Kolodziejczyk Dariusz. The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania (ENG)

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744 document 32 (may 1552)

своею <ѡтъ того> [бꙋдꙋ] грозъне ꙋнимати, штобы ѡни брата моего,

великого королѧ паньства не воевали; бо ꙗ мамъ ихъ моцъ <моцъ>

ѡтъ того повстегати, и длѧ выступꙋ ихъ кожъдыи бꙋдеть каранъ;

бо Цесаръ Его Милость тꙋрецъкии призволилъ, абы тыхъ козаковъ

во стѧжъливости мелъ, а ѡтъ того ихъ повстегалъ, бо хотѧ быхъ за

выступъ ихъ и каралъ, тогды ми Цесаръ Его Милость ни слова за то

не рекънеть.

Если бы тежъ з нашихъ людеи некотории пошодши мели мешкати

ꙋ Белогороде, ꙋв Очакове, и в Езове, и мешкаючи тамъ шкодꙋ ꙗкую

мели ѡбеимъ паньствамъ, ꙗко Корꙋне, такъ и Великомꙋ Кнѧзствꙋ, мы

таковыхъ грознымъ караньемъ бꙋдемъ карати. Если бы тежъ ѡни без

ведома, або з ведомомъ пришодши воевали, бꙋдь люди великие, або

и малые, и козаки ꙋкрадши сѧ в землю шкодꙋ ꙗкую ꙋчинѧть, мы сѧ

таковыхъ доведавъши, ихъ самихъ винъных нашедши, полонъ тотъ

побраныи безъ жадного ѡкупу брату нашому, великому королю засѧ

ихъ пошлемъ, и тые вси шкоды кажемъ нагородити и заплатити. И

надъто тыхъ людеи еще, естли бы люди мои, або царевичовы люди, або

сыновъ нашихъ царевичовъ люди, ꙋлановъ, кнѧзеи и мꙋрзъ, и кара-

чеевъ люди, естли бы сѧ допꙋстили того и ѡбеимъ паньствам вашимъ

шкодꙋ ꙗкуюкольвекъ ꙋчинѧть, таковые розмаитыми и дивъными кара-

ньи мають быти караны, а тотъ ꙋвесь полонъ ихъ маеть без жадного

ѡкупꙋ собравъши, назад ѡтъпущонъ быть маеть, и всю шкодꙋ тꙋю,

котораѧ бы сѧ на ѡнъ часъ стала, кажемъ поплатити.

А напотомъ, котории былъ межи нихъ ꙋ головахъ, з ними ходилъ и

шкодꙋ ѡбеюмъ тымъ паньствамъ ꙋчинилъ, або замъкомъ пограничъ-

нымъ и волостѧмъ, котории бы тымъ ꙋмысломъ тамъ ходили на сказꙋ

тымъ ѡбеюмъ паньствамъ воевати, тыхъ всихъ старъшихъ, которых

сѧ доведаемъ, которие шкодꙋ поделають, ꙗ вамъ на том шлюбꙋю и

прирекамъ, таковыхъ передъ посломъ вашим за ихъ выстꙋпы кажемъ

стинати. Естли бых ꙗ, бꙋдꙋчи цар Давлетъ Киреи, в тыхъ сло-

вахъ своихъ моцне на то не стоѧлъ, або таковых злыхъ людеи не

повстѧгалъ: напред своихъ людеи, царевичовъ, ꙋлановъ, кнѧзеи, и

мꙋрзъ, и козаковъ, малыхъ и великихъ людеи, ѡбеюмъ паньствамъ,

Лѧцъкомꙋ и Великому Кнѧзству Литовскому, або на Ꙋкраине, вое-

вати и шкоды чинити, тогды мы тое все кажемъ заплатити, а старшихъ

горлы карати. А вамъ, брату нашому, великому королю Жикгимонту

приѧзнь и правъдꙋ справедливе показывать бꙋдемъ и мир вечистыи

межи собою маемъ мети; и ѡбеюмъ паньствамъ, ꙗкъ Корꙋне Польскои,

такъ и Великому Кнѧзству Литовъскому хочꙋ на вечъные часы, и

бꙋдꙋ тот миръ ведлꙋгъ доконъчаньѧ и присеги своеи твердо держати,

ꙗко есьмо шлюбили и присегу вчинили неѡтъменънымъ быть.

А за то братъ нашъ, король и великии кнѧз Жикгимонтъ Авъгустъ,

по доброи воли своеи кожъдого годꙋ мене, брата своего, тыми

ꙋпоминъками маеть ѡбъсылати, то се значить: за тринадцать тисе-

чеи золотыхъ черленыхъ сукнами люнъскими—з лѧдъского паньства

двесте поставовъ лꙋньскихъ без трех поставовъ, а зъ литовъского

кнѧзства двестежъ поставовъ луньскихъ без трех поставовъ кожъдого

document 32 (may 1552) 745

годꙋ; и при тыхъ сукнахъ две тисечи золотыхъ черленыхъ—тисеча

золотых с Корꙋны Польское, а тисеча золотыхъ черленыхъ з Вели-

кого Кнѧзства Литовъского, то сѧ сполнить за пѧтънадцать тисечеи

золотых черъленыхъ; и ку тому инъшие ꙋпоминъки, какъ и первеи

сего было посылано три деветь ꙋпоминковъ. Тыи ꙋпоминъки, и сукна,

и две тисечи золотых черъленыхъ присылати мають к намъ на рокъ

ноѧбра месеца, кожъдого годꙋ того месеца первого днѧ.

И мы тежъ не маемъ болшеи пословъ и гоньцовъ, ѡдно так, ꙗко

и перед тымъ бывало. Подлꙋгъ ѡбычаю послы и гоньцы мають ити

наипервеи ѡтъ нас и ѡтъ жонъ нашихъ, и ѡтъ коалъкги царевича, и

ѡтъ инъшихъ царевичовъ, а ѡтъ трехъ корачеевъ, а ѡтъ ихъ сыновъ

двух мꙋрзъ, а большеи того не маеть нихто слати. Естъли бы болшии

того послы або и гонъцы мели ходить, вы тежъ ничого имъ не даите,

ѡтъпꙋстите; ꙗ за то вамъ, братꙋ своемꙋ, ничого не маемъ мовити, бо

послы и гоньцы, котории ходѧть до васъ, вы тыхъ дарꙋете, ѡни тежъ

видечи то, того хоженьѧ своего перестать не хочꙋть; ꙗко ли бы есте

таковых ни щимъ ѡтъпꙋстили, сами бы есте того досмотрели, естли

бы ѡни ꙋ дрꙋгии разъ ходили.

А ѡтъ васъ, брата нашого посолъ и гонецъ коли приидеть, мы

их долъго при собе не задерживать бꙋдемъ и трꙋдностеи жадныхъ

не заделываемъ, и не заделывати бꙋдемъ, и без мешканьѧ ѡтъ себе

ѡтъправꙋемъ, и ѡтъправовати бꙋдемъ. И ешче мы сами братьи и детемъ

нашимъ царевичомъ, ꙋланомъ, кнѧземъ, и мꙋрзамъ, и всимъ людемъ

нашимъ, кривдъ и втисков вашимъ посломъ, и гонъцомъ, и толъма-

чомъ, и ихъ слугамъ, кривдъ жадныхъ не кажемъ чинити. По своеи

доброи воли ꙗко приедꙋть, такъже по доброи воли и ѡтъедꙋть.

Ꙗ самъ ꙋ головахъ, Давлетъ Киреи царъ, из сыном своимъ коалъ-

кою солътаномъ, и з ынъшими сынъми моими царевичи, ꙋланы, кнѧзи,

корачии, мурзы, што ест всихъ, которие при нас естъ, присегу свою

чинимъ и вчинили есьмо:

Присегаемъ на правде тому Богу, котории сотворилъ небо и землю,

на нашомъ елъ-Кꙋране вамъ, брату нашому, правдꙋ и верность свою

ѡказꙋемъ, и потомъкомъ вашимъ ꙋ справедливости и в доброи верности

быть, и хотѧчи вамъ, ѡбеимъ паньствам вашимъ, брата нашого, ꙗко

Корꙋне Польскои, такъ и Великому Кнѧзству Литовскому, и всимъ

замкомъ вашимъ, и волостѧмъ, и селамъ вашимъ, и всему паньствꙋ и

людем вашимъ, ѡтъ насъ самыхъ и ѡтъ всихъ людеи наших в жаднои

речи шкода се не станет; з вами, братомъ нашим, великимъ королемъ

Жикгимонътомъ <королемъ> Авъгустомъ хотѧчи ꙋ братскои доброи

приѧзни быти на вечъные часы, ꙗко и в томъ докончаньи нашом зна-

комите а ꙗвне ѡписана естъ.

И на всемъ на том присегу есмо ꙋчинили на справедливости, и

ꙋпометавъши на вышнего единого Бога, и на пророка нашого Маг-

медъ Мостаѳꙋ, ведлꙋгъ законꙋ нашого присегаемъ то моцъне держати:

воллаги во биллоги ва теллоги. Наша присега на томъ ест. Вамъ,

брату нашомꙋ присегу свою моцъне держати бꙋдемъ, и слово наше

ѡтъ тое присеги нашое николи не ѡтменъно бꙋдеть.

746 document 32 (may 1552)

И дали есьмо на то вамъ сес нашъ листъ присѧжныи, доконъчанье

присѧги нашое братъское, листъ золотомъ написаныи, печати золо-

тыи вытиснувъши, послали есьмо до вас сее доконъчанье нашо.

Писанъ тот листъ по смерти Магъметовы деветьсот петьдесѧт

девѧтого року. Писанъ на Багъжисаре.

Translation:

e letter of agreement sent at the same time:

God is the beginning of every just matter!

e word of Devlet Giray Khan, the great khan of the Great Horde:

We commence in the name of God; I, Devlet Giray, the khan by the grace and

might of God, have intended and initiated [the following] with God’s favor,

in desire to—God willing—fulll our brotherly and loyal friendship and our

word, without any deceit, when God has let us see his divine favor and see us

being seated on the royal seat that used to be occupied by our ancestors: our

late grandfather of glorious memory Mengli Giray Khan, our late elder brother

Mehmed Giray Khan, and our uncle Sahib Giray Khan; and [now] I, Devlet

Giray Khan, succeed them.

With our present letter of agreement I announce in my name and in the

name of all our loyal subjects, who serve us [in the troops of]

the right and le

hand—the ulans, beys [Ruth. knjazi], and mirzas, to the Ruthenian princes,

castles, towns, metropolitans, [Orthodox] bishops, monks and laymen,

[Ortho-

dox] priests, townsmen, and all common people:

We announce that our ancestors, the khans: the great khan Mengli Giray

Khan, our late elder brother Mehmed Giray Khan, Sahib Giray Khan, [and

previously] our grandfather,

Hadji Giray Khan, when his horse was grow-

ing sweaty [beneath him], then he would come

seeking hospitality [i.e., ref-

uge] to Grand Duke Vytautas and great king Casimir, to the Grand Duchy of

Lithuania, and then they experienced great reverence. And according to the

ancient custom we have written down [and granted to Lithuania] the Ruthe-

nian lands: castles, towns, estates, tümens along with all incomes, without

e heading refers to another letter brought by the same embassy, received

by the king in Danzig (Gdańsk) at the audience held on 29 August 1552; cf. Kniga

posol’skaja, vol. 1, pp. 60–63.

As Devlet Giray was the son of Mübarek Giray and grandson of Mengli Giray,

Mehmed Giray was his uncle and not his older brother.

e literal meaning of the Ruthenian translation: “who serve us with right and le

hand,” is obviously corrupt, hence it was corrected here.

On the old Ruthenian term belec, see Document 1, n. 2.

Hadji Giray was Devlet Giray’s great grandfather.

Written in singular; it should rather read: “when their horses were growing sweaty

[beneath them], then they would come [. . .].”

document 32 (may 1552) 747

diminishing anything from [the contents of] the letter[s] of our ancestors, the

old khans; as letters and letters of agreement had been written in the times of

our ancestors [and conrmed] with their oaths, according to the ancient cus-

tom, so also we—according to this custom—have given a letter of agreement

[conrmed] with our oath, such as [the letter] given by our late ancestor and

[grand]father, Mengli Giray Khan, to the king and grand duke Casimir, [and

also the one] from the times, when King Sigismund and the great khan,

our

brother, remained in brotherly and good mutual friendship. While aiming to

preserve the state according to the ancient custom and engagement[s], we have

also given anew our letter written in gold, under our golden seals, letting our

brother Sigismund Augustus, the great king and grand duke of Lithuania, his

sons and descendants, rightly hold:

– rstly Kiev, Čerkasy, Kaniv, Ovruč, Žytomyr along with all towns, estates,

lands, waters, and all kinds of revenues and prots;

– Great Luc’k along with estates, lands, waters, and all their prots and

revenues;

– Polack and Vicebsk;

– all the towns along the Dnieper, starting from its source to its mouth, along

with lands, waters, and their numerous revenues and prots;

– Sokolec’

along with numerous lands, waters, and all their prots and

revenues;

– Zvynyhorod

along with lands, waters, all prots and revenues;

– Braclav and Vinnycja along with their tümens and all their revenues and

prots;

– Sneporod and Hlyns’k;

– Žolvaž

and Putyvl’

along with lands and waters;

– Byryn, Synec, Xoten’, Losyčy, Xotmyšl, and Oskol along with lands, waters,

and all revenues;

– the tümen of Kozel’sk;

– the tümen of Jagoldaj, son of Saraj;

—[in sum] either the towns and castles of our brother, the great king, that

belong to his state, or the woods, forests, lands, waters, and numerous prots

Cf. n. a above; this passage apparently refers to Mehmed Giray (cf. n. 2 above).

Cf. Document 8, n. 4.

Cf. Document 8, n. 5.

On Sneporod and Hlyns’k, cf. Document 8, notes 8–9.

Cf. Document 8, n. 10.

Recorded in a corrupt form as Budula; cf. the earlier documents.

On the spelling of the names Byryn and Synec, see n. d above. Apart from Oskol,

these estates were situated in the region of Putyvl’ and on the rivers Sula and Vor-

skla, cf. Document 8, notes 11–15. Oskol once belonged to the tümen of Jagoldaj (see

Document 8, n. 19, and n. 14 below).

Cf. n. e above; on this estate, extending between the upper Sejm and the upper

Donec rivers, and its former owner, see Document 8, n. 18.

748 document 32 (may 1552)

and revenues, wherever anything ows or streams, [that] belong to the great

Lithuanian state.

Having taken counsel in this matter with our son, the qalga sultan,

with

other sultans [Ruth. carevyčy, i.e., princes], and with the ulans, and all our

beys and mirzas, we have rmly sworn along with them upon [the following

conditions], in desire to remain for centuries in loyal sincerity and good friend-

ship with our brother Sigismund Augustus, the great king and the grand duke

of Lithuania. And our sons and their descendants should mutually remain in

brotherly friendship with our brother’s sons, grandsons, and their descendants.

And we should be a friend of his friend and an enemy of his enemy, and if any

of his enemies appears from any direction, we should jointly face and resist

this enemy.

And whichever castles, estates, and lands the grand duke of Muscovy treach-

erously took under his hand in the times of the ancestors of the king, our

brother: Casimir of glorious memory, and his brother,

King Alexander, and

King Sigismund, the father of King Augustus, thus alienating them from the

state of the king, our brother, if we—having invoked God’s help—take any of

these castles from his hands, [then] I, Devlet Giray Khan, and the qalga sultan,

and other sultans, ulans, beys, and mirzas, should restore these castles, estates,

lands, and waters, taken with God’s assistance from the hands of the Mus-

covian [duke], to our brother, the great king Sigismund Augustus, and jointly

with him we should face his Muscovian enemy and all his other enemies. And

wherever our brother needs it, I, Devlet Giray Khan, wish to assist him in per-

son, with my brothers and our sons, and with all our troops. Hereaer, we will

assist [him] accordingly, also in the times of our descendants.

And as regards the past wrongful acts committed in the times of the old king

Casimir, the grand duke, your uncle King [John] Albert, and King Alexan-

der, indeed substantial damages were done in those times towards your states,

the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, during [the reign of]

Mehmed Giray Khan by our ancestors, all the ulans, beys, and mirzas, and

some of our servants; and yet they [i.e., the past kings] le all these wrongful

acts aside, did not fret about a minor matter and did not hold in their hearts

the past harm done in those times by our brothers and other men. And as you,

our brother, King Sigismund Augustus, have ascended the seat of your ances-

tors: your father King Sigismund, King Casimir, your uncle King [John] Albert,

and King Alexander, we hereby want to keep analogous relations with you, our

brother, King Sigismund Augustus: we should not stir up enmity between us for

such minor harms and we should release them all from our hearts, so that upon

I.e., Ahmed Giray, the son and qalga of Devlet Giray, who died in 1555 during

an expedition against Muscovy; see Vinogradov, Russko-krymskie otnošenija, vol. 1,

pp. 69 and 96.

Alexander was Casimir’s son and Sigismund Augustus’ uncle. Apparently

the word “brother” was mechanically copied aer the earlier Crimean documents

addressed to King Sigismund, where Alexander was referred to as the latter’s brother;

cf. Document 33, n. 15.

document 32 (may 1552) 749

hearing and seeing this our enemies should tremble with fear, and our friends

should rejoice and be happy on seeing our mutual friendship.

And I, Devlet Giray Khan, have oered through my authority to our brother,

King Sigismund Augustus, to remain in good and loyal brotherly friendship,

and I have allowed that the merchants from the Polish Crown and the Grand

Duchy of Lithuania may freely buy in our land, and come and depart, without

any fear of anybody, and travel to Kačybej to take salt, while paying the toll

according to the ancient custom; and they may come for salt from Kiev, Luc’k,

and other towns, guarded by our men. And if, while taking salt, they suer any

damage from our men, apart from your cossacks,

then we will compensate this

damage to you, our brother. And all your other merchants, both from the Pol-

ish Crown and from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, either rich or poor, may go

to Caa and to Perekop [i.e., the Crimean Khanate], having paid the toll.

We wish to always fulll our word as we have written in our letter, and

not depart from it. And also now, in accordance with our letter of agreement,

we will send our brothers and sons along with our

troops against your Mus-

covian enemy. And as regards the towns, villages, and lands that the father of

the grand duke of Muscovy took away from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania,

when—with God’s help—these castles are taken [back] from the enemy, then

we should give them [back] to our brother, King Sigismund Augustus, and they

should be appended to his state, the Grand Duchy. And we should jointly face

any of his enemies.

And—God willing—also in the future, according to our letter of agreement,

we will send the sultans, ulans, beys, and mirzas along with our great army to

the land of our Muscovian enemy, and against other enemies, wherever our

brother, King Sigismund Augustus, needs it. And we will not send troops—

either large or small—to the state of our brother, King Sigismund Augustus,

either to the Polish Crown or to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, [likewise] we

will not send cossacks

or other common people.

I, Devlet Giray Khan, and my son, the qalga sultan, and our other sons,

the sultans, and our Council: the qaraçı beys, ulans, beys, and mirzas, will not

send cossacks or any common people, and we will secure with great diligence

so that no damage should ever be done to the two states: the Polish Crown

On the interpretation of this clause, cf. Document 26, n. 3, and Document 27,

n. 26. While the previous documents were more vague and could refer to vagabonds

inhabiting either side of the border, the present one clearly refers to the cossacks being

royal subjects. Still, the phrase “apart from your cossacks” (okrom kozakov vašyx) can

have two dierent meanings: 1) the Ukrainian cossacks being unruly royal subjects

are not protected by the present clause; 2) the khan is not responsible for the attacks

against the royal merchants committed by the Ukrainian cossacks.

Literally this sentence reads: “we will send our brothers and my sons along

with my troops;” rst person singular and plural are constantly mixed in the present

document.

e Turkic word kazak applied to free vagabonds; cf. n. 17 above and Chapter

6 in Part II. In the given context it applies to those vagabonds who at least in theory

were the khan’s subjects.

750 document 32 (may 1552)

and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, [their] remote and frontier castles, towns,

estates, and villages, and so that this oath [taken along] with our brother, King

Sigismund Augustus, should be kept forever, as we have sworn to peacefully

keep it and fulll our word forever. And neither I personally, Devlet Giray

Khan, my sons and brothers, the sultans, the Council: the qaraçı beys, the ulans

and mirzas, nor any of our troops, either large or small, the cossacks and com-

mon people from my state and khanate, will raid or commit damage to the

two states of my brother, the great king; and neither will raid the cossacks of

Akkerman, Očakiv, and Azov;

and if some of the latter join and unite with

my Crimean people and enter his state and commit damage, I will severely

restrain them. And I will not let my cossacks or the cossacks of Akkerman,

Očakiv, or Azov raid the state of my brother, neither will I let my people join

them; I will severely restrain them from doing that with [all] my power, so

that they would not raid the state of my brother, the great king; as I have the

authority to restrain them from this, everyone of them will be punished for

his transgressions; [and] as His Majesty, the Turkish emperor, allowed me to

keep a tight rein on these cossacks and restrain them from such acts, even if I

punish them for their transgressions, then His Majesty, the Emperor will not

reproach me for this.

And if some of our people set out and settle down in Akkerman, Očakiv,

or Azov,

and while dwelling there, they commit any damage to either of the

two states, the [Polish] Crown or the Grand Duchy, we will severely punish

them. And if they come and raid [your land] secretly or openly, or if some

people of high or low status [Ruth. bud’ ljudy velykye, abo y malye], or the

cossacks, sneak into [your] land and commit any damage, on hearing that,

we will nd the culprits and send back the taken captives to our brother, the

great king, without [demanding] any redemption, and we will order to restore

and compensate all the damages. And apart from the individuals mentioned

above, if my people, or the people of the sultans or of our sons, the sultans, or

the people of the ulans, beys, mirzas, or qaraçıs commit such an act and cause

any damage to your two states, they should be given various and extraordinary

punishments, and all their captives should be gathered and sent back without

[demanding] any redemption, and we will order to compensate the whole dam-

age that has been done.

And henceforth, whoever is their leader and sets out and causes damage to

either of these two states, or [their] frontier castles, or estates, [and] whoever

sets out with the intention to harm and raid these two states, in regard to

all [such] elders, who cause damage and whom we learn about, I engage and

e Ruthenian phrase kozaky belohorodskye, očakovskye, y ozovskye refers to

the Tatars and Turks dwelling around the towns of Akkerman (Ukr. Bil’horod, Pol.

Białogród), Očakiv (Tat. Djankerman, Tur. Özü qal‘esi), and Azov (Pol. Azów, Tur.

Azaq), controlled by the Ottoman sultan. e Turkic word kazak applied to free vaga-

bonds; cf. Chapter 6 in Part II. Having entered into the Slavic languages, the term

kozak (“cossack”) began to designate Ukrainian and Russian vagabonds as well.

Here Azov is referred to in the Ruthenian text as Ezov; cf. n. 20 above and Docu-

ment 28, n. 19.

document 32 (may 1552) 751

promise you that for their transgressions I will order to behead them in the

presence of your envoy. [And] if I, Devlet Giray Khan, fail to rmly keep these

words and restrain such evil people, either [from among] my servants, or [from

among] the sultans, ulans, beys, mirzas, and cossacks, [in sum,] the people of

[both] low and high status, from raiding and bringing harm to the two states:

Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, or to the Ukraine,

then we will

order to compensate this all [damage] and to punish their elders by beheading.

And we will truly display friendship and sincerity to you, our brother, the great

king Sigismund, and we should remain in mutual eternal peace; and I wish to

keep eternally and rmly the peace with the two states: the Polish Crown and

the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, according to my letter of agreement and my

oath, as we have engaged and sworn to keep it without any variation.

And in return, our brother, the king and grand duke Sigismund Augustus,

should send each year gis to me, his brother, out of his good will, namely: in

London cloths

worth 13,000 golden orins [zolotyx čerlenyx, i.e., ducats]—

each year 197 pieces [postaws]

of London [cloth] from the Polish state and

197 pieces of London [cloth] from the Lithuanian duchy; and along with these

cloths 2,000 golden orins—a thousand orins from the Polish Crown, and

a thousand golden orins from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which makes

altogether 15,000 golden orins; and besides other gis, as also previously three

sets of nine gis [try devet’ upomynkov]

used to be sent. ey should send

us these gis, both the cloths and the 2,000 golden orins, by the month of

November, each year by the 1st day of this month.

And we should not send more envoys and couriers but only the number that

used to be heretofore. According to the custom, envoys and couriers should be

sent primarily by us and our wives, the qalga sultan and other sultans, three

qaraçıs and two mirzas, their [i.e., the qaraçıs’] sons, and by nobody else. If

more envoys and couriers were to go, you may send them back without giving

them anything, and I will not reproach you, our brother, for this, because as

you lavish gis on the envoys and couriers who come to you, on seeing this,

they do not want to stop going, but if you send them back with empty hands,

you will see yourself whether they will come again.

And when an envoy or courier comes from you, our brother, we will not

detain him for a longer time and we will not make him any trouble, and we

will send him back without delay [now and in the future].

Neither will we let

our brothers and children, the sultans, [and] the ulans, beys, mirzas, and all

e original meaning of the Slavic word ukrayna/ukraina is “frontier,” but here

it seems that it already refers to the geographical region—the Ukraine.

On the term “London cloth,” see Document 26, n. 5.

Lit. “two hundred postaws without three postaws;” on the term postaw, see

Document 26, n. 5.

On the term devet’ (“nine”), reecting the Turco-Mongolian custom according to

which a gi should have consisted of nine objects, see Document 31, n. 15.

e khan’s engagement is written in the present and the future tense (trudnostej

žadnyx ne zadelyvaem, y ne zadelyvaty budem, y bez meškan’ja ot sebe otpravuem, y

otpravovaty budem), hence the phrase “now and in the future” was added.

752 document 32 (may 1552)

our people hurt or oppress your envoys, couriers, interpreters, or their servants.

As they arrive out of their free will, so they will depart.

I, Devlet Giray Khan—to begin with, along with my son, the qalga sultan,

and my other sons, the sultans, [and] the ulans, beys, qaraçıs, and mirzas,

namely all, who stand by us, we have sworn our oath:

We sincerely swear to God, who created heaven and earth, and by our Koran,

to display our sincerity and loyalty to you, our brother, and to remain in justice

and good loyalty with your descendants; and we wish that no damage should

be done in any matter by us or any of our people to you, our brother, and your

two states, either the Polish Crown or the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, or any

of your castles, estates, villages, your whole state and people; and we wish to

eternally remain in good brotherly friendship with you, our brother, the great

king Sigismund Augustus, just as it is openly and visibly described in our pres-

ent letter of agreement.

And we have taken oath upon the sincerity of everything [that has been

written] above, and having invoked the supreme and one God, and our prophet

Muhammad Mustafa,

we swear according to our law to rmly keep it: by

God, with God, and through God!

Such is our oath. We will rmly keep our

oath to you, our brother, and our word will never deviate from our present

oath.

We have given you our present oath-letter [lyst prysjažnyj] conrming our

brotherly oath, written in gold; having impressed the golden seals, we have sent

you our present letter of agreement [dokončan’e].

is letter has been written in the 959th year aer the death

of Muham-

mad. Written in Baghchasaray.

Mustafa (lit. “the Chosen”) is the second name of Prophet Muhammad.

e Arabic formula vallahi va billahi va tallahi is correctly rendered (in Tatar

pronunciation) in the Cyrillic text.

Sic; of course it should refer to the Hegira and not Muhammad’s death. e

Muslim year 959 A.H. lasted from 29 December 1551 till 17 December 1552. As the

khan’s letter, delivered along with the present document, was dated 15 May 1552 (cf.

n. 1 above), we may date this instrument more precisely, in May 1552.

DOCUMENT 33 (1560)

e donation yarlıq cum şartname sent by Khan Devlet Giray

to King Sigismund Augustus

e original document is missing.

Polish translation:

A. Bibl. Kórn., ms. 222, pp. 129–137.

B. Bibl. Czart., ms. 70 (Teki Naruszewicza), pp. 581–593.

Dawletgireia cara pakta z Augustem etc. Roku Pańskiego 1560:

W obyczaju jako przodek i ociec nasz nieboszczyk Menligirey

car, królowi

Casimirzowi

i wielkiemu książęciu lytewskiemu

był dał, jakoż potym król

Zigmunt Kasymyrowicz

z bratem naszym w braterskiej przyjaźni zostali, a

tak ponawiając to, aby były państwa brata naszego, wielkiego króla Zigmunta

Augusta wedle pierwszego zwyczaju, i słowa aby były zachowane, daliśmy list

nasz złotem pisany, pod złotymi pieczęciami naszymi, bratu naszemu, wiel-

kiemu królowi i wielkiemu książęciu litewskiemu Zigmuntowi Augustowi,

synom i potomkom jego, dzierżeć sprawiedliwie: a począwszy w głowach

Kiiów, Cyrkassy, Kanyów,

Owrucz, Żytomierz, i wszelkie zamki podniepr-

skie, i dzierżawy i wody, ze wszelakimi dochodami i pożytkami ich; Połoczsk,

Witebsko, i wszelkie zamki podnieprskie, począwszy z wierzchu aż do uścia,

z ziemiami, z

wodami, i ze wszelkimi

dochody i pożytkami ich; Sokal ze

wszelkimi ziemiami, [wodami,]

i dochodami ich; Zwinihrod z ziemiami,

Apart from the two copies listed below, before WW2 another copy was held

in the Poturzyca Library (Biblioteka Poturzycka) in Lwów, in the folders of Łukasz

Gołębiowski, a nineteenth-century antiquarian and historian; cf. Ludwik Kolankow-

ski, “Problem Krymu w dziejach jagiellońskich,” pp. 290 and 297. After WW2, some

of the library holdings found their way to the Ossolineum Library in Wrocław, but I

was unable to find the folder concerned.

B. Dawletgireia cara tatarskiego pakta z Zygmuntem Augustem królem polskim.

Roku Pańskiego 1560.

B. Menligerey.

B. Kazimierzowi.

B. litewskiemu.

B. Zygmunt Kazimierowicz.

B. here and hereaer: Zygmunta.

B. Kaniów.

B. Połoczk.

B. ujścia.

Missing in B.

B. here and hereaer: wszelkiemi.

us in B.; in A.: ziemiami i dochodami, i dochodami ich whereas dochodami is

erroneously repeated.