Krippes A. Karl. Kazakh grammar with affix list
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Kazakh Grammar
with
Affix
List
Karl A. Krippes
Introduction
Background
on
the
Kazakb
languag
e
Phonology
0.1
Kazakb
Orthography
Phonetics,
and
Phonology
0.1.1 Vowel
Harmony
0.1.2
Labial
Harmony
0.2
Consonanta
l Assimilation
0.2.1
Consonanta
l Voiciog/Devoicing
0.2.2
Consonantal
Voicing
and
Devoicing in
Written
Kazakh
0.2.3
Co
nso
nantal
Voicing
and
Devolclng In Colloquial
Kaukh
0.2.4 A
ss
ibilation
/Ge
min
ation
in
Co
ll
oquial
Kazakh
0.2.5
Sonorant
Assimilation in
Written
Kazakh
0.2.6 Assimilation
of
Nasal
Consonants
in
Co
lloquial
Kazakh.
0.2.7 Dissimilation
of
J1
n
in
Written
Kazakh
1.0
Parts
of Speech
2.0 Nominal Affixes
2.0.1
Nominative
2.0.2
Genitive
2.0.3
Accusative
2.0.4
Dative
2.0.5
Locative
2.0.6
Ablative
2.0.
7
Instrumental
3.0
Pronouns
3.2
Reciproc
al
Pronoun
s
3.3
PredicaUve
Pronominal
Affixes
3.4.1
Demonstrative
Pronominal
Adjectives
4.0 Postpositions
4.0.2
Postpo
sl
tions which
Govern
Other
Cases
4.1
Adject
i
va
l
/Adverb
ial Cl
ass
4.1.2
Derived
Adjectives
4.1.3
Co
mpound
Adjectives
4.2
Adverbs
4.3
Quantifiers
4.3.1
Numera
ls
4.4 Degrees
of
Adjectives/Adverbs
4.5
Conjunctions
5.0
Interjections
6.0 The
Verb
System
6.1
Personal
Verbal
Affixes
6.1.1
Verb
Conjugation
6.2 Tense System
6.2.1
Present
6.2.1.1
Simple
Present
6.2.1.2
Present
Continuous
6.2.1.3
Habitual
6.2.2
Future
Tense
6.2.2.1 Definite
Future
-*MAK.
6.2.2.2
Indefinite
Future
*P
6.2.2.3
Negative
Indefinite
Future
6.2.2.4
Pluperfect
*P
+
eAi
6.2.3
Past
Tense
6.2.3.1 Simple
Past
6.2.3.2
Past
Definite
6.2.3.3 Negative
Past
Definite
6.2.3.4
Reported
Past
6.3
Participles
6.3.1 Agentive *Y
ill
.bl
6.3.1.1
Relativizer
6.3.1.2
Nominal:
Professions
6.3.2
The
Indefinite
Future
Participle *
P/
*M
A C
6.3.2.1
Subordinate
Cl
ause
s
6.3.2.2
Nominalization - Modification -
Relativization
6.4
Gerunds
6.4.2
Past
Gerund *
II
6.4.2.1 Negative
Present
Gerund
*M A H
6.4.3
Indefinite
Past
6.4.3.1 Indefinite
Past
• F AH,I.(A
when
6.4.3.2
Indefinite
Past
Constructions
after/since
6.4.4 Indefinite
Future
•
FA
Hill
A
6.5 English
"to
want"
6.6 Compount.l Verbs
6.6.3 Nuances
of
Compound Verbs with
*ll
6.6
.
3.1
Imperfective
Auxiliaries:
Prolonged.
Repeated
Action
6.6.3.2
Perfective:
Suddenness
or
Thorough
Action
6.6.3.3 Modal Usage
6.6.3.4
Inchoative
Usage with
the
Present
Gerund
*
(A)H
6.7
Deverbal
Affixes
6.7.1 Deverbal Affixes
-•T
.biH,I(.biK,
/-*
F AH;IJ;.biK,
6.7.2 •rAH,IJ;.biKTAH because
6.7.3 Deverbal Affixes *Y
/*(
.bl)C
6.8
Conditional,
Imperative,
Subjunctive
Mood
6.8.1 CondJt1onal * C A
6.8.2 Although, even though
*CA
,I(A
6.8.3
Imperative
Mood
6.8.3.1
Negative
Imperatives
6.8.4
Subjunctive
Affixes
6.9
eKeH
/KepiHeT/oaifK,anaT seem
6.9.1 3KeH
6.9.2
KepiueT
6.9.3
6a:H~<,anaT
6.10
KepeK
need
7.0
Kazakh
Afflx List
Selected
Bibliography
on
Kazakb
Grammar
Newspaper
articles
analyzed
and
quoted
List
of
Tabl
es and C
ha
rts
0.2.1
Cl
assifica
tion
of
Co
ns
onant
s
Co
ns
onanta
l
Voicing/Dev
o
ic
ing
So
norant
Ass
imilati
on in
Written
Ka
za
kh
Po
ssess
i
ve
Pronomin
al Affixes
Po
ssessive
Pronoun
s
Per
s
onal
Pr
ono
un
s
Renexive
Pr
ono
u
ns
Pre
sen
t/Fut
ur
e
Pronominal
s (
ll
a)
Simple
Pa
st
Pr
ono
minal
s (
lib
)
Demons
trative
Pronoun
s
Int
errogat
ive
Pronoun
s
0.2.5
3.0.1
3.0.2
3.
0.3
3.1
3.3.1
3.3.2
3.4
3.5
3.6.
3.7
4.0.1
4.0.2.1
Ind
efinite
Pr
onou
ns
Definite
Pron
o
un
s
Po
s
tpo
si
tions which Gove
rn
the No
minati
ve Case
The Dati
ve
4.0
.2.2 The
Ablative
4.0.2.3 The Genitive,
4.1.1 S
impl
e A
dje
ctives
4
.1
.2.1
Adjectival
D
eri
vatlonal
Affixes
4.1.3
Com
pound
Adjective
s
4.2
Adverbs
4.3.1
Ca
rdin
al Nume
ral
s
4
.3
.2
Ordinal
Numeral
s
4.
3.3 Collective
Numera
ls
4.4.1
Co
mparativ
e Adjectives/
Adverb
s *P
AK.
4.4.2 S
up
e
rlati
ve
D
egree
of
Adjectives Ea M
os
1
4.5
Con
junction
s
5.0
In
te
rj
ections
6.0
Modal
s
6.1
Per
s
onal
Ve
rbal
Affixes
6.1.1 Affix
Sequencing
In
Verb
Co
nju
gat
ion
6.2
Kazakh
Tense
Syste
m
6.4
Ger
und
s
6.6.1 Compa
ri
sion
of
Si
mpl
e
and
Co
mp
o
und
Ve
rb
s
6.6.2
Verb
Phra
ses
6. 7
Deverba
l Affixes
6.8
.3
Imp
e
rativ
e Affixes
6.8.4
S
ubjun
c
tiv
e Affixes
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
Introduction
This is a partial grammatical description
of
modern Kazakh based on
one sampling
of
written texts.
The
purpose
of
this description is to
provide a corpus-based, English-language grammar w
hi
ch
bridges the
gap between mere affix lists and tables
of
noun and verb morphology
on the
one
hand. and the more comprehensive yet derivative Russian-
language grammatical studies
on
the other.
The
co
rpus for this study, though relatively small (8,899 words from
three newspaper articles, 1992. 1993, 1994),
did prove adequate to
cover the major aspects
of
Kazakh morphology and
sy
max. as well as
most types
of
verb
al
constructions. Some grammatical points
are
quo
ted
from fianaKaes.
6acKaKou.
l{en.ec6aes (1962: abbreviated [BB &
K]) and Cirtautus (1974).
The
accompanying affix list is a necessary feature
of
this grammar
which takes a morphophonemic approach to Kazakh morphology
The
assimilation rules f
or
vowels and consonants. which are expl
ai
ned in the
phonology section, accomplish two functions: 1.) they allow the student
to
systematically
dedve
the allomorphs from a morphophonemc by tbe
app
li
cation
of
the phonological rules, 2.) they eliminate the need to list
the 3-6 allomorphs for each affix
or
to include each allomorph in the
illustrative examples. Lastly, it should be noted that verb
sy
ntax is
treated throughout
the verb sections rather than in a separate section.
The
author wishes to thank Dr. Alma Kunanbaeva
of
th
e University
of
Wisconsin at Madison, and Dr. Tangat Tangriberdi kyzy Ayapova
of
the Kazakh State University
in
Almaty for verifying the accuracy
of
the
grammatical descriptions and my English translations
of
accompanying
examples. I also wish to .thank my
co
lleagues at the MRM. Inc.
Language Resear
ch
Center for reading the first
draft
and
making
suggestions for improvement: Dr. Allan Frank. Mr. Jack Jones, Dr. David
Zorc,
Mr
. John Murphy.
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
Backgro
und
on
the
Kazakb
Language
Kazakh is the national and official language spoken by roughly 7 million
persons
in
the Republic
of
Kazakhstan (Katz
ner
1995: 136). Together
with major
Turkic languages like Tatar and Kyrgyz, Kazakh belongs to
th
e IGpchak (Qipchak) group. The IGpchak and Karluk Turkic (i.e. Uzbek,
Uighur,
and Salar) groups can
be
traced back most closely to the Middle
Turkic
language
of
the
Karakhanids, but
more
djstantly to the
Oguz
group (e.g. Turkmen, Turkish,
Azeri
). In the
modem
IGpchak languages
a smaller layer
of
Western Iranian loanwords sharply differentiates this
group from either Karluk or
Oguz. For example,
in
a sampling
of
100
neologisms only 27 were ultimately
of
Tajik origin, and the rest native
Turkic coinages.
Compare an average
of
51% Iranian elements
in
the
total
Uzbek lexicon.
The
cognate
language which is
closest
to Kazakh lexically and
phonetically is Kyrgyz. Although
Kazakh and Kyrgyz have been dubbed
"virtual dialects
of
one another", the semantic and lexical gaps between
the two languages are substantial, as demonstrated by
Tab
les 1-3.
Ta
bl
e 1
Se
man
tic
mi
sma
tch
es
in
Kaza
kh
and
Kyrgyz
Kazakb
a3aMaTTb
t
K.
citizenship
aca6a
toastmaster
6anaraT
scolding
wic
odor
K.apCbtnay
to
welcome
K.aTTay
to
la
yer
K.YPbtW
wrute steel
ra6btC income
TOK.aJJ
1.
mistress: 2. hornless
TOCY
to
wait
TYHJiiK
smoke-hole covering
ryciM income
Ti36e chain
2
a.JaMaTTbiK
boldness
aca6a
flag
6anarar
maturity
~
HC carbon monoxide
HapwbJJtOO
to criss-cross
KaTToo
to
regis
ter
Kypq sharp
ra6btC voice
TOKOJJ
hornless
rocyy
to
welcome
TYHJJ.YK
north
TYWYM
harvest
H13MC
Jjst
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
Table 2 contains lexical gaps
in
which there is no phonetically,
morphologically,
or
semantically corresponding word in Kyrgyz.
Tab
le 2. Lexical
gaps
betwee
n
Kazak
h and K
yrgyz
Kazakb
n.arJiapbiC
crisjs
neM
any
to rest
MaMaHJibl
K.
specialization
MyrenJieK
handicapped
o6a
epidemic
¥MbiTY
to
forget
weMipweH cartilage
WbJfaHaK.
cove
K
vr2vz
Hp~mtc
id.
3C
aJl))
id.
an~1CTUK
id.
Maitbrn id.
'ly \la id.
YRYTYY
id.
KCM
H
P'ICK
id.
6yJJyll id.
From the
khanate
period
until the 1920's,
th
e Kazakh
literar
y
language was a modified form
of
Chagatay, written in Arabic script.
This
is the literary language used by slightly le
ss
than one million
Kazakhs
in
Xinjiang province
of
the PRC (Katzner 1995:136
).
After an
experiment with
Latin
script from 1928 to 1940, a modified Cyrillic
scri
pt
was introduced (Menges 1989:80).
In
the early Soviet period, the northern Kazakh dialect spoken in
Orenburg and
Semipalatinsk was designated
as
standard.
It
has been
suggested that the northern Kazakh dialect's small number
of
Arabo-
Persian loanwords and larger layer
of
Russian loanwords influenced this
choice (Olcott 1985:191). From the 1940's to the 1953, whereas the
trend
in
Soviet Kazakh Jexjcography followed the "internationalization"
or
Russification trends in other Turkic languages, since the death
of
Stalin
in
1953 there has been a "renewed interest
in
finding ancient
Kazakh terms to replace vocabulary borrowed from Arabic. Persian ...
",
as well as "an interest in resubstituting Kazakh terms for Russian ones"
(Olcott
1985: 196). For example,
in
texts published between 1952 and
1964,
we
find an average
of
4.27%
Ru
ssian loanwords
in
scientific
or
academic texts versus an average
of
only 2.33% in Kazakh literature (c
f.
Hrebi~
ek
1966).
Since
Kazakh
independence
in
1991.
the
activities
of
the
Terminological Commission have been more intensely focused on de-
Russifying the
lit
erary language. Consequently, the posr-Soviet Kazakh
literary language is distancing itself from its closest cognate language,
3
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
Kyrgyz. For example. Table 3 shows Kazakh neologisms correspond to
Ru
ssian loanwords in Kyrgyz.
Tab
le 3. Lexical
Gaps
between Kazakb Neologisms and Kyrgyz
Russ
ian
Loanwords
Ka:takh
6eiiuerac
na
vtdeotape
raJK.arap
gas·mask
Je
i!Henep reured person
Ke
weu
senes.
system
K.blwa
mustard seed
Mep
eiircp
laurear
epKetmCT
civilizauon
Tent<.
ymmaT
passport
Kyrgyz
Bttaeo
id.
npoTitBOra.J
id.
neHCI10Rep
id.
KO\tn!leKc
id.
rop11uua
id.
naypear id.
U"Bit.1JtJault
J!
id.
nacnopT id.
Nonetheless
.
despite
the time-depth
of
several
centuries
which
separate Kazakh and Kyrgyz., and the concomitant and more
intense
de-
Russificarion
of
t
he
Kazakh lexicon th
an
in Kyrgyz, there is considerable
mutual intelligibility between the two languages.
The
intelligibility is
great
enough
to allow a Kazakh and a Kyrgyz to hold a
casua
l
co
nversation while speaking their respective languages
(as
observed by
the
author
).
4
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
0.1
Kazakh
Or
th
ogr
ap
hy
Ph
onetics,
and
Phonology
The
letter
s
of
the Kazakh
Cyrillic
alphabet
and
their
phonetic
tra
nscnpuon
(in square brackets) are as follows:
AA
(a)
I
en
(z)
I
E6
(b]
Ba
(vj
rr
I.RI
Fr
(y)
I
~[d)
Ee
[e)
I
£i
[yo)
1KlK
131
33
[z]
HH
[iy)
Ha
_b')
Kx
fk)
K~
[q)
Jln
(1]
MJ.c
[m)
HH
(n]
R11
(9)
I
Oo [o)
I
9e(o)
nn
IPI
Pp
[r]
I
Cc
[s)
I
1'r
(t)
-~-
r--
Yy
[u)
I
Yy
[ii]
cpq,
lfl_
Yy
(uw
; Ow]
-
Xx
[kh)
bb
[h)
~
[ts)
tfq
[e]
Wm
~)
lUn4
~]
'b
blhJ
lil
u
[i]
b
33
[e]
lOJo
_
[ylt)
jiB
[ya]
Because Kazakh
maintain
co
m
bi
n
atory
rest
riction
s on
vowels
and
consonants in native vocabulary (i.e.
except
for Russian loan
-wo
rds),
\'O
wels and consonants may be classified as front
or
back, thus:
Front
Back
Vowels
en
J~l
Ee
[e]
HB
[iy] D
[i)
Aa
[a)
Ee
!Yc;>l
h1hl
(I
I
eo
[oJ
vv
(uJ
Oo [o)
Yv
[u]
10Jo
[yu
1
jiB
(ya
I
Consonants
rr
181
Ka:
[kJ
Fr
[
\1
K.
~
(q)
XI
(kh)
>'ote that
Yy
has two possible phonetic values.
[uw)
or
[iiw).
depending on
whether the preceding vowel is back
or
front.
e.g
.
JC.VIiHy
[quynuw)
to
ba
the
'
vs
. Kyiley [kiiyeuw)
'husband
'. Note also that both Russtan and
Kazakh CyrilUc
)KlK
have the same phonetic value [3],
nod
in KaUlkh and
colloqutal Russian
IUm
is a geminate consonant [U) (i.e. longer than m w
[~
I -
Lastly. since
Sa
(e]
is found in Russian loan-words, it need not be
considered with front vowels.
s
Kazakh Grammar with
AHix
list
Phonology pertains to
th
e combinatory behavior
of
the sounds
of
the
language.
One way
of
grouping together variants
of
a
single
morpheme
is
to
designate
11n
archetypical
morpheme
or
affix
called
the
"morp
hophonem
e".
In
order
for
the
learner
to
be
able
to
derive
variants
from
an
archetyptcal
form by
the
applicatjon
of
vowe
l
harmony
and/or
co
n
sonan
tal
assimilauon
rules,
this
g
rammar
uses
morphopboneme
s
(ca
pitalized
and
asterisked)
for
Kazakb
affixes.
Learners
with a background in another
Turkic
language may
recogmze
that
the
morphophonemes
are
nearly the same
as
the affixes in
Turki
languages which
la
c~
such vanation.
0.1.1
Vowe
l H
ar
mony
The
two types
of
vowel harmony,
front/back
harmony
and
labial
harmony
,
are
assimilation
rule
s
which
apply
in
tandem
to
the
combination
of
native Kazakh root and affixes. Some Russian loanwords
which were borrowed
over
one
hu
ndred years ago sh
ow
the
r
esull
0
vowel harmony, e.g.
6ene
n
Ke
bottle
(<
R. 6yTbtJ1Ka),
caMaybtp
samovar (<R.
c a
~10
B a p ). Whereas front/back harmony is a process
of
assimilating the
qualities
of
vowel
height (i.e. the relative position
of
the tongue to
produce
the vowels). labial harmony pertains to the
roundedness
(i.e.
rounding
of
the shape
of
the lips)
of
a vowel.
In addition to
th
e feature height mentioned
ea
.
rlier
, Kazakh vowels
may
be
classified a
cco
rding to roundedness as follows:
Unrounded
Rounded
Front
aa
, Ee,
li
ee
.
vv
Back
Aa,
hiJ.r
Oo, Yv
Note that the
vo~el
g,.raphemes
HB
and
Yy
are
acrually
diphthongs
whose pronunciation as IH/
ill
(iy] and YY /
yy
[i.iy]
or
:biH
I
I>IB
fiy] and
YY / yy [uy] depends on the hetght
or
roundedness
of
the
other vowels in
the
root word.
An
affix that has a back vowel in its canonical
shape
will assimilate
to a front vowel
if
the last
sy
llable
of
a r
oot
word contains a front
syllable, e.g.
K9D
much+
*-
P
AK.
> Ke6ipeK more
6
Kazakh Grammar with
AHix
List
0.1.2
Labia
l
Ha
rm
ony
The
three
labial
harmony
rules
apply
to
colloquial
rather
than
to
literary Kazakh. and therefore are not reflected in the orthography
For
the
examples
below
,
the
harmonized form
of
the word
is
in
square
brackets.
1
Back
rounded
vowels Oo. Yy
assimilate
the
vowel
blbt
of
the
follow•ng
sy
llable to become Yy.
e.g.
opbllt
place>
[opyH).
K.
y.lbll:l
foal>
[I\..
y.'l)'H].
TOiiJlbt
satia
t
~d
>
[T
OiiJly).
TYPJlbl
stood >
[TYPJlY]
2a Front rounded vowels
8e
and
Yy
assimilate the front vowel li
to
beco
me
Yy.
e.g.
O\tip life > [9Myp), yMiT hope > (yMyr),
KYJ1Jli
laughed >
[KYJlJlY)
2b. Front vowels
8e
and
Y y assimilate
the
f
ro
nt vowel
Ec
to become
eo
..
e.g.
IMC
IL
~pic
poem>
eneH.,
KypeK
shovel>
[KypeK), Kep
ce
if
on~
sees >
(11a
p
ce],
Kyncc
if
on~
laughs>
[KyJlca]
·Note
1ho1
1he
se
colloquial
form
s correspond 10 I
he
pronune
iauon
forms
of
~canda
rd
Ky
rs
yz!!
0.2
Co
nsona
nt
al Ass
imilation
AssJmJi
auon
refer
s to the way that a
sound
adapts
or
chan
ges
to
c.onfo
rm
to the phonetic features
of
a
neighbonng
so
und. The two lunds
ol
conso
nantal assimilation in written Kazakh
are
: 1.) voicmg/devotcing,
2.)
sono
rant a
ssim
Jiation.
In
conjunction with vowel harmony.
the
se
rules pertam to the combination
of
roots and affixes.
0.2.1
Co
n
so
n
an
tal
Voi
ci
ng
/D
ev
oicin
g
The chnrt below shows that an affix beginning in
a voiced consonant
IS
auached
to a noun
or
ve
rb root which
ends
in either a vowel (i.e.
open sy
llable)
or
an
other
voiced
consonant.
By
contrast,
an
affix
beginning in a voiceless consonant will only
be
auached to a noun or
verb
root
which
ends
in
another
voiceless
conso
n
ant
(i.e.
closed
sy
llable)
.
7
Kazakh Grammar with Affix List
Chart
0.2.1
Consonan
tal
Volcing!Devoicing
Verb
OR
Noun Root
+
Affix
I vowel
or
voiced consonant +
voiced
2 vo1celess consonant
+
voiceless
Sonorants
are
a class
of
consonants which derive their name from the
fact
lhat
lhey
are
"s
onorous
M because they
can
propagate
sound
like
vowels
.
The
distinction
between
so
norant
and
non-sonorant
also
determines
th
e
behavior
of
lhe sound in assimilation and dissimilation.
We
ma
y also
categorize
the Kazakb
consonants
into
voiced/voiceless
non
-sono
rant conso
nant
s and sonorants as follows:
Tab
le 0.2.1 Cl
ass
i
fication
of
Consonants
1.
Non-sonorant
Consonants
voiceless
n T K
K;
<P
m
c
voiced
6
A
r F
BlK
3
II
.
Sonorant
Consonants
M HI
JJ
p
~
0
.2.2
Conso
nantal
Voicing
and
Devoicing in
Writt
en Ka
zak
h
Voicing Rules:
1.)
Consonants n n and
1{1{.
VOICe
to 66 and
Pr
respectively when:
a.)
lhey occur intervocalically, e.g.
Metncn
school> MeKTe6iMi3 our school.
K.
ynal\.
ear>
K.
y.rrarbiM
my
enr,
8
Kazakh Grammar with Afl•x List
b)
they
are
in contact with voiced consonant
of
another word. e.g. some
compo
und words. e.g.
Maprauar
bot<
K.3H3T
wi11g.
K.apawara3
Eurosu"'
bttttm
<
1\.33
goost.
Devoicing Rules: .
1.)
Consonants
66.
fr
and
.il.:.t
devotee to
nn
K.K.
and T T
respectively when they come in
contact
with an affix beginning with a
vo1ce
less consonant. e.g.
}f(3f)
to burn> iK31\.
Tbl
p)
to
couse
to burn.
K.
ynali.
eor +
•.nA
>
k..
Y
naK.
Ta
;,.
tht
to
r
0.2.3 Conson
an
tal
Voicing
and
Devoicing In
Co
lloquial
Kazakh
The
followtng
rul
es
pertain
only
to
spoken
Kazakb
.
The
pronounciat
ion
vanant
is
in
square
brackets. In general, these
rules
parallel lhe voicing rules for wriuen Kazakh.
Voicing Rules:
I.
intervocalically
a. compounds, e.g. place-names
K.apaKe3
> [Kapare
J),
Tan.nhl
K.opratl
> [Tan!lbl roprau]
b. in
syntacuc
untts
or
phrases
ah. ewKi
whrte
goot >
[ar
ewtii].
K9H
ac
nau
blu~
sk) >
[Ker
acnau]
2.
after a votced consonant
KyJ
Kenni
autumn
come > [Ky3 ren.ni].
6ip
K.arap
sevual
>
[6ip
raTap)
Devoicing Rules:
I.
after a vo1celess consonant. e.g.
per
sonal names
a. in compounds
.\iir6aii >
(M1rna~t}.
}l{ycin6eK > [}KycinneK}
also historically Persian loanwords, e.g.
•ac\
1311
sl.:)'
>
acnau
b. in syntactic units
or
phrases
1cen
6ana
man>'
kids
>
[Ken
nana],
~Ken
6ep
bring
it>
(~1wn
nep]
9
Kazakh Grammar with A
ff
ix
List
0.2.4
Ass
ib
ll
atlon
/
Gemlna
tlon in Co
ll
oquial
Kazak
b
Fricatives r
<P
m c B JK 3 F) are sounds
wh.ich
allow lhe
COnLinuous
passage
of
air during aruc
ul
auon. unlike stops [n T K 6 A r
K,
)
wh.ich
close off the flo"'
of
atr
Ass•bilation
refers to lhe assimilauon
of
sibilanLS
(i.e. fncatives) Cc.
>t\lt\
and 33. The geminated fricatives
(1.e.
sibilant) w w or ant\ are formed from lhe assimilation
of
Cc
and
33
respectively when eilher
of
the
pa1r
comes
in
contact wilh a morpheme
or word
beg1nn1ng
with W w
or
it\
iii.
Also. the voiced fricative
3J
devoices to
us
vo1celess counterpart
Cc
when followed by C c
C • W/}f{ > WW
1\.0C
Wbl
allendant > [1\.0
WWhl
),
6ac
wa
ii
K..ay
to nod the head >
[6a
w
WaJ.
1
K.
ay]
rae a
wn
Jtont-road >
[ra
w won).
6ac
lK3K.
side
of
the
head>
[6aw w
aK.)
3 + W/}f{ > HO
t<
TaJwa having head scabs > (
TaiUw
a)
,
C93
WC1
i.
verbost > [C9WW91
l)
reJ
Wb
lt\.
lmrry out! >
[TC
UJ
IUbll\.]
, H
93
wan]lbl noticed >
[t<
e
ru
UJ
3J1Jl
bl]
lKYJ
lK
bi
Jl
century
>
[»Cy>H
>l(
bi
Jl
},
\1
¥3
lK
3pfbiW
ice·breaktr
>
[My
»<
lKa
prbtW)
3 + c >
cc
1\93
ca.1y to glance >
[t<e
c ca.1yj.
t<yJ
ca
ifbtH
every awumn >
[t<yc
Ca
l1
b1
H]
0.2.5 S
ooorant
Assimilation in
Wr
itt
en
Kaza
kh
If
an
affix bas a canon1cal or basic form in
.1
.1
or H o , the initial
consonant
of
lhe affix
wtll
assimilate to
.lll
or Tr depending on whether
the root ends
1n
o
vo
1ced or
vo1ce
less consonant. Affixes beginning
w1lh
\1
\1 will likewise
OSSimllate
to either
66
or n n.
10
Ka
.zakh Grammar with A
ft
lx List
C
bart
0.2.5 Sonoraot Assim
il
ation In
Wri
tt
en
Kazakb
• JIA
t'
(p
lural)
•.•Ibl (adjective)
'"
.II \ \verbalizer)
voiced root
ua
't
man • x >
\t
3H.biJ
meamng • an. sense • x >
or vowel
ua
M.lap men:
X>
atua)
to
K.
ypa
..
ta formation \ta
tL
biJlbl
understand
:
+ x >
K.
yp
aMa.
1
ap
meaningful;
K.apbiJ
debt • " >
formations
1\..
yp
a\la
fonnation
h.apb13la·H)
•
x > ttypa
\1
a.'lbt
to owe
combined
vo1ce
less root
ttaJt
aT
wing + x >
1\..V
P\I
CT
respe.ct
•
or
grass • x >
ttaH
arrap
wings:
X>
K.y
p
;\
t
CTTI
oTTa)
to graze:
MeK
Te
n school + x
respected
tta
n cover + x >
> M
eKTe
n
rep
Kanra) to cover
schools
"'
MA
_ld
on
tl._
•Mt:H
(w
ith)
voiced root
HaH
· believe + x >
K.a
n
arr
ap wings •
or vowel
uaH
6a
don't
x
> Kana
rrap
Me
ll
be
li
eve:
with wings;
OTT
a·
graze+
X >
tta
Ha
rrapbt
its
OTT
~t
a
don't
win
gs+
x >
graze
tta
u
arrapbl
\f
CH
wi
th its wings
vo1celess root
ifian· close
~
x >
K.auar wing • x >
manna
don"
t close:
K.a
H
aT
O
CII
w
it
h a
it\aT·
li
e down
..
x
> )f(aTna don
't
lie
wi
ng
down
II
Kazakh Grammar with Affix
List
0.2.6 Assimilation
of
Nasal
Consona
nt
s in
Co
lloquial
Kazakh.
Nasals
are
a
subgroup
of
sonorants (M H 8,
].
not including
[n)
and [p J
for
which
the
air
flows
throug
h
the
nose
during
aniculauon
.
The
following
changes
apply
to the pronunciation [in
square
brackets]
of
cenain
syllablic
combinauons
and
word
combinations
in
the
spoken
language
·
I.
The
consonant H
11
assimilates to \h1
an
front
of
the
labial consonants
66.
nn.
\ha
. e.g.
cen6i
·da>
(ofrh~
wuk)
>
[C1?'16i).
>Ka11neiiic
>
[/Ka~meflic].
KCH
MCH
mep
ore and land >
[KCM
MCII
mep]
2.
The
alveolar consonant
II
11
assimilates to the velar lin. in front
of
the
velar stops
KK
/
rr
and the velar fricatives
K.~t.
/
Pr.
e.g.
C~
H
K.OH
> (C.,Il
rotij,
CC
II
HiM
> (CCil
riM),
TOHra
> (TOH.ra)
0.2.7 Dissimil
ation
of
J1
J1
in
Writt
en
Kazakb
Dis
similation refers to the behavior
of
a sound to
become
dissimilar
to a
neighboring
sound.
Th
e sonorant Jb always dissimilates to
Jl.a
when an
affix
beginning
in fin as
attached
to a
root
ending
in
this
same
consonant.
Persian
loan-words
such
as
Ke.1.n.e
head
(<
*1<e.1.1e)
and
M0
.1Jl3
mulla
_h
(<
•Mo;u
t
a)
show
that
the
combination
JJ.f'
l is
generally
not
allowed
an
Kazakh
.
Theref
ore.
the
adjectival
affix •.rtbl
and
the
nominal affix
Ilb
lf\.
wall
dassamllate to
lbl
and
.lbll\. when attached to a
root
word ending in
.1.'1.
Smularly. the plural affix *
.1AP
dissimilates to
.n.ap.
For
example.
1\CCC
;l
illness
+
6eClf<bl.1lbll\.
five-year
period,
instruments.
.1bl > 1\CCC.l.ili
ill.
il\bl.l
)ear
>
K.ypan
instrument
> K.ypan.aap
12
Kazakh Grammar with Affix
Uat
1.0
Parts
of
Speech
The
two
basic morphological classes in Kazakh are verb
and
non-verb.
The
dtsunction
is based on the types
of
affixes that may be
auached
.
Otherwase. the
distinction between nouns and adJectives for
example
is
lar
gely
syntactic,
whereas
many
ve
rb
s
are
semantically
adjective"
because they
describe
qualities
rather
than acuons.
2.0 Nominal Affixes
There
are
a total
of
ten
inflectional affixes
an
Kazakh.
These
include
eight
bas
1
c:
plural.
nominative,
genitive,
dative,
accusative
.
locat~ve.
ablauve.
instrumental.
In
addition,
there
are
another
four
vanant
affixes used in combination with the possessive pronominal affixes
(see
3.0.1 ):
possessive
accusative.
possessive
dative,
possessive
locative,
possessive
ablative.
2.0.1
No
m
inative
The
nominative
singula
r is
indicated
by
the
absence
of
a suffix.
Th
e
nominative
plural
*JIAP obeys
the
sa
me
assimilation
rules as oth
er
affixes, and
can
have
either
an initial voiced
or
voiceless
conso
nant, and
it
ca
n have
either
a front
or
back
vowel, depending on the kind
of
vowel
in
the last syllable
of
the root word, e.g.
aypynap
illnesses
a.u.~ap
men
3BTOOYCT3D
buses
2.0.2
Ge
nitiv
e
aa.r
iM
enep
Stonb
aAen.o.ep
women
aBTOKeJJiKTep vehicles
*HbiH.
sbows possession and Jinks postpositions (see 4.0.2.3).
e.g
.
;nteJ1Aep-Aitf.
K,OFaMALIK.
JK.aFAaKhJ
womens'
SOCial
~wu'
acKe
pu
biHTbiMaK,T3CTbJK.·TblB.
JteniciMi
agreement
on
m•hlat')
c:ooperauon
13