałkowski in PSB, vol. 33 (Wrocław etc., 1992), pp. 583–588.

Stanisław Ostroróg, palatine of Kalisz since 1453; see his biography by Antoni

Gąsiorowski in PSB, vol. 24 (Wrocław etc., 1979), pp. 524–527.

Stanisław Chodecki, palatine of Ruthenia, a province centered in Lwów (Ukr.

L’viv), since 1466 and starosta of Kamieniec Podolski (Ukr. Kamjanec’) since 1461; see

his biography by Władysław Pociecha in PSB, vol. 3 (Cracow, 1937), pp. 351–352.

Spytek Jarosławski, palatine of Bełz (Ukr. Belz) since the rst half of 1472; see

his biography by Włodzimierz Dworzaczek in PSB, vol. 11 (Wrocław etc., 1964–1965),

pp. 5–7.

Dobiesław Kmita from Wiśnicz, palatine (not castellan) of Lublin since 1464; see

his biography by Feliks Kiryk in PSB, vol. 13 (Wrocław etc., 1967), pp. 87–88.

Jan Amor (the younger) Tarnowski, castellan of Wojnicz since 1463; for his biog-

raphy, see Włodzimierz Dworzaczek, Leliwici Tarnowscy. Z dziejów możnowładztwa

małopolskiego. Wiek XIV–XV (Warsaw, 1971), pp. 209–225.

Jan Feliks Tarnowski, older brother of Jan Amor and castellan of Wiślica since

1465; for his biography, see ibidem, pp. 207–208.

Jan Wątróbka from Strzelce, castellan of [Nowy] Sącz since 1463; see Urzęd-

nicy małopolscy XII–XV wieku. Spisy. Edited by A. Gąsiorowski (Wrocław etc., 1990),

p. 236; the editorial statement that Wątróbka’s rst name was Stanisław, and not Jan,

is apparently wrong as he is referred to as Jan in several documents from 1469, 1471

and 1472; cf. Irena Sułkowska-Kurasiowa, Polska kancelaria królewska w latach 1447–

1506, p. 29 and Materyały archiwalne wyjęte głównie z Metryki Litewskiej od 1348 do

1607 roku. Edited by A. Prochaska (Lwów [L’viv], 1890), pp. 124–125.

Piotr Komorowski (the younger), son of Piotr Komorowski, count of Liptov

(centered in Liptovský Mikuláš in Upper Hungary, today Slovakia); cf. the biography

of his father by Feliks Kiryk in PSB, vol. 13, pp. 427–430.

538 document 3 (27 july 1472)

Polonie marsalco,

Sbigneo de Oleschnycza scolastico Cracoviensi

et aliis

pluribus etc.

per manus magnici

Jacobi de Dambno cancellarii

Jan Rytwiański, younger brother of Dziersław (see above) and Crown grand

marshal since 1462; see his biography by Wojciech Fałkowski in PSB, vol. 33,

pp. 588–592.

Zbigniew Oleśnicki, grand royal secretary since April 1472; see his biography by

Irena Sułkowska-Kurasiowa in PSB, vol. 23 (Wrocław etc., 1978), pp. 784–786; on his

role in the Royal Chancery, cf. Waldemar Chorążyczewski, Przemiany organizacyjne

polskiej kancelarii królewskiej u progu czasów nowożytnych, p. 139. It is peculiar that

in spite of his function at the court he is referred to merely with his ecclesiastic title

(scolasticus Cracoviensi).

Jakub z Dębna (Dembiński), chancellor since 1469; see his biography by Sylwiusz

Mikucki in PSB, vol. 5, pp. 71–73.

DOCUMENT 4 (1472–17 MAY 1474)

e donation yarlıq sent by Khan Mengli Giray

to Grand Duke Casimir

e original document is missing.

Polish translation:

A. Bibl. Kórn., ms. 222, pp. 109–110.

B. Bibl. Czart., ms. 20 (Teki Naruszewicza), pp. 831–833.

Published in a) Łukasz Gołębiowski, Dzieje Polski za panowania

Jagiellonów, vol. 3, pp. 232–233; b) Bohdan Barvin’skyj, “Dva zahadočni

xan’ski jarlyky na ruski zemliji z druhoji polovyny XV. stoljitja,” pp. 18–20.

Menligereia cara pakta:

Od prawej i lewej ręki naszej i ode

wszego państwa naszego panom radom,

kniaziom ruskim i państwom ich, bojarom, władykom, metropolitom,

czerńcom, bielcom i wszelkiemu

pospolitemu ludu:

Jako przodkowie nasi: wielki car brat nasz, i wielki car Adzigirei,

ociec

nasz potnym

koniem swym do wielkiego kniazia Witulta do Litwy w gościnę

przyjeżdżał, i wielką uczciwość mieli, z łaski swojej w głowach

Kiiow z wielą

państw podali. I teraz te państwa bratu naszemu kniaziowi Kazimirzowi

ku Litwie dajemy, za wielkimi prośbami Panów Rad. I na prośbę tośmy

uczynili, jako przedtym pierwej [dziad]

nasz car ochtomysz, i wielki

car brat nasz starszy, wedle dawnego postanowienia: najpierwej Kiiow z

is copy contains a mistaken date according to the Muslim calendar: 978 instead

of 878 A.H. Ludwig Koenigk, the 19th-century editor of Acta Tomiciana, erroneously

converted this date to 1572 A.D. (cf. n. ac below), while the authors of a recent cata-

logue tried to read the Muslim year number as 918, thus attributing the document to

1512–1513 A.D.; see Katalog rękopisów staropolskich Biblioteki Kórnickiej XVI–XVIII

w., vol. 2, p. 91.

B. Pakta Menligereia cara Tatarow ordy Prekopskiey.

B. od.

B. wszystkiemu.

B. Adzigerey.

In B. mistakenly written polnym koniem; cf. Document 1, n. c.

e unusual term w głowach (<Ruth. v golovax) is an obvious loanword from the

Tatar term başlıġ (here meaning: “beginning with”).

B. Kazimierzowi.

In A. ociec; in B. the originally written word dziad is crossed out by the scribe and

replaced by ociec; in fact, it should rather read dziad as this Polish term refers to a grand-

father but also to a forefather; the Girays were not direct descendants of Tokhtamısh.

540 document 4 (1472–17 may 1474)

ziemiami, wodami, i ze wszelkimi

dochody i pożytkami ich; Włodzymierz

z ziemiami, wodami, i ze wszelkimi dochody i pożytkami ich; Łuczko z zie-

miami etc.; Smoleńsko, Podole, Kamyeniec,

Braczlaw, Czerniehow,

Siewier-

ski Nowohrod, Sokal, Nowogrod

z ziemiami, wodami, i ze wszelkimi pożytki i

dochody ich; Cirkassy, Koczibey, Mayak

z ziemiami, wodami, i ze wszelkimi

pożytki ich; począwszy od Kiiowa aż do uścia

morza; Steprud i Holennisko

z ziemiami, wodami etc.; Brynten, Tukluscze, Chotmislen, Netssa ze wszel-

kimi ziemiami, [wodami, dochody i pożytkami ich];

Rilsko z ziemiami etc.;

Hrirusko tumien; Sarayewcza

państwa Jakaltemskie z ziemiami, wodami, i

ze wszelkimi dochody i pożytki

ich: Barzass, Uskul; Starodub, Bransko z zie-

miami, wodami etc.; Miczensko, Lubotusko, Bułahrod z ziemiami, wodami

etc.; Berestaya,

Jaskub, Kozielsko, Bronsko, Lubow, Izbesz, Czynamir z zie-

miami, wodami, i ze wszemi

pożytkami ich; Japihrod, Balykly, Strozowy

hrod, Tasska

horodyscze, Tusiknemer [sic], Horod, Mussalcz,

Kudar horod

z ziemiami, wodami, i ze wszelkimi pożytkami ich.

Od brata naszego, wielkiego kniazia Kazimierza przyjechał posłem pan

Bogdan Fedorowicz, a marszałek pan Iwasko Soskowic,

icheśmy wdzięcznie

przyjęli i z braterską naszą przyjaźnią Wyelky Nowohrod

z łaski naszej, i

Rezanskie państwo, Pereasław w głowach, z ziemiami, wodami, i z grodami

ich, włościami, i ze wszemi pożytkami i dochodami ich, gdzie wnijdzie i

wciecze, tośmy przydali ku państwu Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego.

Wszelkie te zamki, które tu na imię napisano, z pany i z kniaźmi, pierwej

tego bratu naszemu, wielkiemu kniaziowi Witultowi byli postąpili, i bratu

naszemu, wielkiemu kniaziowi Zygmuntowi, mają wiecznie służyć;

a teraz

bratu naszemu, wielkiemu kniaziowi Casimierzowi

mają także wiecznie

służyć,

-aa

i mają z tych zamków dochody i wszelkie pożytki, i sami wiernie

służyć bratu naszemu. A jeśli by za jaką przyczyną nie chcieli bratu naszemu

In B. here and hereaer: wszystkiemi unless otherwise noted.

B. Włodzimierz.

B. Kamieniec.

B. Czerniechow.

B. Nowygrod.

B. Maiak.

B. ujścia.

B. Holensko.

us in B.; in A. ziemiami etc.

B. Saraiewcza.

B. pożytkami.

B. Berestaia.

B. wszystkiemi.

B. Taska.

B. Mussalecz.

B. Soskowicz.

B. Wielki Nowohrod.

B. Kazimierzowi.

-aa

is fragment is missing in Barvin’skyj’s edition.

document 4 (1472–17 may 1474) 541

służyć jako i pierwej, tedy mamy ich wojować, i ich ku bratu naszemu plenić

i przywracać.

I daliśmy ten nasz list pod złotą pieczęcią, po śmierci Machometowej

[ośmsetnego siedmdziesiątego ósmego]

roku, od narodzenia Chrystusa roku

[tysiącznego czterechsetnego siedmdziesiątego drugiego],

w Ordzie Tatarskiej.

Translation:

e pact of Mengli Giray:

To the lords counselors of our right and le hand and of our whole state, to the

Ruthenian princes and [the inhabitants of ] their estates, to the boyars, [Ortho-

dox] bishops, metropolitans, monks, laymen,

and all common people:

As our ancestors, the great khan, our brother [sic],

and the great khan Hadji

Giray, our father, when their horses were growing sweaty [beneath them], they

would come seeking hospitality [i.e., refuge] to Grand Duke Vytautas, in Lith-

uania, and they enjoyed great sincerity, out of their generosity they granted

[in return] numerous lands, beginning with Kiev. And now, upon the great

requests of [our] Lords Councilors, we are granting these lands to our brother,

Duke Casimir, to Lithuania. And, on request, we have done the same as had

been done previously by our forefather, Khan Tokhtamısh, and by the great

khan, our elder brother,

[by granting,] in accordance with the old decree:

– rstly Kiev along with lands, waters, all their incomes and prots;

– Volodymyr along with lands, waters, all their incomes and prots;

– Luc’k along with lands, etc.;

– Smolensk, Podolia, Kamjanec’,

Braclav, Černihiv, Novhorod-Sivers’kyj,

Sokolec’,

Novhorod

along with lands, waters, all their incomes and prots;

us in B.; in A. erroneously: 978.

us in B.; in A. the year number is missing; an erroneous date 1572 is entered

by another hand, apparently by Ludwig Koenigk, the editor of Acta Tomiciana; cf.

n. 1 above.

On the old Ruthenian term belec, see Document 1, n. 2.

Apparently a reference to Khan Tokhtamısh; cf. n. 5 below.

Although one cannot entirely exclude that Mengli referred to his older brother

Nur Devlet, whose yarlıq granted to Lithuania was mentioned indeed in Mengli’s later

correspondence (see n. 49 in Part I), in this place one would rather expect to nd

the name of Mengli’s father, Hadji Giray. It was Tokhtamısh and Hadji Giray who

had arrived on “sweating horses” to Vytautas, who by granting them refuge earned

the gratitude of the future khans, invoked in the narratio of their yarlıqs sent to the

Jagiellonian rulers until the 16th century.

It is not clear why Kamjanec’ (Pol. Kamieniec Podolski) is listed separately as it

was the center of the province of Podolia, already listed above.

On the identication of Sokal as the Podolian castle of Sokolec’ rather than the

Galician town of Sokal’, see Document 8, n. 4.

Perhaps a redundant mentioning of Novhorod-Sivers’kyj?

542 document 4 (1472–17 may 1474)

– Čerkasy, Kačybej,

and Majak

along with lands, waters, and all their prots;

– starting from Kiev, down to the mouth [of the Dnieper] to the sea;

– Sneporod and Hlyns’k

along with lands, waters, etc.;

– Byryn, Losyčy, Xotmyšl’, Nycjany

along with all lands, waters, their incomes

and prots;

– Ryl’sk

along with lands, etc.;

– the tümen of Kursk;

– the estates of Jagoldaj, son of Saraj,

along with lands, waters, all their

incomes and prots: Mužeč and Oskol;

– Starodub and Brjansk along with lands, waters, etc.;

– Mcensk, Ljubutsk, and the town of Tula,

along with lands, waters, etc.;

– Berestej, Retan’,

Kozel’sk, Pronsk,

Volkonsk,

Spažsk,

Čynamir

along

with lands, waters, and all their prots;

A medieval Tatar settlement named Hadjibey, situated on the Black Sea shore

in the place of present-day Odessa; also known under alternative names as Kačybej

and Kačybijiv.

Today Majaky; a settlement on the le shore of the river Dniester, close to its

mouth.

Two estates on the river Sula; on their identication, see Document 8, notes 8

and 9.

is fragment is heavily corrupt and it was deciphered by comparing with the

yarlıq from 1507; on the estate of Byryn near Putyvl’ and on the three estates on the

river Vorskla, see Document 8, notes 11, 14, 15, and 16.

On Ryl’sk, see Document 8, n. 17.

is fragment is corrupt; furthermore, the scribe mistook the term tumien for a

place-name; for the correct reading, cf. the yarlıq from 1507.

On these estates, extending between the upper Sejm and the upper Donec rivers,

and their former owner, see Document 8, n. 18.

ese two estates belonged to the tümen of Jagoldaj; cf. the yarlıqs from ca. 1462

and 1507 (Documents 1 and 8). In the Polish manuscript, Mužeč is corruptly rendered

as Barzass. Oskol was situated on the river Oskol (Ukr. Oskil), a le tributary of the

Donec. e town Starij Oskol (today in Russia) is situated nearby.

Tula belonged to Lithuania only temporarily in the years 1428–1434. In the doc-

ument it is corruptly rendered as Bułahrod (cf. Tula-horod in the Ruthenian text of

the yarlıq from 1507; see Document 8).

Two localities in the Duchy of Rjazan’ that were temporarily annexed to Lithu-

ania in the years 1428–1434; on their identication, see Document 8, n. 22. In the

document, Retan’ is corruptly rendered as Jaskub.

A town in the Duchy of Rjazan’ that had temporarily acknowledged Lithuanian

suzerainty in 1427; cf. Document 8, n. 23.

An autonomous principality on the right side of the river Oka; cf. Document 8,

n. 24. In the document it is corruptly rendered as Lubow.

An autonomous principality (centered in Pavšino) on the right side of the river

Oka; cf. Document 8, n. 25.

Unidentied locality, probably either on the Oka or on the Donec river; in the

yarlıq from ca. 1462 it reads Saschonar while in the yarlıq from 1507 Donec is entered

in this place (cf. Documents 1 and 8); a village of Žyznomyr, situated near Bučač and

founded probably later, does not seem to be an option.

document 4 (1472–17 may 1474) 543

– the castle of Jabu,

Balykly,

Karaul,

the ruined castle of Dašov,

Tošyčy,

Nemyr,

Horod,

Mušač, Xodorov,

along with all their incomes, levies,

lands, and waters.

As Pan

Bohdan Fedorovyč

and the marshal Pan Ivas’ko Soskovyč

have

arrived in embassy from our brother, Grand Duke Casimir, we have welcomed

them gracefully and in our brotherly friendship we have additionally granted,

out of our generosity, Velikij Novgorod and the state of Rjazan’, beginning with

Perejaslavl’,

along with lands, waters, their castles, estates, all their prots and

incomes, wherever they arise or inow, to the domain of the Grand Duchy of

Lithuania.

All those castles, whose names are written above, along with [their] lords

and princes, were previously granted to our brother, Grand Duke Vytautas,

and they [i.e., their dwellers] should serve in perpetuity to our brother, Grand

Pol. Japihrod, “the castle of Japi;” a Tatar settlement near the Black Sea shore

between the lower Boh and the lower Dniester; on its identication, see Document 8,

n. 27.

A ruined castle on the river Boh; on its localization, see Document 8, n. 28.

Pol. Strozowy hrod < Stróżowy hrod (“watchman’s castle”); the Polish word stróż

is a translation of the Turkish karaul/karavul, hence the entry obviously refers to

Karaul, a settlement on the lower Dniester; on its location, see Document 8, n. 29.

In the Polish text: Tasska, Horodyscze > Tasska horodyscze; the scribe mistook

the term horodyscze (“ruined castle”) for a separate place-name; on Dašov (the future

Očakiv), see Document 8, n. 31.

In the Polish text: Tusiknemer > Tusik, Nemer; Tošyčy and Nemyr are mistakenly

rendered as one locality.

Apparently Čornyj Horod on the Dniester estuary; cf. Document 8, n. 30.

In the Polish text: Kudar, Horod > Kudar horod; the scribe mistook the term

horod (“castle”) for a separate place-name; four settlements: Tošyčy, Nemyr, Mušač,

and Xodorov could not be identied, but they were apparently situated in lower

Podolia, between the Boh and Dniester rivers, along with other localities listed in the

same paragraph.

e Polish title pan is dicult to translate hence it is kept as in the original;

unlike the English “sir,” it applied not only to the nobles; on the other hand, the

modern equivalent “mister” sounds anachronistic.

Bohdan Andreevyč (not Fedorovyč) Sakovyč (Pol. Sakowicz, Lith. Sakaitis), Lith-

uanian court marshal since 1463, grand marshal since 1480, envoy to Muscovy in 1474

and 1482, palatine of Trakai since 1484; see his biography by Lidia Korczak in PSB,

vol. 34, pp. 340–341; cf. Banionis, LDK pasiuntinybių tarnyba, pp. 102, 186 and 372

and Urzędnicy centralni i dostojnicy WKL, pp. 83 and 236.

On the scribe Ivas’ko (also referred to as Ivaško or Ivašenc’o), who was sent

already in the embassy of Jan Kučukovyč to Nur Devlet in ca. 1468, see Banionis, LDK

pasiuntinybių tarnyba, pp. 97 and 186; the title of marshal is wrongly attributed to him

instead of Bohdan Sakovyč (cf. n. 31 above).

Perejaslavl’ became the capital of the Duchy of Rjazan’ in the 14th century,

aer the medieval town of Rjazan’, which had given its name to the duchy, had been

destroyed by the Mongols in 1237; in 1788 Perejaslavl’ was ocially renamed as

Rjazan’.