Lefebvre Georges. Napoleon

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584

index

vassal titles, 211–12; and balance of

trade, 339; British reluctance to treat

with, 525; campaign against Austria

(1809), 288–9, 291–2; campaign

against Coalition (1813–14), 510–13,

516–20, 528–31; campaign against

Russia, 455, 497–503; and campaign in

Spain, 261–4, 322–6; and Catholic

supporters, 19; character and ideas,

57–60, 196; concessions to Church, 80,

117–22, 388–90; conspiracies against,

154–6; courts Grand Duchess Anne,

297–8, 299–300; and criminal law,

112–13; crowned king of Italy, 178–9,

210; cultural and artistic patronage,

397–8; defeats Prussians (1806), 218;

and defection of European allies,

508–9; denounces British war party,

152; despotism and control, 59–60, 118,

379–80, 387, 388, 400–1, 404, 546;

discounts popular opinion, 418;

disperses army in Spain, 254; divorces

Josephine, 296–8; economic policy,

142–6, 167, 168, 356–7, 381–4, 386–7,

453–4, 494; economic pressure on

England, 327–8; and education, 395–7;

Egyptian expedition, 26; encourages

decorations and honours, 399;

encourages science, 469; etiquette and

ceremonial, 137, 157–8, 401; and

European unity, 455–6; exiled to Elba,

532, 537; extends control on Continent,

302; family concerns, 413–14; ﬁ nancial

constraints, 511, 526; foreign policy,

140; and Freemasonry, 394; and French

Empire, 371–2; German intellectuals’

view of, 267–8; given title Grand, 242;

hopes to crush England, 96; hostility

to, 285; hostility to wealthy, 134–5;

idealises glory, 58; imposes continental

blockade against Britain, 167–9, 221,

245–6, 302, 327–8, 330–1, 333, 336–41,

345–7, 355, 360; and individual

replacement in recruiting, 32; inﬂ uence

in Europe, 9–10; inheritance from

French Revolution, 5; and international

banking transactions, 348; invasion

threat to England, 92, 160–3; and

Italian campaign of 1800, 63, 81–2;

laws on prizes at sea, 94; leaves Elba

and returns to France, 539; leaves Paris

(1814), 528; legend and achievements,

545–6; levies war contributions on

occupied countries, 269–70; liberal

opposition to, 540–1; loses control of

East, 314; and Lunéville Treaty, 89;

marches on Germany, 190; Marengo

victory (1800), 87, 107, 108; marriage

to Marie-Louise and birth of son,

299–301, 303; meets Alexander at

Erfurt, 259–61; militancy and

aggression, 53, 145, 153, 169; military

strategy and tactics, 193, 194–5; money

policy, 352; moves to annexe Iberian

peninsula, 247; national insurrections

against, 483–4; naval construction and

activity, 307–8; naval deployment in

grand strategy, 162–5; negotiates over

Mediterranean possessions, 215;

negotiates Peace of Amiens (1802),

98–9, 100–1; negotiates Treaty of Tilsit

with Alexander, 230–3; offers to divide

Ottoman Empire with Alexander,

258–9; organises dictatorship as First

Consul, 58–60, 63–8, 76–80; origins

and background, 59; peace

negotiations with Fox, 213–14; peace

proposals to Canning, 368; peace with

Russia, 230, 233; personal despotism

and preference for aristocracy, 243;

Polish policy, 222–3, 294–5, 295, 297,

303; popular admiration for, 138;

prepares for war with Russia, 303, 305,

361–3, 368; presidency of Cisalpine, 99,

105; private estates, 383; private police

and informers, 76; proﬁ ts from

Louisiana Purchase, 146; provincial

administration reformed, 73; provokes

Third Coalition, 180–1, 197;

reconstitutes army (1813), 510–11;

reforms in Warsaw and Westphalia,

274; and Reichenbach armistice (1813),

514–15; relations with Paul I of Russia,

93–4; and religious control, 210–11,

390–5; reorganises army, 182–96;

reorganises Bank of France, 153–4;

reorganises ministries, 68–9; resumes

war at sea, 246; and resumption of

trade with Britain, 358; returns to Paris

(1800), 108; returns to Paris from

Russian campaign, 503; Romanticism,

14; rule and administration, 371–5, 381;

sanctions corn exports, 356; self-

crowning, 158; social policy, 130–8,

585

index

398–408; Spanish policy, 248–9, 250;

succession question, 126–7, 157, 212,

285, 296–7, 300–1, 399; suppresses

partisans, 80; and suppression of

opposition, 111–13, 121–2, 125–6;

territorial claims and authority, 51–2;

treatment of vassal states, 103–6, 178;

troop movements before Waterloo,

543; and war with Britain (1804–5),

152–3, 154; working conditions and

councillors, 70–1; working routine, 372,

see also Iberian peninsula

Postel, Revd Mother, 390

Pothier, Robert-Joseph, 133

Potocki, Stanislas, 445, 447

Potsdam Convention (1805), 204,

205

pound sterling, value falls, 95

Pouqueville, François, 211

Pozzo di Borgo, General Carlo, 226, 281,

305, 538, 542

Pozzolo, 90

588

index

Pradt, Dominique-Georges-Fréderic

Dufour de, archbishop of Malines, 500

Précy, Louis, comte de, 79

prefects, appointed under Napoleon,

73–5, 374–5, 378–9, 394

Pressburg, Peace of, 141, 206

Price, Richard, 18

prices: in Britain, 41, 44, 145, 347–8,

352–3; in France, 485; in Hamburg, 50

Priestley, Joseph, 18

Privy Council, 129

protectionism, 385–6

Protestantism, 17–18, 122, 393, 440

Prud’hon, Pierre-Paul, 476

Prussia: acquires bishoprics, 149;

acquires Hanover, 94, 204, 213, 216;

advises Russian alliance with France,

230; agriculture and reform, 45, 273–4,

488, 536; alliance with Austria, 24; army

organisation, 218, 277, 457–8; army

strength, 516; bids for independence

after French defeat, 504–6, 515; claims

on Hanover, 174–5; closes Baltic ports

to Britain, 213, 221; in Coalition (1813),

515–16; and customs dues, 345;

declares war on England (1807), 244;

deserts French, 504; effect of blockade

on, 480–1; fate discussed at Treaty of

Tilsit, 230–1; ﬁ nancial difﬁ culties and

social unrest, 270; French evacuate,

257–8; French troops attacked, 270;

and German nationalism, 271; grain

exports to Britain, 349; growing

hostility to Napoleon, 268; guarantees

neutrality of northern Germany and

Hanover, 27; and indemnities, 51–2,

257–61, 345, 365; king promises new

constitution, 534; land ownership,

273–6; leadership in Germany, 278; in

League of Armed Neutrality, 94, 174;

Napoleon seeks alliance with, 180, 216;

Napoleon seeks separate peace with,

225–6; Napoleon’s demands on, 259;

proposes taking provinces from

France, 545; rebelliousness, 6; reforms

and administration, 7–8, 271–9,

458–61; relations with Austria, 177–8;

Russia hopes for support in war

against Napoleon, 364–5; Russians

invade, 503; taxation, 275–6; territorial

claims under Third Coalition, 179–80;

territorial gains at Congress of Vienna,

535–6; and Treaty of Schönbrunn, 205,

216; vassal status, 415; war and defeat

by France (1806), 218–24; war party,

216

Prussian National Party, 366

public opinion, 398–9

Puyvert, Bernard-Emmanuel-Jacques,

marquise de, 85

Quarterly Review, 464

Quatre Bras, 543

Quincy, Quatremère de, 476

Radcliffe, Ann, 14

Radcliffe, William, 43

Radziwill, Prince, 216, 222

Raeburn, Sir Henry, 476

Rafﬂ es, Sir Thomas Stamford, 491

Ragusa (Dubrovnik), 211, 215, 427

Rambouillet decree (1810), 340

Ranjit Singh, 48, 309

Rao, Peshwa Baji, 166

Rapp, General Jean, 187, 231, 367

rationalism: attacked, 10–11, 12, 18–19; in

France, 18–19

Ratisbon, 288; Diet of, 208

Razumovski, Andrei Kirillovich, 226, 257,

281, 290, 305

Réal, Pierre-François, 69, 400

Récamier, Julie Bernard, Madame, 20,

403, 404

Reding, Alois, 105, 148

Reding, General Teodoro, 255

Régnier, Claude-Ambroise, duc de Massa,

155

Rehberg, August, 9, 11

Rehdiger (Silesian noble), 273

Reichardt, Johann Friedrich, 267

Reichenbach, Treaty of (1813), 514–15, 521

Reinhard, Hans, 104

Reitzenstein (of Baden), 435, 443

religion: and political theory, 469–70;

restrictions on, 388–94; revival, 16–17;

in Spain, 252–3, see also Catholic

Church

Rémusat, Jean-Pierre-Abel, 398

Rendu, Ambroise, 396

Rengger, Albrecht, 101

republicans: oppose Napoleon, 114; plot

against Napoleon, 284–5; suppressed,

110–11

Reventlow, Fritz von, 17

589

index

revolutionaries, civil rights restored, 128

Reynier, General Jean-Louis Ebenezer,

comte, 209, 246, 500, 504

Rhine, river: closed, 46; and France’s

territorial claims, 50–1, 52; tolls,

451–2

Rhine Army (French), 260

Rhineland: Catholicism, 408;

development, 407, 408; and French

occupation, 6, 179; Third Coalition

seeks to liberate, 172–3, see also

Confederation of the Rhine

Ricardo, David, 353, 354, 489–90

Richard and Lenoir (of Charonne), 40

Richard-Lenoir, Paris (manufacturer), 357,

487

Richelieu, Cardinal Armand Jean du

Plessis, duc de, 59

Richepanse, General Antoine, 124, 146,

147

Ricord, Jean-François, 285

Ried, Treaty of (1813), 519

Ris, Clément de, 111

Ritter, Karl, 15

Ritterschaft (Imperial Knights), 173–4,

206, 207

Rivarol, Antoine, 10

roads, canals and river trafﬁ c, 386, 407,

450–2

Robespierre, Maximilien, 22, 77, 80

Rochambeau, General Donatien, 147

Rochefort, 162

Rodda, house of, Lübeck, 356

Rodio (Neapolian nobleman), 209

Roederer, Pierre-Louise, comte: in

Conseil d’État, 70; on conspiracies

against Napoleon, 156; demoted, 128;

and drafting of 1799 Constitution, 64;

in grand duchy of Berg, 431; joins

Republicans, 108; and Napoleon’s

appointment as Life Consul, 126; and

Napoleon’s melancholy, 58; and

Napoleon’s reconciliation with Church,

117, 118; and overthrow of Constitution,

126

Roederer (son of Pierre-Louis), 423, 424,

426

Roëttiers de Montaleau, Alexandre-Louis,

394

Roger (Barbé-Marbois’s secretary), 200

Roman Republic, French administration,

Romanticism: and Catholic though, 470;

development, 11–12, 13; in England, 14,

16, 472–3; and English pragmatism, 11;

in France, 19; in Germany, 14–16, 22,

265–71, 477–8, 478; inﬂ uence, 471–4,

475, 547; in Japan, 23

Rome: Murat occupies (1814), 531;

Napoleon annexes, 291; Napoleon in,

51; as Napoleon’s second capital, 455;

reforms under Napoleon, 426

Romme, Gilbert, 170

Romney, George, 476

Rossignol, General Jean-Antoine, 110

Rostopchin, Fedor Vasilievich, count, 27,

94, 479, 498, 501

Rothschild, house of, 344, 348, 358, 437,

524

Rothschild, Amschel, 437

Rothschild, James, 348, 524

Rothschild, Meyer Amschel, 46

Rothschild, Nathan, 46, 348, 353–4, 524

Rouen, 359

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 12, 19, 58, 471,

477

Royal Navy: crewing, 28; deployment, 30;

ship speciﬁ cations, 30; superiority, 24,

162

royalists: in Brittany, 110, 111; and

campaign of 1800, 83; collapse, 108;

denied support of clergy, 117; oppose

Napoleon, 83, 109–10, 284, 400,

527–8, 530; welcome Allies into Paris

(1814), 531

Royer-Collard, Pierre-Paul, 79, 403, 465,

468

Rüchel, General Ernst Wilhelm Friedrich

Philipp von, 219, 220

Rückert, Friedrich, 507

Rufﬁ n (French agent in Levant), 147

Rügen, 244

Rule of 1756, 166

Rumbold, Sir George, 175

Rumiantsev, Nikolai Petrovich, count,

244, 257, 259, 261, 294, 363, 363–4,

498, 503

rural population, conditions, 404–5, 441

Russell, Thomas, 160

Russia: aids Serbs against Turks, 228;

alliance with France, 230–3, 243–4,

246–7, 257, 296; alliance with Turkish

sultan, 26; aristocrats oppose French

alliance, 257; army advances across

590

index

Europe, 505; army strength, 362, 505;

army supplies and equipment, 225;

breaks from Continental System, 409;

Britain reconciles with Turkey, 313;

Britain seeks alliance with, 151; in

campaign of 1805, 202, 203, 203–4;

claims to Malta, 26, 94–5, 151–2, 159,

171–2; in Coalition (1813), 516; in

Coalition with Britain (1805), 161,

171–3, 177, 180–1, 228; conﬂ ict with

Persia, 227–8; constitution (1809), 461;

declares war on England (October

1807), 244; defeated at Austerlitz, 205;

designs in East and Mediterranean, 24,

26, 301; and effect of Continental

System, 454; expansion and

colonisation, 491–2; Eylau defeat, 223;

ﬁ nancial difﬁ culties, 25; French seek

victory over, 229; and French territorial

claims, 52; and Grand Empire, 415;

Grande Armée advances on, 347;

hostility to Napoleon after defeat of

Prussia, 221; invades Italy (1799), 22; in

Ionian Islands, 97, 209, 211, 215;

literary journals, 479; markets

reopened, 358; Napoleon agrees terms

with (1802), 97, 121, 170; Napoleon

offers to divide Ottoman Empire with,

258–9; Napoleon prepares for war

with, 303, 304–5, 361–3; Napoleon’s

campaign against, 455, 497–503,

510–13; opens ports to neutrals, 346;

opposes Napoleon in Poland, 222–3;

peace with Napoleon (1807), 229–30;

Prussian friendship with, 215–16;

reforms under Alexander and

Speranski, 461–2, 466; refuses to ratify

Oubril Treaty, 215–16, 217; relations

with Turkey, 171, 211, 214; Senate power

in, 170; subsidised by Britain, 173; in

summer campaign of 1807, 226;

supports Prussia over Hanover, 175;

and Treaty of Tilsit, 230, 231; under

Paul I’s despotism, 7; war with Turkey

(1809), 294; withdraws from struggle

(1800), 85

Saavedra, Francisco de, 17

Sacken, General Fabian Vigelmovich,

528

Saint-Aignan (French ﬁ nance minister),

521

Saint-André, Jeanbon see Jeanbon

Saint-André, André

Saint-Cloud, decree of (1810), 342

St Helena, Napoleon exiled to, 533, 539,

545

St John, Order of, 100

Saint-Julien, count (Austrian), 89, 366

Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine de, 77

St Lucia, 159

Saint-Marsan (French ambassador in

Russia), 91, 365, 407

Saint-Martin, Louis-Claude, marquis de,

12, 470, 471

Saint-Priest, Guillaume-Emmanuel-

Guignard, comte de, 79, 529

Saint-Réjant, Pierre-Robinault de, 110

Saint-Simon, Claude-Henri de Rouvroy,

comte de, 490, 534

St Vincent, Admiral John Jervis, earl of,

30–1, 141, 159

Salamanca, 318, 323, 324–5

Saliceti, General Antoine Christophe, 92,

103, 179, 423

Salm, Frederick IV, prince of, 444

salons, 20, 54, 137, 155–6, 268, 403

Salzburg, 206

Salzmann, Siegmund, 470

San Domingo, 30, 99, 123, 124, 146,

146–7, 147

Sansculottes, 6, 54, 186, 400

Santa Cruz, marquis of, 253

Sassenay, Charles-Henri-Étienne Bernard,

marquis de, 311

Saud, king, 313

Saumarez, Admiral James, baron de, 240,

303, 333–4

Saurine, Jean-Pierre, bishop of

Strasbourg, 135, 158

Saussure, Madame Necker de, 475

Savary, General Anne-Jean Marie, duc de

Rovigo: as ambassador to Russia, 257;

and Chernyshev’s expulsion, 368;

closes down newspapers, 380; and

effect of Continental System, 345;

marriage, 137; military appointment,

187; replaces Fouché, 300, 373, 377;

and school reform, 397

Savigny, Friedrich Karl von, 133, 459, 472

Savoy: French claim to, 50; Thugut hopes

to reconquer, 84

Saxony: in campaign of 1813, 513, 516–17;

and Confederation of the North, 217;

591

index

discussed at Congress of Vienna, 535;

industrial development, 49, 449–50,

488; joins Austrian forces, 509; and

negotiated settlement of 1814, 530

Say, Jean-Baptiste, 18, 68, 123, 144, 485

Scharnhorst, General Gerhard Johann

David von: advocates joining

Confederation of the Rhine, 277; army

reforms, 272, 277, 458–9, 505;

background, 272; heads military

cabinet, 276, 278–9; in Prussian war

party, 216; sent on leave, 365; signs

convention with Alexander I against

Napoleon, 364–5

Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von,

15–16, 266, 468, 470

Schenkendorf, Max von, 507

Schill, Major von, 291

Schiller, Friedrich von, 14, 15, 265, 270,

477

Schimmelpenninck, Rutger Jan, 36, 100,

101, 148, 178, 208

Schinderhannes (i.e. Johannes Bückler),

113

Schlabrendorf, Gustav von, 267

Schlegel, August, 15–16, 16, 266, 268,

281, 404, 471, 475

Schlegel, Friedrich, 14, 15–16, 266,

281

Schleiermacher, Friedrich: as pastor, 266,

268, 470; religious writings, 15; teaches

at University of Berlin, 459; turns

against France, 216; Reden über die

Religion, 17

Schleswig-Holstein, agricultural reforms,

Schön, Theodor von, 8, 272, 273–4

Schönbrunn, Treaties of (1805, 1809),

205, 216, 295–6

Schrötter, Friedrich von, 8, 272

Schulenberg (of Westphalia), 416, 434

Schulmeister (spy), 195

Schwarzenberg, house of, 208

Schwarzenberg, Marshal Karl Philipp,

prince zu: as Austrian ambassador in

St Petersburg, 284; in autumn 1813

campaign, 516–19; and British loans to

Allies, 521; enters Switzerland, 523; in

ﬁ nal campaign against Napoleon,

528–31; and Franco-Austrian Treaty

(1812), 363, 365–6; and Napoleon’s

marriage plans, 299–300, 303; in

Russian campaign, 498, 500, 504, 508;

sent to Paris, 509

scientists and science, 468–9

Scotland, 44, 464

Scott, Sir Walter, 473

Sébastiani de la Porta, Colonel Horace

Francis, count, 147, 151, 211, 228, 247,

321, 323, 512–13

Séguier, Louis-Philippe, 137

Ségur, Philippe de, 400

Selim III, Ottoman emperor, 26, 214, 218,

227, 228, 247

Sémonville, Charles Huet, marquis de,

102, 299

Sénat Conservateur, 66

Senate: accepts idea of hereditary rule,

156, 157; appoints Napoleon Consul for

Life, 125–6; Napoleon exploits, 111;

powers, 127, 129, 156; reconstituted

(1801), 103; selection of departing

assembly members, 123

senatus consulta: and administration of

justice, 375–6; and annexation of

Holland, 302; and annexation of Rome,

291; and granting of hereditary ﬁ efs,

399–400; grants amnesty to émigrés,

125; and Napoleon’s divorce from

Josephine, 297; and Napoleon’s

powers, 111, 179, 373; and Organic

Articles, 391; powers, 127, 128; and

recruitment policy, 183

Senyavin, Admiral, 244, 249, 307

Serbia, Turks in, 367, 536

Serbs, unrest, 26, 147, 214, 227–8, 479,

536

Shah Alam, Moghul emperor, 166

Shakespeare, William, 13

Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 473

Sicily, 209, 214–15, 224, 226–7, 246, 302,

312, 368, 466

Sierra Leone, founded, 47

Siestrzencewicz, Stanislas, archbishop of

Mohilev, 222

Sievers, Jacob John, 170

Sieyès, Emmanuel Joseph: as consul, 63,

64–5; inﬂ uence in Prussia, 273; leads

Brumairians, 55, 65; in Order of the

Réunion, 401; retires, 78; returns to

Paris (1800), 82; in Revolution, 54–5

Silesia: exports, 450; fortresses besieged,

222; linen industry ruined, 45; mines,

450; Napoleon claims at Tilsit, 231

592

index

silk industry and trade, 145, 168, 338–9,

350, 359

silver: Mexican supplies to Spain,

198–200; price, 352

Siméon, Joseph-Jérôme, 433

Simon, General (Bernadotte’s chief of

staff), 124

Simons Bank, 356

Sinclair, Sir John, 44

Sindhia, Daulat Rao, 166, 309

Singapore, 535

Sismondi, Jean-Charles-Léonard de, 345,

404, 475, 490; Principes d’économie

politique, 490

slavery: abolished in French colonies, 47,

492; abolition in Britain, 465, 492;

condemned at Congress of Vienna, 535;

in San Domingo, 146–7, 492; in United

States of America, 45

Slimane, sultan see Morocco, Slimane,

sultan of

Slobodzie armistice, 246–7, 258

Smith, Adam, 8, 273–4, 485

Smith, Revd Sydney, 464

Smith, Sir Sydney, 97

smuggling, 47, 112

Society for the Encouragement of

National Industry, 144

Soleil, Admiral Decres, 307

Solly, house of, 334

Sorel, Albert, 5

Soult, Marshal Nicolas, duc de Dalmatia:

at Austerlitz, 205; campaign in Spain

and Portugal, 262, 263, 286, 287, 320,

321, 323, 323–4, 324–5, 532; mediocrity,

189; in war against Prussians, 219, 220

South America see Latin America

Southey, Robert, 14, 464, 472

Spain: administration and independence

of British command, 319; as ally of

France, 35; atrocities, 254; British seize

treasure ships, 163; British support for,

253–4; British trade with, 332;

campaigns in, 261–3; Civil Code in,

430; closes Mississippi, 146;

constitutions: (1808), 251; (1812), 467;

contributes towards war, 384; debt to

France, 206; declares war on Britain,

163; escapes Continental System, 409;

Ferdinand VII annuls 1812 constitution,

536; ﬁ nancial crisis (1804–5), 198; ﬂ eet

joins British (1808), 307; ﬂ eet strength,

93; French occupy, 250, 261; French

reverses in, 286, 316, 318, 520, 532;

French trade with, 453; guerrilla

warfare, 320; insurrection against

French (1808), 239, 251–6, 270–1,

277–8, 280–1, 307–9, 483; laid waste,

480; and liberalism, 467; loses

colonies, 492–3; markets closed to

England, 39; Napoleon aims to

regenerate, 248, 429; Napoleon claims,

261; and Napoleon’s assault on

Portugal, 248; Napoleon’s demands

on, 92–3; Ouvrard’s ﬁ nancial

speculation in, 197, 198–200;

possessions in South America, 308;

religion in, 251; subsidies from Britain,

353, see also Iberian peninsula;

Peninsular War

Spanish America see Latin America

Spencer, George John, 2nd earl, 30

Speranski, Count Mikhail, 257, 461–2,

463, 466

Spina, Cardinal Giuseppe, 119

Spontini, Gaspare, 477

Sprengporten, General Jakob Magnus,

baron, 94

Stabs (student), 292

Stadion, house of, 173–4

Stadion, Canon Frederick von, 279

Stadion, Graf Philip von: as Austrian

chancellor, 176, 226, 244, 260, 271;

reinstated as chancellor, 279–80,

281–2; war policy, 281, 281–3, 283, 295

Staël, Madame de (Anne Louise

Germaine Necker, baronne): in Austria,

281; favours oligarchy, 6, 54, 78; in

Germany, 268; and Madame de

Krüdener, 471; Napoleon expels from

France, 125, 403–4; on northern

literature, 19; opposes Napoleon’s

despotism, 78, 83, 110–11; and Russian

campaign, 501; salon, 54; writings, 475;

L’Allemagne, 404, 475; Corinne, 474,

475; Delphine, 403

Stafford, Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st

marquess of, 172–3, 227

Starhemberg, Ernst, count, 176, 244

steam engines, development, 40, 43, 486

Steffens, Henrik, 506

Stein, house of, 173–4

Stein, Heinrich, baron von und zu:

accepts new ideas, 9; alliance with

593

index

Napoleon, 278; and Austrian war party,

204–5, 364–5, 365; declines foreign

ministry, 225; deplores Holy Vehme,

270; dismissed and outlawed, 278, 458;

and Franco-Russian war, 498, 503,

503–4; and future of Prussia, 507;

Hardenberg meets, 459; as head of

Prussian government, 260; on

inﬂ uence of Heidelberg, 267; plans

insurrection, 278; in Prague, 281;

prepares to attack France, 260; as

president of Landwehr, 506–7;

recommends artiﬁ cial rate of exchange,

521; and reform, 272–3, 274, 275–7,

463; requests dismissal of Lombard

and Beyme, 216–17

Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle), 468

Stephen, James, War in Disguise, 166

Stephenson, Robert, 486

Stewart, Charles William, Lord (later 3rd

marquess of Londonderry), 510

Steyer, 90

Stolberg, Christian, count von, 10, 17

Stralsund, 222, 244

Strasbourg, 387, 451

Stroganov, Alexander Sergeevich, count,

170

Struensee, Johann, 8

Stuart, General Sir John, 85, 209

Sturm und Drang, 12, 171

Suchet, Louis Gabriel, duc d’Albufera, 85,

86, 325, 429, 520

Suchtelen, Peter, 367

sugar-beet, 385, 387, 450

Suleiman, Pasha, 228

Supreme Court of Appeal, Paris, 432

Surcouf, 309

Surinam, 308

Sussy, comte de see Collin, Jean-Baptiste

Suvorov, General Aleksandr Vasilevich,

count, 6, 27

Swabia, 45, 79

Sweden: Alexander opens war with, 244;

and Alexander’s war with Napoleon,

366–7; in alliance with Britain and

Russia (1804–5), 173; armistice with

Britain, 97; cedes Finland, 294, 304,

482; and Continental System, 246;

currency problems, 25–6; declares war

on England (1810), 304; joins

continental blockade (1811), 347; in

league of neutrals, 49; markets

reopened, 358; Moore lands in, 240;

negotiates peace (1809), 294; peace

treaty with France (1810) and joins

blockade, 303–4; in Pomerania, 314;

succession crisis, 303–4

Swedenborg, Emmanuel, 12

Switzerland: and allied offensive against

Napoleon, 523; and Constitution of

Malmaison, 104–5; constitution revised

(Act of Mediation, 1803), 148, 415;

economic progress, 450; federalism

and unionism, 104–5; French evacuate,

106; French occupation and control, 6,

22, 36, 45, 51, 86, 101–2, 409; French

reforms in, 104–5; industrial

development, 45, 49, 488; Napoleon’s

authority in, 51, 53; neutrality, 415;

renounces Act of Mediation, 523; rising

and French intervention (1802), 148–9,

150; and support of French army, 33–4;

textile imports, 337–8

Syria, 313

Taine, Hippolyte, 56, 193

Talavera, Battle of (1809), 209, 320, 323

Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles-Maurice de:

and administration of vassal states,

103; advises Alexander, 364; and

Alexander at Erfurt, 260; bribed by

German princes, 149; on Campoformio

territorial limits, 84; at Congress of

Vienna, 535; and coup of 18 Fructidor,

53; cynicism, 19–20; dismissed, 373;

and duc d’Enghien’s capture, 155;

exorts bribes from Spain, 93; favours

installing duc d’Orléans after Waterloo,

544; favours Portugal, 35; guarantees

on Malta, 100; informs Fox of

Napoleon’s desire for peace

negotiations, 213; meeting with

Vincent, 226; as minister for foreign

affairs, 69; modiﬁ es Concordat, 122;

Napoleon demotes and disgraces, 243,

285–6; and Napoleon’s ambitions for

empire, 151; and Napoleon’s

concessions to Church, 119; and

Napoleon’s despotism, 413; and

Napoleon’s hopes for marriage to

Grand Duchess Anne, 297; negotiates

with Haugwitz, 205; negotiates with

Hawkesbury, 96; negotiates for papal

consecration for Napoleon as emperor,