Lefebvre Georges. Napoleon

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564

index

warning, 153; and need for land victory,

31; new markets, 486–7; opposed by

Second League of Armed Neutrality,

94; overseas conquests and activities,

308–11; overseas trade, 167, 328–9;

parliamentary system, 403, 463, 465–6;

Paul I imposes embargo on ships in

Russian ports, 93–4; and Peace of

Amiens, 96, 98; peace negotiations

and concessions (1801), 96; population

increase, 240; post-Treaty of Amiens

policy, 97; prices in, 41, 44, 347–8,

352–3; re-enters war with France

(1804), 154, 161–5; recruitment into

armed forces and militias, 28, 29–30;

relations with Ottomans, 247;

reluctance to ﬁ ght on Continent,

314–15; reluctance to treat with

Napoleon, 525; resumes trade with

France, 358; Romanticism in, 14, 472–3;

Russia declares war on (1807), 244;

ship construction, 306–7, 308, 334;

ship and crew losses, 306, 307;

smuggling, 47, 145–6; social reforms,

489–90; subsidies to Coalition

partners and allies, 25, 176, 353, 510,

514, 524–5, 529–30; support for Spain,

253–4, 262; supports Neapolitan

uprising, 209; supports Russia in East,

228; suspends habeas corpus, 7;

taxation, 351–2, 524; and Third

Coalition, 169, 180–1; threatens French

coast, 286; trade blockade, 167–8,

240–1, 306; trade continues under

Napoleon’s blockade, 328–35; trade

with Hanseatic ports, 37, 46; trade with

USA, 240; and Treaty of Amiens, 96,

150; unable to help Alexander I, 226–7;

volume and balance of trade, 43–4,

46–7; Walcheren expedition (1809),

293, 315; war with USA (1812), 355, 359,

466, 483; wood import difﬁ culties, 334;

working classes increase, 488–9, see

also Royal Navy

Brittany: bankruptcies, 356; opposition in,

Brougham, Henry (later Baron Brougham

and Vaux), 464

Brueys, Admiral François-Paul, 31

Bruix, Admiral Eustache, 31, 162, 163

Brumaire, 64, 123, 127

Brumairians, 55, 60, 64, 67, 82, 127, 374

Brune (customs ofﬁ cial), 245

Brune, General Guillaume, 69, 79, 89–90,

90, 92, 124

Brunswick, Charles William, duke of, 217,

220, 291, 292

Brunswick, duchy of, 220, 231

Bry, J.-A. de, 118, 375

Bubna, General Ferdinand von, 507–8,

513, 523

Bucharest, 227, 367

Buchholz, 267; New Leviathan, 216

Budberg, Baron Gotthard Wilhelm, 215,

243, 244

Buddhism, in Japan, 23

Buenos Aires, 47, 217, 226, 248, 310–11,

351

Bulletin of the Army of Reserve, 107

Bulletins de la Grande Armée, 398

Bülow, General Count Friedrich Wilhelm

von, 503, 512, 518, 530, 544

Bülow (brother of Friedrich Wilhelm),

216, 434

Burdett, Sir Francis, 464

Burke, Edmund: advocates religious

liberty for Irish, 17; and British

opposition to revolutionaries, 9, 11, 20,

501; inﬂ uence on Metternich, 298; on

nationalism, 478; political philosophy,

465; Reﬂ ections, 11

Büsch, Johann, 8

Buxhöwden, Frederick, count of, 202,

204, 223

Byron, George Gordon, 6th baron,

472–3

Cabanis, Georges, 18, 467

Cabarrus, François de, 35

cabinet noir, 75

Cacault, François, 119–20

Cadoudal, Georges, 80, 83, 109–10, 111,

154, 539

Caffarelli brothers, 420–1

Caffarelli, Scipione, bishop of Saint-

Brieuc, 135, 325, 391

Caisse de Poissy, 385

Caisse de Service, 206

Caisse Jabach (bank), 114

Caja de Consolidación (Spain), 198, 200

Calabria, 209

Calder, Admiral Sir Robert, 164

Calhoun, John Caldwell, 483

Cambacérès, bishop of Rouen, 394

565

index

Cambacérès, Jean-Jacques, duc de, 66,

68, 74, 77, 126, 285, 391, 394

campaigns of Napoleon: (1800; Italian),

81–2; (1805), 197, 201–6; (1806–7,

winter; Polish), 218–24; (1807,

summer), 223, 224–33; (1809), 283–4,

287–92, 497–503; (1812; Russian),

361–2, 455; (1813-14), 510–13, 515–19,

528–31

Campoformia, Treaty of (1797), 17, 29,

38–9, 50, 84

Canada, 334, 350, 483, 491

Canning, George: acts against Denmark,

239–40, 242, 314–15; co-founds

Quarterly Review, 464; and costs of

war, 283; differences and duels with

Castlereagh, 315; fall, 464; as foreign

secretary, 227; and Fouché’s proposals

on foreign policy, 302; and Napoleon’s

claim to Spain and Portugal, 261; and

Napoleon’s intervention in Portugal,

247; and Napoleon’s peace proposals,

368; opposes revolutionaries, 10; and

reconquest of Portugal, 315; supports

Spanish insurrection, 253–4; and

wartime alliance against England,

243–4

Canning, Stratford, 313, 367

Canopus, Battle of (1800), 98

Canova, Antonio, 13, 426, 476, 478

Cape of Good Hope: Britain retains, 215,

535; British colonists, 47, 491; opened

to international trafﬁ c, 98; surrenders

to British, 308

Capelle, 394

capitalism: in Britain, 29, 41–50, 240, 334,

484, 494; dependence on credit and

export, 327–8; and economic crisis of

1811, 348, 350; progress of, 484–91,

493–4; rise in France, 403, 457

Caprara, Cardinal Jean-Baptiste, 119, 135,

158, 210

Carbon, Jean, 110

Carbonari (Italian societies), 480

Carmer, Wilhelm, 8

Carnot, Lazare-Nicolas-Marguerite, 51,

79, 82, 123, 541

Caroline of Brunswick, Princess of Wales,

316, 464

Carra de Saint-Cyr, General Claude, 292

Cartwright, Edmund, 43

Cartwright, Major John, 464

Castaños, General Francisco de, 255, 261,

262, 262–3

Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, viscount:

and Congress of Vienna, 535–7;

differences and duel with Canning, 315;

fall, 464; favours war in Low Countries,

283; intervenes in Continental

discussions, 524–5; and intervention in

Portugal, 315; negotiates terms with

Coalition (1813), 514, 515, 529–30, 531;

offers subsidies to Prussia, 510;

opposes taking provinces from France,

545; parliamentary accountability, 465;

and peace agreement (1801), 99; and

peace settlement (1814), 534; on

protection of Holland, 523; protests at

Austrian initiative, 529; as secretary for

war, 227; strengthens army, 242, 315;

supports repeal of Test Acts, 21

Catalonia, 429

Cathcart, William Schaw, 1st earl, 239,

240, 510

Catherine II (‘the Great’), empress of

Russia, 26, 27, 170

Catherine, grand duchess of Russia, 501

Catherine of Württemberg, marriage to

Jérôme Bonaparte, 243

Catholic Church: in Bavaria, 438–9; in

Britain, 21, 96, 213, 227; and education,

395, 396–7; emancipation in Britain,

465; European sympathy for, 17; in

Germany, 16; losses under Imperial

Recess, 150; Napoleon’s concessions

to, 80, 116–22, 135–6, 388–93;

opposition to Napoleon, 482; in

Poland, 445, 447; power in Austria,

289–90; property secularised in

Württemberg and Baden, 442–3;

recognised as state religion in Italy,

210; repressed by French Revolution,

16–17; respect and status in France,

389–91; revival, 17, 470; and

secularisation, 469–70; in Spain, 251,

252–3, 256, 467; surrenders land at

Treaty of Lunéville, 91, 117; under Louis

XVIII, 539; in vassal states and

territories, 408; in Westphalia, 434

Cattaro (Kotor), 208, 211, 215, 232, 246

Caulaincourt, Armand, marquis de, duc

de Vicence: and Alexander’s Polish

policy, 294, 295, 297, 303, 363, 364; and

allied offensive, 523; as ambassador in

566

index

Russia, 257, 259; and campaign and

armistice of 1813, 515; and kidnapping

of duc d’Enghien, 155; meets Alexander

at Erfurt, 260; and Metternich, 525; and

Napoleon’s courting of Grand Duchess

Anne, 297, 299, 300; and Napoleon’s

dissatisfaction with Alexander, 295;

negotiates with Allies (1814), 528,

529–30, 531; negotiates with Austrians,

522; replaces Maret as foreign minister,

522; returns from Russian campaign

with Napoleon, 503; and Russian

preparation for war with France, 364

Cavaignac, Jean-Baptist, 147

Ceballos, Don Pedro de, 93

censorship: abolished, 541; of books, 300,

380, 398; in England, 7; Fouché and,

79, 380; of newspapers, 7, 78–9,

379–80; ofﬁ cial, 380

Cesarotti, Melchiore, 478

Ceylon, 98, 99

Chabot de l’Allier, Georges-Antoine,

127

Chalgrin, Jean-François-Thérèse, 476

Chamber of Commerce, 143

Chamber of Deputies, formed under

Louis XVIII, 538

chambers of manufacture, 144

Champagny, Jean-Baptiste Nompère,

comte de: as ambassador to Austria,

176; in Conseil d’État, 69–70; and

evacuation of Prussia, 260; Napoleon

controls, 373; peace negotiations with

Metternich, 243, 295; and prospective

Franco-Prussian war, 363; replaces

Talleyrand as foreign secretary, 243;

royalist sympathies, 69–70; and

Spanish throne, 249; and trade

restrictions, 343

Champion de Cicé, Jérôme-Marie, bishop

of Bordeaux, 110, 121, 136, 391

Chaptal, Jean-Antoine: in Conseil d’État,

70; and educational reform, 133; on

forgotten Revolution, 401; heads

Society for the encouragement of

National Industry, 144; loses power,

373; as minister of the interior, 109; on

Napoleon’s coronation, 158–9; and

Napoleon’s fear of bread riots, 114; and

Napoleons ruling by fear, 372;

purchases grain abroad, 116; and

reform of provincial administration, 73;

and trade with England, 145; on trade

prohibitions, 168, 340

Charabot (corsair), 286

Charlemagne, emperor, 140, 212

Charles IV, king of Spain: abdicates, 250;

alliance with Directory, 307; escape

proposed, 286; on fate of Bourbons

and Naples, 35; ﬁ nancial difﬁ culties,

198, 206; and imprisonment of

Ferdinand, 249; and Napoleon’s

reforms, 417; partnership with

Ouvrard, 199; proposed removal to

Mexico, 302; Spanish loyalty to, 251;

Talleyrand’s hatred of, 93

Charles XII, king of Sweden, 361–2

Charles XIII, king of Sweden, 294, 303–4

Charles, archduke of Austria: and

campaign of 1809 against Napoleon,

287–90, 292; as commander-in-chief,

282–3; disapproves of Russian alliance,

177; loses command of Army of

Germany, 84–5; opposes Masséna at

Caldiero, 203; as peace advocate, 89;

reforms, 175, 201–2, 280; repressed by

Francis II, 25; resigns, 295

Charles Augustus, duke of Saxe-Weimar,

Charles Augustus of Augustenburg, 304

Charles Emmanuel IV, king of Sardinia,

84, 91, 95

Charles Frederick, prince of Baden, 174,

443

Charles Theodore, elector of Bavaria, 27

Charlotte, princess (George IV’s

daughter), 464

Chasteler, General Johann Gabriel von,

287, 289–90

Chateaubriand, Armand de, 284

Chateaubriand, François-René de:

censored by Napoleon and exiled from

Paris, 379, 379–80, 403; on English

constitutional government, 465;

resigns, 156; as Romantic, 14, 19, 58; Le

Génie du Christianisme, 118, 474;

Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem, 474

Chatham, John Pitt, 2nd earl of, 293

Châtillon-sur-Seine, 525, 528, 530

Chauvelin, François-Bernard, marquis de,

Chênedollé, Charles-Julien-Lioult de,

474

Chénier, Marie-Joseph, 19, 68, 123

567

index

Chernyshev, General Alexander, 295, 304,

362, 364, 368

Cherubini, Luigi, 477

Chia Ch’ing, 48, 491

Chichagov, Pavel Vasilievich, 366, 367,

498, 502

Ch’ien Lung, emperor of China, 48

China: European trade, 491; expansion,

48; inﬂ uence in Japan, 23;

missionaries, 48–9, 492

Choin de Montchoisy, General, 105

Chouans, Chouannerie, 79, 83, 110, 111,

154, 374, 378, 541

Choudieu, René-Pierre, 110

Chrétiens spirituels, 471

Christian VIII, king of Denmark, 537

Christophe, Henry, 147

Cintra, Convention of (1808), 256, 315

‘circuit, the’, 37, 166

Cisalpine Republic (from 1802 Italian

Republic): boundary extended, 91;

complains of treatment, 101, 103;

French intervention in, 22; League

formed (1796), 410; Napoleon

becomes president, 99, 106; Napoleon

forms and controls, 54, 91, 92, 101;

payments to French army, 102

Cisneros, Baltasar Hidalgo de, 311

Ciudad Rodrigo, 325

Civil Code (Code of the French People;

Code Napoléon): and application in

Continent, 410, 417–18, 448; in Baden,

443; drafting and contents, 131–3;

effects, 481–2; in Germany, 432, 434–5,

435; in Hesse-Darmstadt, 444; in

Holland, 430; in Illyria, 428; in Mainz,

436; in Naples, 424; not adopted in

Bavaria, 440; opposition to, 121; in

Poland, 446–7; practicality, 376; in

Spain, 430; in Westphalia, 433, 434

civil list, 383

Civita Vecchia, 211

Clarke, Henri-Jacque-Guillaume, 74, 92,

293

class (social), 20, 400–1, see also

aristocracy; bourgeoisie; working

classes

Clausel, Marshal Bertrand, comte, 325,

520

Clausewitz, Karl Marie von, 272, 283,

365

Clay, Henry, 483

clergy: increasing involvement, 135;

Napoleon attempts reconciliation with,

116–17; payment to, 117, 119; poverty,

134, 136, see also bishops; Catholic

Church

Cleves, 216

Clorivière, Father Pierre-Joseph-Picot de

la, SJ, 110

Clothilde de Surville, 474

Coalition, First, 24

Coalition, Second: disunited, 31;

recaptures territories, 24; subsidised by

England, 25

Coalition, Third (1805), formed, 161,

169–81, 180–1, 197, 227

Cobbett, William, 464

Cobenzl, Louis de, 89, 90, 176, 177–8;

dismissed, 206

Cochin China, 48, 491

Cochrane, Admiral Thomas, 10th earl of

Dundonald, 307, 310

Cockerill, William, 40, 487

Cofﬁ nhal, Jean-Baptiste, 374

Cofﬁ nhal-Dunoyer, Joseph, 374

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 143, 339, 376, 386

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 14, 16, 22, 472

Collège de France, 396

Collin, Heinrich Joseph von, 281

Collin, Jean-Baptiste, comte de Sussy, 341

Collingwood, Admiral Cuthbert, 1st

baron, 286, 307

Colloredo, Franz de Paula, count, 7, 176,

206

Colmar, Joseph Ludwig, bishop of Mainz,

408

Cologne, trade, 46

colonies: and abolition of slavery, 47,

492; British, 491; and maritime trade,

37–8, 44, 241–2; Spain loses, 492–3

Combination Acts (Britain, 1799, 1800),

44–5, 50, 241

commercial code, 376–7

Committee of Public Safety, 36, 38, 74, 77,

78, 186, 270, 343, 527, 540

Company of United Merchants, 159–60,

197, 200

Concordat: effect in Italy, 421; Napoleon

grants, 102, 114, 116–22, 125, 135, 183,

210, 392, 407, see also Catholic Church

Condé, Louis-Joseph de Bourbon, prince

de, 108

Condorcet, Antoine-Nicolas de, 12

568

index

Condorcet, Sophie, Madame de, 54

Confederation of the North, 217

Confederation of the Rhine: discussed,

174; dissolution, 506–7; formed,

207–8, 215; grand duchy of Warsaw

joins, 232; reorganisation, 415;

sovereignty in, 435; strategic

importance, 411; Würzburg joins,

220

Congrégation de la Vierge, 118, 390, 393,

396, 401

Consalvi, Cardinal Ercole, 18, 119–20, 158,

211

conscription; not applied for 1800

campaign, 81; reorganised, 183–4, 373,

see also army (French)

Conseil d’État: activity, 373, 374; approves

new constitution, 126, 129;

composition, 69–71; criticises Legion

of Honour, 125; ends session of

assemblies, 122–3; on exclusions from

public ofﬁ ce, 80; hostility to religious

settlement, 121; and maîtres des

requêtes, 373–4; Napoleon addresses,

134; Napoleon ignores, 129; objects to

hereditary rule, 156; preserves

revolutionary social work, 376;

regulates commerce, 143–4; status and

authority, 67, 68, 129

Constable, John, 477

Constant, Benjamin, 68, 78, 123, 404,

465, 540; Adolphe, 473; Wallenstein, 14,

475

Constantine, grand duke of Russia, 230,

498

Constantinople, 147, 173, 228, 232, 361,

536

Constituent Assembly (French), 6, 7, 77,

Continental System (blockade): and

administration of Grand Empire, 415,

417–18; based on military dictatorship,

455; cemented, 197; development and

application, 333–4, 335–60, 409;

disintegrates after destruction of

Grande Armée, 497; efﬁ cacy, 327–8,

330, 333, 335; and European economy,

449–55; imposed, 167–9, 232, 239, 245,

301; and nationalism, 455–6

contraband, 246, 247, 329–30, 337–8,

344, 345

Convention, 38, 50, 54

Copenhagen: Gambier bombards, 240,

244; shelled by British, 97

Coquebert de Montbret, Charles, 144–5,

340–1, 343, 349

Corfu, 97, 173, 179, 312

Corn Laws, in Britain, 44, 167, 464

Cornwallis, Charles, 1st marquess, 21,

99–100, 100

Cornwallis, Admiral William, 164

Corps Législatif: approves Life Consulate,

126; Brumairians control, 67; as

Chamber of Deputies under Louis

XVIII, 538; and conscription, 183;

discusses Napoleon’s plans, 420;

Dupuis elected president, 121;

Napoleon assumes right to suspend,

128; power, 66; sessions, 373;

vacancies ﬁ lled, 129

Corsica, 26, 30, 59

Corunna, 263

Corvetto, Louis Emmanuel, count, 101

Cossé-Brissac, duc de, 374

Coste (of army medical staff), 192–3

cotton industry: affected by war, 39, 50; in

Britain, 43, 47, 143, 343–4, 350, 355–6,

486; on Continent, 45; and continental

blockade, 343–4, 351, 449; in France,

40, 144, 167–8, 335, 336, 350, 358, 487;

prices, 350–1; and protectionism,

167–8

Council of Ancients, 63, 65

Council of Commerce, 145

Council of Five Hundred, 63, 65

Coupigny, General, 255

Cours Douanières, 344

Court of Cassation, 76, 128

courts see criminal courts

Cowper, William, 14

Crabbe, George, 14

Cradock (Caradoc), General Sir John

Francis (later 1st baron Howden), 315,

322

Craig, General Sir James Henry, 164, 173

Craufurd, Major-General Robert, 310

Crétet, Emmanuel, comte de Champmol,

70, 74, 340, 341, 373

Creuzer, Friedrich, 472

criminal courts, 112–13, 114, 377–8

Crompton, Samuel, 43

crown lands, 383

Cuesta, General Grigorio Garcia de la,

261, 322–3

569

index

Cuoco, Vincenzo, 424, 478

Curéé, Jean-François, 156

Cuvier, Georges, baron, 396

Cuxhaven, 160, 168, 174, 175, 291

Czartoryski family, 447

Czartoryski Adam: as adviser to Alexander

I, 170, 214, 296; advises Alexander to

declare himself king of Poland, 222;

dismissed and disgraced, 215, 284;

hopes of Polish independence, 179–80;

requests Alexander to re-establish

Poland, 503; and Russia’s war with

France, 304–5, 362–3

Czechs, 479

Dalberg, house of, 173–4

Dalberg, Karl Theodor von, elector of

Mainz, 149, 150, 174, 204, 207, 208,

415, 436–7

Dale, David, 43

Dalmatia, 21, 217, 427–8

Dalrymple, Sir Hew, 256, 262

Damas, Anne-Hyacinthe-Maxence, baron,

173

Dandolo, Vincenzo, 211, 427–8

Danton, Georges Jacques, 85

Danubian principalities, 232, 258, 301, 363

Danzig, 46, 226, 229, 231, 367

Dardanelles, 26, 147, 259

Daru, Pierre-Antoine, comte, 191, 218,

257–8

Daunou, Pierre C. F., 18, 64, 65, 68, 78,

123

David, Jacques-Louis, 13, 158, 398, 476,

477

Davout, Louis-Nicolas: army authority,

187; in Bavaria, 287, 288–9; in

campaign of 1805, 203, 204; in

campaign of 1813, 516, 519; care for

troops, 192; at Königsberg, 229;

ordered to take Swedish Pomerania,

367; and Peninsular campaign, 320; in

Poland, 223; and prospective war with

Russia, 363; remains in Germany, 260;

in retreat from Russia, 505; in Russian

campaign, 367, 499, 502; signs

capitulation (1815), 545; at Wagram,

292; in war against Prussians, 219, 220

De Bry, J.-A. see Bry, J.-A. de

De la Salle, Antoine see La Salle, Antoine

De Quincey, Thomas, 473

Décade Philosophique, 18, 51

Decaen, General Charles-Mathieu-Isidore,

90, 124, 147–8, 151, 309, 309–10, 429

decrees: 16 Pluviôse, Year II, 147; 11

Floréal, Year X, 133; 19 Germinal, Year

XI, 130–1; 24 Messidor, Year XII, 157–8;

22 October 1811, 448–9, see also Berlin

decree; Milan decrees; Trianon decrees

Decrès, Denis, 246, 285, 338

Dejean, General Aimé, 92, 191

Delaborde, General, 256

Delille, Jacques, 473

Demailot, Antoine-François, 284–5

Denmark: agricultural reforms, 45;

alliance with France, 244, 515; armistice

with Britain, 97; attacked by British

(1807), 239–40; ﬂ eet damaged by

British, 97; imports English agricultural

methods, 8; in League of Armed

Neutrality, 94; spared Continental

System, 245; surrenders Norway to

Bernadotte, 520, 537; woollen industry,

450

Denon, Vivant, 476

Deroy, General Bernhard Erasmus von,

290

Desaix, General Louis-Charles-Antoine,

Descartes, René (and Cartesianism), 5, 12

Desmaret, Charles, 75

Desmedt Bank, Amsterdam, 356

Desorgues, Théodore, 378

Desping y Dasseto, Cardinal, 252

despotism, royal, 5, 7

Desprez, Médard, 159, 197, 200

Dessalines, Jean-Jacques, 147

Destutt de Tracy, Antoine-Louis-Claude,

18, 467–8

Diavolo, Fra (Pezza; highwayman), 209

Dijon, riots, 78

Dino, Dorothée, duchesse de, 260

Directory (France): and army service, 32;

bans British products, 38–9; and

economic problems, 39; establishes

dictatorship, 54; hostility to

Catholicism, 34; nationalism, 51; and

peace negotiations, 52; reforms in

occupied territories, 36

Dissenters (religious), 470

Djedid, Nizam, 214, 228

Dohna, Count Alexander zu, 278

Dolffuss-Mieg (manufacturer), 487

570

index

Dolgoruki, Prince Ivan Mikhailovich, 170,

176, 205

Domat, Jean, 133

Dombrowski, General Jan Henryk, 222

Donauwörth, 287

Donnadieu, General Gabriel, comte, 124

Dörnberg, Freiherr Wilhelm von, 291

d’Osmond, Cardinal Antoine-Eustache,

392

Douglas, Alexander Hamilton, 10th duke

of Hamilton, 227, 386, 487

Doulcet, Louis-Gustave, comte de

Pontécoulant, 401

Doyen, house of, 357

Dresden, 517–19

Drouet, General Jean-Baptiste, comte

d’Erlon, 187, 292, 324, 539, 543

Drovetti, Bernardino, 228

Dubois-Crancé, Edmond-Louis-Alexis, 75,

76, 124, 284–5, 378

Duchatellier, Armand-René, 111

Duckworth, Admiral Sir John Thomas,

228–9

Ducos, Roger, 63

Dufresne (apostolic vicar), beheaded

(1815), 492

Duhesme, General Guillaume-Philibert,

250, 254, 321

Duka (Austrian chief of staff), 175, 177

Dumanoir le Pelley, Admiral Pierre, 165

Dumas, Mathieu, 70, 423

Dumouriez, Charles-François, 85

Dundas, Henry see Melville, 1st viscount

Duperré, Admiral Guy-Victor, 309

Dupont de L’Etang, General Pierre-

Antoine, 90, 203; in Spain, 249, 254–5,

256

Dupuis, Charles, Origine de tous les cultes,

18, 121

Duroc, Michel (later duke of Friuli), 93,

137, 180, 187, 221, 229, 412–13

Düsseldorf, 431

Dutch East India Company, 48

Dutch Guiana, 47, 535

Duval, Alexandre, 474

East India Company, 49, 166, 353–4,

490–1

Eastern question, Russia and, 26, 258–9

Ebersberg, 289

Eblé, General Jean-Baptist, 502

Edinburgh Review, 464

education: in Civil Code, 133–4; and

school reforms, 133–4, 395–7

Egypt: Britain evacuates, 151, 229;

Britain intervenes to replace Mehemet

Ali, 228–9; French expedition to, 30,

96; independence, 313; Napoleon

plans new campaign in, 147–8, 151;

Napoleon plans rescue of army, 84,

97–8

Elba: ceded to France, 91, 98; Napoleon

annexes, 148; Napoleon exiled to, 532,

537

electoral law, 129

Elﬁ , Mohamed Bey el-, 228

Elio, Francisco Xavier de, 311

Émery, Jacques-André, abbé, 80, 298,

392, 396

émigrés: amnesty granted (1802), 125,

136; proscribed, 80–1; return, 136,

401–2

Emilians, 101

Emmett, Robert, 160

Emparan, Vincente, 311

Empecinado, El, 320

employment laws, in Britain, 44–5

Enclosure Act (Britain, 1801), 167

Enghien, Louis-Antoine-Henri de Condé,

duc de, abduction and execution of,

154, 155, 158, 172, 174, 175, 181, 257

England see Britain

Erevan, 247

Erfurt: and adoption of Civil Code, 435;

Napoleon and Alexander meet at,

259–61, 283, 297, 305; status, 411–12

Erskine, Thomas, 1st baron, 213

Erzerum, Battle of (1807), 247

Escoïquiz, Canon, 249

Esménard, Joseph-Alphonse, 363, 379,

380

Essling, Battle of (1809), 289, 290–1,

292

Etruria, kingdom of, 91, 180

Europe: conﬂ icts with French

Revolutionaries, 5–7, 20; growth of

capitalism, 485; liberalism, 466–7;

manpower and casualties, 25;

nationalism and federal proposals,

456; nationality in, 478; overland trade,

46; war resumes (1799), 43, 49–50

Excise Bureau (Administration des Droits

Réunis), 159

Eylau, Battle of (1807), 194, 223, 224

571

index

Fabre d’Olivet, Antoine, Vers dorés de

Pythagore, 470–1

Fabvier, Colonel Charles-Nicolas, 247

Factory Bill (Britain, 1802), 489

Fain, François, 68

Falkland Islands, 99

family, in Civil Code, 131, 132

Family Compact (1761), 92

Fassbender (Austrian assistant chief of

staff), 175, 177

Fauriel, Claude-Charles, 467–8, 474–5

Ferdinand IV, king of Naples: annuls 1812

constitution, 536; granted Dalmatia,

217; and loss of Sicily, 215, 312; powers

on return to Sicily, 425, 466, 509, 515;

ratiﬁ es Napoleon’s treaty of neutrality,

180; receives subsidy from Britain, 312;

signs Treaty of Florence, 91

Ferdinand VII, king of Spain (earlier

prince of Asturias): annuls 1812

constitution, 536; as enemy of Godoy,

249; imprisoned by Godoy, 249; and

Metternich’s negotiations with Murat,

524; popularity, 252; recognised as king

in Latin America, 351, 492; released by

Napoleon, 534; sends ﬂ eet to Latin

America, 493; sent to Talleyrand’s

custody at Valençay, 250; and Spanish

succession, 249–50

Ferdinand, archduke of Austria, 202, 203,

287, 294, 436, 438

Ferdinand, grand duke of Tuscany, 206

Ferrier, F.L.A., Du Gouvernement considéré

dans ses rapports avec le commerce, 144

Fersen, Axel, count, 304

Fesch, Cardinal Joseph, 158, 298, 388,

389, 395

Feuillants, 108

Fezensac, Raymond de, le duc, 203

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 7, 266, 267,

268–9, 459, 470, 506; Addresses to the

German Nation, 268, 269; Theory of

Science (Grundlage der Gesammten

Wissenschaftslehre, 15

Fiévée, Joseph, 76, 285, 293, 300

Finckenstein, Treaty of (1806), 225–6

Finland: Alexander invades, 244, 259,

284; Sweden cedes, 294, 304, 482

Fiume (Rijeka), 21

Flahaut, Adélaïde, comtesse de, 93

Fleurieu, Charles-Pierre Claret, comte,

69–70

Florence, Treaty of (1801), 91

Florent-Guiot (ex-Convention member),

285

Flushing, 160, 293

Foligno, 90

Fontaine, Pierre, 471, 476

Fontainebleau: decrees of, 302, 305, 330,

345–6, 346; Napoleon at, 243; Treaty of

(1807), 245, 248; Treaty of (1814), 532

Fontanes, Louis de, 19, 108, 118, 157, 285,

388, 390, 395–7

Fontenay, Pierre-Nicolas, 38

Fouché, Joseph, duc d’Otranto: absent

from appointment of Napoleon as Life

Consul, 126; acts against English

Walcheren expedition, 293; anti-

clericalism, 388, 390; and army

dissidents, 124; arrests Rumbold, 175;

attempts to persuade England to

concede whole Continent to France,

302; and Cadoudal’s conspiracy

against Napoleon, 155; censorship

carried out by, 79; character, 109; and

control of press, 380; disgraced, 127–8,

135; dismissed, 300, 302, 373; favours

recall of émigrés, 81; has recalcitrant

priests arrested, 122; heads Ministry of

the Interior, 293–4; heads Ministry of

Police, 34, 75, 109, 377–8, 379; in Illyria,

428; imprisons Royalists, 108, 110;

independence, 75–6; as leader of left,

108–9; and Napoleon’s divorce and

remarriage, 285, 294, 297, 299; and

post-Napoleon government, 539;

reappointed minister, 157; reconciled

with Talleyrand, 285; secret

negotiations with Metternich, 541;

silence over arrests, 285; speculation in

economic crisis, 357; suppresses

conspiracies and oppositionists,

109–10; and trade licences under

Continental System, 346; treatment of

bishops, 135; warns Napoleon over

potential war with Britain, 152

Fould Bank, 356

Fouqué, Friedrich Heinrich Karl de la

Motte, baron, 265, 267

Fourcroy, Antoine-François de, 70, 133,

395

Fourier, Charles, 490

Fournier, Claude (‘l’Américain’), 110

Fournier, Jean-Antoine, 304

572

index

Fox, Charles James, 161, 213, 213–14,

214–15, 215, 226

Fox, General Henry Edward, 226–7

Foy, General Maximilien, 520

franc, value deﬁ ned, 143

Français de Nantes, 159, 381

France: administrative districts and

organisation, 128–9, 157; alliance with

Russia, 230–3, 243–4, 246–7, 257, 296;

allies, 35–6; anti-clericalism, 34–5;

balance of trade, 339–40; bank

investments, 350–1; banking crisis

(1804–5), 197, 198–201; blockade of

England, 38–41, 140; bread prices rise,

107, 115–16; brigands, beggars and

vagabonds, 112, 116, 406; bullion, 485;

casualties, 31–2; Catholic revival in,

16–17; coalitions oppose, 10;

compulsory military service (levée en

masse) and training, 32; and conditions

of second Treaty of Paris (1815), 545;

conquers Italy, 46; Constitution (1792),

34, 51, 53; Constitution (1795), 6;

Constitution (1799), 63–4, 101, 105,

114; Constitution (1801; senatus

consultum), 125, 212; Constitution

(1804), 156; Constitution overthrown in

Napoleon’s Life Consulate, 125–6;

currency, 143, 485; driven from Levant,

46; economic development, 40;

economic effect of war, 153–4;

economic war against England, 29;

effect of blockade in, 335–41, 453–4;

Empire, 371–2, 409, 416; and European

disunity, 24–5; ﬁ nances and national

economy, 381–5; ﬁ nancial difﬁ culties

and organisation, 71–3, 115–16, 143,

159–60; ﬁ nancial reforms (1806), 206;

foreign trade increase, 146; German

Romantics’ hostility to, 267, 269; grain

exports, 142–3, 198, 349, 356; grain

imported, 116; harvests, 114, 115–16,

404, 406–7; imports from Britain, 38;

in Indochina, 48; inﬂ uence in Europe,

6–7, 9–10; intellectual life, 467; internal

revolts, 34; invasion by Allies and

campaign in, 520–1, 525–8; loss of

colonial trade, 39; manufacturing

industry, 335–6, 487; and maritime

trade, 38; merchant ﬂ eet, 31; move to

dictatorship, 53–5; national

consciousness, 20–1; natural

boundaries and territorial claims, 24,

31, 51, 140, 371; naval strength, 159,

246, 308; occultism in, 19; opens

colonies to neutral shipping, 37–8;

popular reaction against Napoleon,

526–7; position of clergy, 34; as

potential market for British trade, 142;

provisional government (Consulate,

1799), 63–8, 71–3; rationalism in, 5,

18–19; regains lost colonies, 147;

renewed war with Britain (1804–5), 154,

161–5; resumes trade with Britain, 358;

Romanticism in, 19; rural economy,

40–1; sells Louisiana to United States,

146; ship losses, 307; social divisions,

36; social policy, 130–8, 398–408;

supports Persia, 229; taxation

centralised, 71, 74; and vassal states,

101–6, 371; war ﬁ nancing, 32–3, see also

Grand Empire

Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, 462

Francis II, emperor of Austria: and

Archduke Charles’s resignation, 177;

character, 25; dismisses Cobenzl and

Colloredo, 206; ministerial changes,

279; Napoleon negotiates peace with

(1800), 87–8; and Napoleon’s

campaign of 1805, 202, 204; and

Napoleon’s marriage to Marie-Louise,

299; negotiates for peace (1813), 514;

opposes Russian ambitions, 27;

refuses concessions to Hungary, 21;

retains feudal dues, 9; rule, 175;

supports war against Napoleon, 281,

295; and title of emperor, 177, 208

Frankfurt, 207, 301, 337, 344, 436–8; trade

fair, 450

Frederick I, king of Württemberg, 207

Frederick II, grand duke (and elector) of

Württemberg, 27, 441, 442

Frederick II (the Great), king of Prussia,

193, 195, 381, 383

Frederick VI, king of Denmark, 367

Frederick, king of Saxony, 220, 231, 444,

509, 513, 516, 536

Frederick William II, king of Prussia, 9

Frederick William III, king of Prussia:

accepts vassalage after defeat, 220–1;

and Alexander I’s peace with

Napoleon, 230; and army reforms,

458–9; autocracy, 278; and campaign

of 1809, 290–1, 292; capitulates to

573

index

Napoleon’s demands, 216; Castlereagh

offers subsidies to, 510; character, 25;

and Congress of Vienna, 535; covets

Hanover, 174–5; and defeat of French

in Russia, 504–5; defeat by Napoleon,

218; dismisses Yorck, 503; foreign

policy, 174; government and advisers,

225; negotiations with Alexander and

Napoleon (1805), 204, 205; and

payment of indemnities to French,

257–8; and position of Prussia after

French defeat, 505; promises new

constitution, 534; and prospective

Franco-Russian war, 363, 365; reforms,

9, 274; refuses passage to Russians,

179–80; reinstated at Königsberg, 272;

rejects armistice (1806), 222; relations

with Alexander I of Russia, 150, 174–5,

179–80; and Russian reconciliation

with France, 85; settlement with

Talleyrand, 149; and social unrest, 6;

status, 27; suspends agrarian reforms,

536; and Treaty of Tilsit, 230, 231; visits

St Petersburg, 284

Freemasonry, 10, 12, 394, 421, 447, 481

French language, in Grand Empire, 448–9

French Revolution: empowers middle

classes, 546; encourages economic

progress, 40; Grande Armée soldiers

of, 190, 218; inheritance, 5, 13–14, 139,

186, 537; intellectual opposition to, 16;

leads to dictatorship, 53; and national

consciousness, 20–1, 22; and

rationalism, 5, 12

Frey, Johann Gottfried, 273, 277

Friedland, 224, 229

Frochot, Nicolas, 134

Frotté, Marie-Pierre-Louis, comte de, 80

Fruchart, Louis, 527

Fulda, 106, 220

Fulton, Robert, 486

Fürstenberg, Franz, 17

Gaillard, Maurice-André, 396

Galicia, 284, 294–5, 362

Galitsin, Prince, 170, 294, 471

Galitsin, Princess Pauline, 17

Gallatin, Albert, 146

Gallo, Marzio Mastrilli, marquis de, 180,

414

Galuzzo, General, 262, 263

Gambier, Admiral James, 240, 307

Ganteaume, Admiral Honoré, 98, 163,

246, 307

Gardane, General Claude-Mathieu,

comte, 229, 247, 313

Garnier, Germain, 18, 485

Gaudin, Martin-Michel-Charles, 68, 71,

72, 72–3, 74, 81, 159, 341, 381, 511

Gazette de France, 380

gendarmerie, 75, 378–9

Geneva: annexed, 31, 39; ﬁ nanciers, 82;

loss of aristocratic power, 408;

Napoleonic system, 407

Genlis, Stéphanie-Félicité, Madame de,

76, 118

Genoa, 85, 91, 103, 181, 408, 449

Gentz, Friedrich von, 84, 176, 177, 268,

298–9, 302, 366, 508

Geoffrey, Julien-Louis, 473

George III, King: accepts bishopric of

Osnabrück, 149; declares neutrality,

174; on French war threat, 152; insanity,

96, 316; requests Austria make peace,

283

George, Prince of Wales (later Prince

Regent and George IV), 316, 464, 525

Georgia, annexed by Russia, 171

Gérando, Joseph-Marie, 137, 425, 426,

474–5

Gérard, François-Simon, baron, 474, 476

Géricault, Théodore, 476

German language and literature, 268–9

German princes see Ritterschaft

Germany: Alexander I protects, 171, 172;

anti-French sentiments, 269; British

trade with, 142; and campaign of 1805,

202–3; closed to British trade, 221;

confederation proposed by Napoleon,

207–8; and continental blockade

against Britain, 168; divisions and

disunion, 180; effects of blockade on,

480–1; famine (1804), 176; in French

Empire, 371, 411; Grande Armée

crosses in war against Russia, 367–8;

Grande Armée leaves for Spain, 256,

259, 265; Grande Armée marches on,

164, 190, 197; indemnities settled, 149;

as intellectual centre, 16; music in, 15;

and Napoleon’s 1800 Italian campaign,

87; Napoleon’s administrative system

in, 430–5; national consciousness,

22–3, 266–71, 277–8, 506–7, 534; and

peace settlement (1814), 534; princes