Lefebvre Georges. Napoleon

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

F URTHER READING

It has been said that Napoleon’s bibliography is second only in size to that of

Jesus Christ himself, and certainly the number of books devoted to the emperor

in the London Library alone, covering an entire ﬂ oor-to-ceiling bookstack

thirty yards long, would bear this out. Nonetheless, relatively few of these are

full-scale biographies of Napoleon, so much as books covering every conceiv-

able aspect of his political, military and amorous career. Here is a list of ﬁ fty of

the more important works for further reading, chosen for their readability as

well as their erudition. Do not be put off by the age of some of them: if a book

is, say, half a century old it will be featured for a reason, such as ﬁ ne prose style,

penetrative insights or because it is a classic of historical writing. For the true

Napoleonist, the splendid news is that the Fondation Napoléon, under its

director Thierry Lentz, is publishing a completely new edition of Napoleon’s

Correspondance Générale , which will comprise some thirty-six thousand letters in

all by the time of the completion of this immense and much-needed work of

scholarship, edited by François Houdecek and Gabriel Madec.

GENERAL BIOGRAPHIES

Asprey , Robert B. , The Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte , 2 vols ( London , 2000 ).

Castelot , André , Napoléon Bonaparte ( Madrid , 2004 ).

Cronin , Vincent , Napoleon ( London , 1990 ).

Dwyer , Philip , Napoleon: the Path to Power, 1769–1799 ( London , 2007 ).

Johnson , Paul , Napoleon ( London , 2002 ).

555

further Reading

556

FAMILY AND PERSONAL HISTORIES

Aronson , Theo , The Golden Bees: the Story of the Bonapartes ( London , 1964 ).

Bernier , Olivier (ed.) , At the Court of Napoleon: Memoirs of the Duchesse d’Abrantès

( New York , 1989 ).

Bourrienne , Louis Antoine Fauvelet de , Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte , ed. R. W.

Phipps , 4 vols ( London , 1893 ).

Bruce , Evangeline , Napoleon and Josephine: an Improbable Marriage ( London , 1995 ).

Delderﬁ eld , R. E , Napoleon in Love ( London , 1974 ).

Fraser , Flora , Venus of Empire: the Life of Pauline Bonaparte ( London , 2009 ).

Herold , J. Christopher (ed.) , The Mind of Napoleon: a Selection from his Written and

Spoken Words ( New York , 1955 ).

Holland , Henr

y Ric

hard Vassall Fox , Foreign Reminiscences , ed. Henry Edward

Lord Holland ( London , 1850 ).

Palmer , Alan , Napoleon and Marie Louise ( London , 2001 ).

Rosebery , Archibald Philip Primrose , Napoleon: the Last Phase ( London , 1900 ).

Smith , William H. C , The Bonapartes: the History of a Dynasty ( London , 2005 ).

Thompson , J. M. (ed.) , Napoleon’s Letters ( London , 1934 ).

ANDREW ROBERTS

May 2009

INDEX

Abercromby, General Sir Ralph, 85, 98

Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, 4th

earl of, 523

Abrantès, Laure, duchesse d’

(née Permon), 257

Aché, Robert, vicomte d’, 284

A’Court, William (later 1st Baron

Heytesbury), 466

Act of Mediation (Switzerland, 1803), 148,

415, 523

Acton, Sir John, 173

Adams, John, 94

Addington, Henry (later Viscount

Sidmouth): Alexander’s hostility to,

172; and allies for England, 150;

conduct of war against France, 159;

foreign policy, 106, 213; forms

government, 96; in Grenville ministry,

213; and peace negotiations (1802), 99;

peace policy, 141; resigns, 161; retains

Malta, 152–3

Admiralty (British): approves Nelson’s

expedition to West Indies, 164; inquiry

into, 161

Adriatic: Austrians close, 246;

British control, 313; British trade in,

167

Affry, Louis d’, 149

Afghanistan, 309

Agar, Jean-Michel, count of Mosbourg,

424

agriculture: and continental grain

surpluses, 454; crisis (1805), 201;

improvements in, 7, 40–1, 44;

Napoleon encourages, 142, 144, 385,

387; tradition, 488

Aland Islands, 259

Alaska, 492

Albini, Count Antonio, 101, 103,

436

Alexander I, tsar: accepts mediation,

509–10; advises Frederick William to

play for time, 278; agreement with Pitt,

172; alliance with Napoleon, 243–4,

247, 333, 415; asserts monarchical and

aristocratic power, 484; and Austrian

war with Napoleon (1809), 283–4;

background and character, 170–1,

180–1; and Congress of Vienna, 535–6;

defeat at Austerlitz, 205; demands on

Napoleon, 368; and Eastern question,

258–9; and father’s death, 170; fears

Napoleon’s raising of new army, 520;

France asks to mediate, 171–2; French

marshals negotiate with, 531; Holy

Alliance with Prussia and Austria, 545;

invades Galicia, 294; meets Bernadotte

at Trachenberg, 515–16; meets

558

index

Frederick William III and falls for

Queen Louise, 150, 221; Metternich

negotiates with, 522, 525; mysticism,

170, 171, 501; Napoleon plans defeat,

455; Napoleon suspects of disaffection,

294–5, 303; offers to mediate with

England, 232; opens ports to neutrals,

346; opposes taking provinces from

France, 545; peace negotiations with

Napoleon, 214–15; and peace

settlement, 534–5; peace settlement

with Napoleon (1802), 97; policy on

Prussia after defeat of French, 505;

Polish policy, 284, 294, 295–6, 297; as

potential ally of Britain, 151–2; prepares

for war with France, 304–5, 361–3,

364–5, 366–7; and prospective

occupation of Malta, 151–2, 152; and

Prussian ambitions for Hanover, 174–5;

and Prussian war with France, 221;

reforms, 461–2; refuses Napoleon’s

bid for marriage to sister Anne, 297–8,

299–300; rejects Slobodzie armistice,

246–7, 258; rejects treaty drafted by

Caulaincourt, 303; relations with

Frederick William III, 175, 179–80;

religious practices, 471; resumes

offensive against defeated French,

503–4; and settlement of German

indemnities, 149; sues for peace,

228–9; and Swedish succession, 304;

in Third Coalition, 170–2; and Tilsit

Treaty (1807), 226, 230–2, 256, 258–9;

visits Berlin (1805), 204; war with

Napoleon, 498–9, 500

Alexandria, 228–9

Ali Pasha (of Janina), 228

Ali Pasha (Tepelini), 26

Allemand, Admiral Zacharie, 164, 307

Alopeus, Maximilian von, 217, 257, 259,

305

Alquier, Charles-Jean-Marie, 363, 366

Altenberg, 295

Altenstein, Karl, 8, 272, 274, 278

Altmark, 221

American Revolution, effect on British

maritime supremacy, 24

Amiens, Treaty of (1802): agreed, 96,

96–101, 125, 138, 142; and British

occupation of Malta, 152; broken, 139,

141, 148, 153, 154; effect on prices, 142;

Fox rejects as basis for negotiation,

213; and redistribution of German

territories, 149–50; and Turks, 147

Ampère, André-Marie, 390

Ancillon, Johann Peter Friedrich, 504

Ancona, 180, 211

Andréossy, Antoine-François, comte, 151

Anglesey, Henry William Paget, 1st

marquess of, 176

Anglican Church, evangelicalism, 18

Angoulême, Louis-Antoine, duc d’, 527,

531, 540

Angoulême, Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte,

duchesse d’, 540

Anne, grand duchess of Russia

(Alexander’s sister), 260, 297, 298

Ansbach, 204, 205, 216

Anti-Jacobin, The (journal, 10

Antilles, French, 47, 98, 146, 241

Antraigues, Emmanuel-Henri-Louis,

comte d’, 154–5, 176

Antwerp, 179, 293

Arakcheev, General Alexis Andreevich,

170

Aranjo (Portuguese), 247

Aranjuez, 250, 261–2; Treaty of, 91

Arbuthnot, Charles, 213

Areizaga, General Carlos, 323

Aréna, Joseph, 109

Argenton, d’ (ofﬁ cer in Soult’s

command), 286, 322

aristocracy: alarmed by French

Revolution, 7; asserts power, 484;

broadened in Britain, 463–4;

conservatism on Continent, 463–4,

482; effect of blockade on, 481;

etiquette and ceremonial, 137; and

formation of Third Coalition, 181;

landed, 142; and Louis XVIII’s

government, 538–9; military service

and status, 457–8; Napleon

re-establishes, 243, 399–402;

Napoleon’s attitude to, 137, 243, 448;

and Napoleon’s return from Elba, 541;

power in Poland, 446–7; in Prussia,

459, 506–7; and religion, 16–17, 118;

resists Continental System, 457, 463–4;

and revolutionary heritage, 537; as

social block, 130

Armfelt, Gustav Moritz, count of, 176,

363, 498

army (British): ﬁ nancing, 314; strength in

Peninsula, 324; strengthened by

559

index

Castlereagh, 242; tactics under

Wellington, 317–18

army (French): artillery, 188, 191–2;

casualties, 192–3; condition of troops,

191–2; conscription and recruitment,

182–90, 224, 264, 287; discontent in

times of scarcity, 123–4; dissidents and

opponents of Napoleon, 124; disunity

in Spain, 321; ﬁ nancing, administration

and supply, 190–3, 224–5; foreign

contingents, 189, 264, 287; funding,

480; harassed by Spanish guerrillas,

320; Napoleon calls up (1814–15),

542–3; organisation, 189–90; pillaging

and marauding, 193; promotion in, 186;

reconstituted (1813–14), 510–11, 525–6;

in Spain, 254; strategy and conduct of

war, 193–6; strength in 1809, 286–7;

tactics, 318; training and discipline,

186–7; vassal states make payments to,

103

Army of Italy, 123, 224

Army of Reserve, 81, 82, 86

Army of the Rhine, 81, 82, 286–7

Army of the West, 81

Arnault, Antoine, 19

Arndt, Ernst Moritz, 501; Geist der Zeit,

267; Germanien und Europa, 267

Arnim, Achim von, 265, 266; Zeitung für

Einsiedler, 268

Arnim, Bettina von, 265

Articles organiques des cultes protestants,

122, 125, 135, 136, 158, 391–2

Articles organiques du culte catholique, 122,

125, 135, 136, 158, 391–2

Artois, Charles-Philippe, comte d’, 79,

154, 530, 533

arts: classicism in, 13, 476; practitioners,

476–7

Assaye, Battle of (1803), 166

assemblies: selection of members, 129;

as social body, 129; subdued, 122–3

Astor family, 46

Astor, John Jacob, 488

Astros, Paule-Thérèse David d’, abbot,

391

Asturias Estates, 251, 253

Athenaeum, The (German review), 15

Auchmuty, General Sir Samuel, 310

auditeurs, 130–1

Audrein, Yves-Marie, bishop of Finistère,

111

Auerstädt, 220

Aufklärung (German Enlightenment), 7–8

Augereau, General Pierre-François-

Charles: in Battle of Eylau, 223; in

campaign of 1805, 203; dissolves both

Dutch chambers, 102; in Italian

campaign, 90; marriage, 137; in war

against Prussians, 219, 220

Augsburg, 108, 207

Augusta, princess of Bavaria, 174, 212

Aulic Council (1805), 179

Austerlitz, Battle of (1805), 192, 197, 201,

205, 207, 211

Australia: colonists, 491; ﬁ rst convict

settlement, 47

Austria: administrative reforms, 175,

462–3; alliance with Prussia, 24; arms

against French (summer 1807), 226;

army reforms (1809), 282–3; army

weakness, 202, 510; Austerlitz defeat,

205; Britain seeks alliance with, 151;

and campaign of 1809, 283–4, 288–96,

315; and campaign of 1813, 513, 514, 516;

claims on papal territories, 17; declares

Napoleon outlaw, 541; defeated in

Napoleon’s 1800 campaign, 85–92;

effects of French Revolution in, 7;

ﬁ nancial deﬁ cit, 25, 175–6, 280;

freedom from France after defeat by

Russia, 507–8; and French territorial

claims, 50–1, 52; and German

nationalism, 271, 278, 282; German

princes oppose, 173–4; and Imperial

knights, 173–4; invades Bavaria, 179;

invades Italy, 22, 27–8; joins Third

Coalition, 175–8, 180–1; leaves and

returns to Continental System, 409;

loses territories and is forced to pay

indemnities, 295; ministerial changes

after Austerlitz, 279; Napoleon’s links

with after marriage to Marie-Louise,

299–301, 303; opposes France alone,

27; peace with France (1800), 90;

possessions distributed after

Austerlitz, 207; reasserts power, 484;

recruits by impressment, 25; reforms,

279–80; and Reichenbach agreement,

514–15; Romantic movement in, 280;

rule in Low Countries, 21; Russian

relations with, 260; seizes Passau, 149;

sides with France against Russia,

365–6; status in Europe, 279–80;

560

index

subject to Napoleon, 415; subsidies

from Britain, 88, 176, 283, 353, 515;

Talleyrand proposes conciliatory policy

on, 243; territorial losses and

ambitions, 27–8, 84–5; threatens

France (1804–5), 163; and Treaty of

Schönbrunn, 205, 206; and war of

1805, 201–2; in war against England

(1807), 244; war party, 176, 280, 295,

364–5, 366, see also Holy Roman

Empire

Avaray, Antoine-Louis-François, comte d’,

Aviau, Charles-François d’, bishop of

Bordeaux, 121

Azaïs, Pierre-Hyacinthe, 470

Aziz, Abdul, 26

Baader, Franz, 15, 471, 534

Bacciochi, Elisa, grand duchess of

Tuscany (née Maria-Anna Bonaparte),

108, 157, 211, 244, 411, 412, 425

Bacciochi, Felix, prince of Lucca and

Piombino, 157, 179, 412

Badajoz, 323, 324, 325

Baden, 155, 205, 206, 208, 442–3, 450

Baghdad, 313

Bagration, Katharina, princess, 305

Bagration, General Petr Ivanovich, prince,

294, 367, 498–9

Bairakdar, Mustapha (‘the ﬂ ag-bearer’),

227, 228, 247

Baird, General Sir David, 262, 308

Balashov, General Alexander, 498

Balbo, Cesare, count, 425, 426

Baldacci (Austrian), 279, 295

Balearic Islands, 215, 312

Ballanche, Pierre-Simon, 470

Baltic: Britain imports corn from, 334–5;

British ﬂ eet commands, 311–12; British

interest in, 27, 46, 142, 167; closed to

British (1811), 347; and league of

neutrals, 49, 94, 95; open to

contraband trafﬁ c, 246; Prussian ports

closed to Britain, 213, 221, 240; timber

supplies, 334; trade under blockade,

328, 330, 333–4, 449

Baltic states, agriculture and reform, 45,

488

Baltimore clipper, 38

Bank of England, 29, 41–3, 95, 351, 351–2,

354, 484

Bank of France: capital and dividends,

153–4; caution, 143; and development

of moneyed estates, 403; in economic

crisis (1810–11), 357; established, 72;

and inﬂ ation (1805), 197; issues notes,

114, 485; Napoleon invests in, 384;

placed under state control (1806), 206;

reorganised, 153–4, 352; and Spanish

speculation, 200

banks and banking: maritime

investments, 153; and money supply,

37–8; in provincial Britain, 484; support

for British trade, 348; under Consulate,

71–2, 72–3

Banque d’Hervas, 200

Banque Récamier, 72, 200

Baptists, 470

Barante, Amable-Guillaume-Prosper

Brugière, baron de, 404

Barat, Revd Mother Madeleine Sophie,

390

Barbé-Marbois, François, marquis de, 70,

72, 159, 197, 198–9, 200, 201

Barbets, 112

Barclay de Tolly, General Mikhail

Bogdanovich, 498–9, 500

Bardisi, Osman Bey, 228

Barère de Vienzac, Bertrand, 81

Barham, Admiral Sir Charles Middleton,

1st baron, 161, 164

Barillon, Jean-Joseph, 153

Baring (banking house), 146, 348, 146

Baring, Alexander (later 1st Baron

Ashburton), 41, 199, 302

Barras, Paul-François-Nicolas, comte,

19–20, 286

Barrés, Maurice, 547

Barruel, Abbé Augustin, 10

Bartenstein, Convention of, 226

Basle, bishopric of, 31, 104

Basle, Treaty of (1795), 17, 27, 50, 208

Batavian Directory, 36

Batavian Republic: lost to French, 35;

unity, 430

Bathurst, Henry, 3rd earl, 227, 464

Bauwen, Liévin, 40, 487

Bavaria: alliance with France, 180;

annexes Augsburg and Nuremberg,

207; Austria invades, 179; awarded

Ansbach, 205; indemnity settlement,

149; joins Coalition (1813), 519; looks to

France for support against Austria, 174;

561

index

Mack occupies, 202; reforms, 7,

438–41; status, 206

Baynes, John, 489

Bayonne decree (1808), 340

Beauharnais, Eugène de: acts against

Tyrol, 292; in campaign of 1813, 512,

519–20; in Italian campaign, 287, 290;

in Italy (1814), 530, 531–2; loses title of

heir presumptive, 301; loyalty to

Napoleon, 412, 412–13; marriage to

Princess Augusta of Bavaria, 174, 212;

Napoleon instructs not to print, 379;

and Napoleon’s marriage to Marie-

Louise, 299–300; and Napoleon’s

pressure on pope, 244; and

Napoleon’s reform proposals, 418; and

Napoleon’s rule by decree, 420; and

Napoleon’s view of France’s

pre-eminence, 453; in retreat from

Russia, 504, 505; in Russian campaign,

368, 498, 502; status in Italy, 411, 421,

532; as viceroy of Milan, 179

Beauharnais, Hortense de, 126–7, 296,

413–14

Beauharnais, Stéphanie de, 212, 443

Becdelièvre, Juliette, 111

Beethoven, Ludwig van, 15, 267, 477–8

beggars, 116, 406

Belgium: annexed by France (1795), 50;

Castlereagh proposes transfer to

Holland, 523, 536; Catholicism, 408;

former government destroyed in

French occupation, 6; and French

culture, 479; industrial development,

405, 487; Napoleonic system in, 407,

408; offered to France, 179; Third

Coalition seeks to liberate, 172–3

Belgrano, Manuel, 47

Bellegarde, General Henri de, 89, 531

Bellerophon, HMS, 545

Bennigsen, Auguste de, 223, 229

Bentham, Jeremy, 11, 47, 464, 468

Bentinck, Lord William Cavendish, 312,

325, 466, 509, 520, 531

Berar, Raghuji Bhonsla, raja of, 166

Beresford, General William Carr

Beresford, viscount, 308, 310, 319, 323

Berg, grand duchy of: Civil Code in, 432;

granted to Charles, 413–14; made

grand duchy, 208; Murat in, 412;

Napoleon controls in Murat’s absence,

415, 418; taxes in, 480; territorial extent

and administration, 431–2, 434–5, see

also Murat, General Joachim

Bergasse, Nicolas, 471

Bering Company, 492

Berlier, Théophile, 70, 373, 376

Berlin: captured (1806), 220; Napoleon

in, 221; University created, 459; Victor

occupies, 365

Berlin decree, 221, 240, 245, 327, 340,

345, 347, 349

Bernadotte, Désirée (née Clary), 124

Bernadotte, General Jean-Baptiste (later

King Charles XIV John of Sweden): at

Aderklaa, 292; Alexander favours as

successor to Napoleon, 525; alliance

with Alexander conﬁ rmed, 501; in

campaign of 1805, 201, 204;

Castlereagh’s promises to, 516; claims

Norway, 501, 510, 520–1, 537;

command in 1813 campaign, 515–16,

518–19; contributes troops to Coalition,

516; favours Russia against Napoleon,

366–7; Fouché puts in charge of

Antwerp defence, 293; hostility to

Napoleon, 124; as king of Sweden, 304;

loses post, 124; and Napoleon’s

evacuation of Hanover, 180; offers

Napoleon Swedish contingent against

Russia, 363, 364; in Poland, 223; as

prince of Ponte Corvo, 212, 412; retains

Swedish throne, 537; in Saxony, 287;

and suppression of Breton opposition,

111; and Swedish resistance, 259;

threatened expulsion, 455; threatens

Denmark, 239; in war against

Prussians, 219

Bernier, Étienne-Alexandre, 119, 121, 158,

390–1

Berthier, Marshal Louis-Alexandre, prince

of Neuchâtel, 93, 187, 206, 211, 212,

288, 412

Bertier, Ferdinand de, 401

Bertin brothers, 380

Bertrand, Henri-Gatien, comte, 187, 225,

428, 429, 512

Bessières, General Jean-Baptiste, duc

d’Istria, 250, 254, 261, 288, 294

Bethmann, Simon Moritz von, 344

Beugnot, Claude, comte, 19, 69, 74, 431,

433, 452

Beyme, Karl Friedrich von, 216–17, 276

Bichat, Marie-François, 11

562

index

biens nationaux (national property), 6, 19,

33, 36, 125

Bignon, Louis-Pierre-Édouard, baron, 447

Bigot de Préameneu, Felix, 70, 131, 373

birth rate, 406

bishops: appointed, 120–1; constitutional,

135–6; submit to Napoleon’s

measures, 390–1; and support for poor

clergy, 136

Blake, General Joachim, 254, 262, 325

Blanca, Florida, 261–2

Blücher, Prince Gebhard Leberecht:

advances into France, 523, 528–9; and

campaign of 1813, 512, 515–17;

captured, 220; commands Hessian

troops, 204; commands Prussian

troops for ﬁ nal campaign, 543; and fear

of Napoleon’s raising of new army,

520; in war party, 217

Bocher (Alsatian), 426

Böhme, Jacob, 15

Boïeldieu, François-Adrien, 477

Boisgelin de Cucé, Raymond, bishop of

Tours, 121

Boisserée brothers, 265

Bolivar, Simon, 311, 492–3, 493

Bonald, Louis de, 19, 393, 396, 470;

Législation primitive, 469; Théorie du

pouvoir politique et religieux, 11

Bonaparte family: excluded from French

throne in perpetuity, 545; marriages

and titles, 212

Bonaparte, Charles, 126–7, 156, 414

Bonaparte, Elisa (Maria Anna) see

Bacciochi, Elisa

Bonaparte, Jérôme, king of Westphalia:

army command, 287; and campaign of

1809, 291, 292; campaign in Silesia,

222; declines Spanish crown, 250; fear

of losing kingdom, 301; loses part of

Hanover, 414–15; marriages, 157, 212,

222, 243; and Napoleon’s reforms, 417,

418; and Napoleon’s war levies,

269–70; on popular unrest, 481; rules

Westphalia, 231, 412, 433–4, 434; in

Russian campaign, 498, 499; in

Westphalia, 433

Bonaparte, Joseph, king of Spain:

campaign in Spain, 261; and clergy in

Illyria, 429; and conduct of Peninsular

War, 320–1, 323–4, 325; declines

presidency of Cisalpine, 103;

designated Napoleon’s heir, 157;

evacuates Madrid (1813), 520; fear of

losing kingdom, 301; Freemasonry,

394; funds army, 480; as king of

Naples, 209, 211, 412, 424; as king of

Spain, 250, 251, 261, 263, 368, 412, 413;

and Napoleon’s departure from Paris

(1814), 528; and Napoleon’s need for

solitude, 57; negotiates at Lunéville, 89;

offered Italian crown, 179; political

ambitions, 82; prepares attack on

Sicily, 246; quarrels over succession to

Napoleon, 126

Bonaparte, Letizia (Napoleon’s mother;

Madame Mère), 285, 390, 414

Bonaparte, Louis, king of Holland: and

British trade on Continent, 348;

character, 413; child by Hortense,

126–7; controls Dutch trade, 337,

339–40; declines Italian crown, 179;

declines Spanish crown, 250; ﬂ ees to

Austria, 412; ﬂ ees to Bohemia, 302;

and Fouché’s proposals to England,

302; guards Rhine, 219; as king of

Holland, 208, 211, 430; in line of

succession to Napoleon, 157; loses

kingdom, 301; and Napoleon’s

reforms, 417; promulgates Berlin

decree, 329

Bonaparte, Lucien: as ambassador, 109;

becomes tribune, 123; captured and

taken to England, 414; educational

reforms, 133–4; on electoral law, 129;

excluded from succession, 157; and

Fontane’s view of religion, 118;

institutes theatre censorship, 79; as

interior minister, 74; marriage to

Madame Jouberthon, 157; mission to

Spain, 93; and overthrow of

Constitution, 126; political ambitions,

82; quarrels over succession to

Napoleon, 126; A Comparison between

Caesar, Cromwell, Monk and Bonaparte,

108

Bonnafour, house of (Lyon), 452

Bonnet, General, 320, 324, 325

Bonstetten, Karl Viktor von, 404

Bordeaux: handed over to English, 527,

532; Institut Philanthropique, 79, 401

Borghese, Camille, prince, 157

Borghese, Pauline, princess (née Maria

Paola Bonaparte; Napoleon’s sister):

563

index

affair with Metternich, 257; escapades,

413; husband Leclerc dies, 137; second

marriage to Prince Camille Borghese,

157; status in Piedmont and Liguria,

411

Borie (prefect of Ille-et-Vilaine), 111

Boudet, Jean, comte, 86, 292

Boulay de la Meurthe, Antoine, 64

Boulogne, 92, 160, 162, 163

Bourbon, Cardinal de, archbishop of

Toledo, 252

Bourbon, Louis-Henri-Joseph, duc de,

540

Bourbons of Naples, 92, 208–9, 212

Bourcet, Pierre de, 194

bourgeoisie (French): and Civil Code, 132,

134; claims political power, 36; and

class conﬂ ict, 20, 36; and Constitution

of 1795, 6; indifference to ideas, 19–20;

and Napoleon’s social policy, 127, 131;

and Napoleon’s status, 125; and

religion, 118

Bourmont, General Louis, comte de, 111,

542–3

Bourrienne, Louis-Antoine Fauvelet de,

68, 245, 338

Bouvet, Admiral François-Joseph, 309

Boyd, Walter, 41

Boyen, General Hermann von, 272, 278,

365

Boyer-Fonfrède, Jean-Baptiste, 40

Brabant (Dutch), 160

Bramah, Joseph, 43

Brandes, Heinrich, 9, 11

Brazil: Britain covets, 93; claims

independence from Portugal, 482–3;

opens ports to British, 311

bread prices, 107, 115–16, 142, 331, 339,

404

Breidt company, 224

Breisgau, Estates of, 91, 443

Brentano, Clemens, 265, 266

Brest, 93, 162, 163, 164

Bridport, Admiral Alexander Hood, 1st

viscount, 30

Brifaut, Charles, 380

brigands, 112

Brissot de Warville, Jacques-Pierre, 38

Britain: administrative system, 28;

agricultural reforms and production, 8,

44, 45, 240; Alexander mediates for

after Tilsit, 232; alliance with Russia,

177; and armistice of 1800, 88; army

ﬁ ghts in colonies, 28, 30; army and

militia strength, 161; attempts to

prevent annexation of Holland, 302;

balance of trade deﬁ cit (1809–10), 353,

354–5; bank paper money, 348–9, 352;

blockade of, 36–8, 41, 46, 50; breaches

Treaty of Amiens, 148, 153, 154;

capitalist system, 29, 41–50, 240,

327–8, 334, 350, 484, 494; Catholic

revival, 17; ceases payments to

emigrés, 108; civil disturbances, 355–6;

at Congress of Vienna, 535; continental

allies, 150; and continental blockade,

167–9, 221, 245–6, 341–2, 347, 354–6,

409–10; costs of war and ﬁ nancial

system, 28–9; covets French colonies,

24; currency protection, 521; diplomatic

clumsiness, 227; dissenting religions

in, 18; dominance in Near and Middle

East, 313–14; economic crisis (1810–

12), 349, 350–9; economic recovery

(1813), 523–4; economic vulnerability,

50, 145, 240–1; exports to Continent

revive, 524; exports decline under

Napoleon’s blockade, 246, 347; exports

to France, 145; famine and bread riots,

95; ﬁ nancial crisis, 95; ﬁ scal system,

41–2; and French blockade, 36–41,

45–6, 50; French clergy in, 17, 34;

French tariffs against, 144; and French

territorial claims, 52; grain imports and

prices, 43, 44–5, 334–5, 341–2, 356, 524;

imperialism, 47; industrial unrest, 50,

355–6; inﬂ ation, 484; inﬂ uence on

European administrators and thinkers,

8–9, 11, 272; interest in Baltic, 27;

intervenes in Continental discussions,

524–5; invasion threat to, 92, 160–3;

joins Austria in Coalition (1813), 515;

lacks interest in ideas, 467; liberalism,

463; machinery and industrial

development, 486–7; maritime

dominance and interests, 30, 47,

180–1, 242, 306–7, 311–12, 314; market

growth, 450; militia, 242; Moore

commands force in Spain, 262;

Napoleon plans united Continent

against, 92; as Napoleon’s enemy, 140,

301–2; national debt, 524; nationalism,

21–2; naval strength, 159, 306–7; navy

captures French merchantmen without