Lefebvre Georges. Napoleon

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

594

index

158; offers guarantees to powers, 285;

offers to negotiate with Britain, 152;

outwits Saint-Julien, 89; and overthrow

of Constitution, 126; and peace

agreement (1814), 533; policy on Spain,

248; and Polish administration, 223; as

prince of Benevento, 211–12, 412;

proposes conciliation of Austria, 243;

proposes ofﬁ cials for appointments,

74; recommends moratorium on bank

business, 356; reconciled with Fouché,

285; and rivalry between Napoleon and

Sieyès, 65; Spanish royal family stays at

home of, 250; speculates on Stock

Exchange, 351; and Stadion, 226;

supports Republicans, 108; works with

Napoleon, 69

Tallien, Thérésa-Cabarrus, 20, 137

Talma, François-Joseph, 260, 399

Talon, Antoine-Omer, 110, 201

tariffs, 144

Tauenzien, General Bogislav Friedrich

Emanuel, count, 219

taxation: for 1800 campaign, 81–2; in

Bavaria, 440; in Britain, 242, 351–2;

centralised, 71–3, 115; in Holland, 430;

indirect, 159; in Italy, 421; local, 115;

Napoleon’s policy on, 381–2, 384; in

vassal states, 407

Tebelen, Ali, 313, 334

Ternaux, Louis-Guillaume, 487

Teschen, Treaty of (1779), 171

Test Acts (Britain), 21, 96, 227

textile manufacture, 40, see also cotton

industry; silk industry and trade

Thaer, Albert, 8

theatre: censorship of, 79, 380; Napoleon

controls, 398

Thermidorians, 50, 54, 78, 79

Thibaudeau, Antoine, 70, 117, 127, 145,

374, 391

Thierry, Augustin, 534

Thorwaldsen, Bertel, 476

Thugut, Jean de, 27–8, 84–5, 85–6, 87,

Thurn and Taxis, house of, 208

Tieck, Ludwig, 15–16, 265, 266

Tilly, Alexandre, comte de, 261

Tilsit, 92, 229; Treaty of (1807), 167, 226,

230–3, 239, 243, 244, 245–6, 258–9,

297

timber, Britain imports, 334

Tippoo Sahib, 48

tithe: abolished, 408, 428; in Poland,

447

Tobago, 100, 159

Toll, General Karl von, 512

Tolstoi, Pierre, count, 257, 258

Topino-Lebrun, François-Jean-Baptiste,

109

Töplitz, 515, 517

Torgau, 512

Tories (Britain): accept parliamentary

system, 463; believe in aggressive

France, 142; favour war, 464

Tormasov, General Alexander Petrovich,

498, 500, 502, 512

Torres Vedras, 324–5

Toulon, 162

Toulouse, riots, 78

Tournon, Philippe, comte de, 426

Tourton-Ravel (bank), 357

Toussaint L’Ouverture, François

Dominique, 30, 146, 147

Trachenberg, 515–16

trade: British, 43–6; colonial, 166;

contraband, 329–30, 337–8; under

blockade, 327–30; world, 49–50

trade unions, 488–9

Trafalgar, Battle of (1805), 161, 165, 180,

200, 254

Treilhard, Jean-Baptiste, 70

Trentino, 420

Treviso, 90

Trevithick, Richard, 486

Trianon decrees (1810), 302, 305, 330,

344, 345, 346, 356

Tribunate: abolished (1807), 243, 373;

adopts principle of hereditary rule, 156;

approves Life Consulate, 126; authority

reduced, 65, 123; Brumairians control,

65, 67; debates special courts, 114;

opposes Concordat, 121; opposition to

Napoleon, 78; reduced to 50 members,

128–9

Trieste, 428, 429, 449

Trinidad, Britain occupies, 47, 98,

Tronchet, François-Denis, 131

Troude, Commodore Amable-Grilles,

307

Tugendbund, 270

Turkheim, Bernard-Frédéric, baron de,

470

595

index

Turkish Empire: and Alexander’s war with

Napoleon, 366; closes straits to foreign

ships, 313; disintegration, 26, 94–5;

Napoleon offers to divide with

Alexander, 258–9; opens Levant to

British, 329; refuses to recognise

Napoleon as emperor, 173; relations

with France, 409; reoccupies Serbia,

536; Russian hostility to, 171, 211,

214–15; and Russian renunciation of

Danubian provinces, 232; and Serb

revolt, 227–8; ships join British, 307;

Sultan recognises Napoleon, 211; treats

with Alexander, 367; unrest in, 214; war

with Russia (1809), 294

Turner, Joseph Mallord William, 477

Tuscany, Ferdinand III, grand duke of see

Würzburg, grand duke of

Tuscany, 87, 89, 90, 244, 371, 425

Tussan, son of Mehemet Ali, 313

Two-Thirds, Decree of the, 54

Tyrol, 281, 289–90, 292, 483, 508

Uhland, Ludwig, 507

Ulm, Battle of (1805), 88, 200, 203

United States of America: affected by

Continental System, 245, 342–6;

agricultural reforms and production,

45–6; breach with Britain over

maritime practices, 331; breaks off

diplomatic relations with France, 39;

British exports to, 47, 241, 331–3, 347;

cotton growing, 488, 491; democratic

system, 466; and egalitarianism, 7;

emissaries in France, 94; European

trade with, 240, 331; expansion and

westward advance, 49; exports corn to

Britain, 334–5; France renews conﬂ ict

with, 333–4; import restrictions, 342–3;

industrial development, 488; lack of

intellectual life, 467; and maritime

trade, 37, 166–7, 331; Napoleon decrees

seizure of ships, 340; overseas

markets, 49, 332; purchases Louisiana

Territory, 146; restrictive laws, 7;

resumes free trade with French, 346–7;

slavery, 492; trade embargo, 45, 331–3;

war with Britain (1812), 355, 359, 466,

483; white expansion, 491

Université, the, 393, 395, 396

Urquijo, Mariano Luis de, 17, 93

Usteri, Paul, 101

Vadier, Marc Guillaume, 81

Valais, 51

Valckenaer, Johan, 348, 349

Valençay, Treaty of (1813), 534

Vancouver, George, 49

Vandamme, General Dominique-René,

287, 517

Vanlerberghe, Ignace-Joseph, 200, 201,

206

Vannes, Antoine-Xavier Maynaud de

Pancemort, bishop of, 284

Vansittart, Nicholas (later 1st Baron

Bexley), 464, 524

Vendée, 252, 253, 270, 541

Venegas, General Francisco Javier,

marques, 323

Venetia, 212, 287, 290, 420, 480

Venezuela: conspiracies, 47; declared

independent, 492–3

Venice, 178, 449

Verdier, General Jean-Antoine, 254

Verninac, Charles-Étienne de, 105

Versailles, Charles de la Roche, bishop of,

389

Verseghy, Ferenc, 281

Victor, Marshal Claude-Perrin, duc de

Bellune: campaigns in Spain and

Portugal, 255, 262, 263, 322, 322–3;

captures Berlin, 365; in Italian

campaign, 87; at Leipzig, 512–13;

promoted Marshal, 255; and proposed

expedition to Mississippi, 146; in

retreat from Russia, 502;

Schwarzenberg attacks, 529

Vienna: Congress of, 533–7; Napoleon

captures, 288–9

Vigny, Alfred de, 58

Villemanzy, Jacques-Pierre Orillard de,

191, 218

Villeneuve, Admiral Pierre-Charles, 163,

164–5, 180, 255

Vincent, Étienne, baron, 226

Visconti, Madame de, 212

vitalism, 11, 12, 18

Vitoria, Battle of (1813), 515, 520

Vitrolles, Eugène-François d’Arnaud,

baron de, 530

Volney, Constantin, count of, 18, 121

Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet), 133

Vorontsov, Aleksandr Romanovich, 153,

172

Voss, Countess Louise von, 216, 458

596

index

Wackenroder, Wilhelm, 15, 17

Wagram, Battle of (1809), 265, 286,

291–2, 301

Wahabis, 313

Walcheren, 293, 315

Walewska, Countess Marie, 222

Wallis, Count Friedrich, 463

Wallmoden, General Johann Ludwig von,

515

Walpole, Sir Robert, 465

war: conduct of, 193–6; effect on trade

and markets, 485; and industrial

development, 485–6, see also

campaigns

war of the oranges, 93

Warsaw, grand duchy of: administration

and government, 444–9; Archduke

Ferdinand invades, 294; discussed at

Congress of Vienna, 535; enlarged, 295;

given to King of Saxony, 231; Napoleon

prepared to relinquish, 515; Napoleon

reorganises society, 274; Russians

occupy, 503–4, see also Poland

Washington, George, 7, 49, 108

Waterloo, Battle of (1815), 209, 318, 543–4

Watteroth, Heinrich, 8

Watteville, General Louis de, 523

Webster, Daniel, 483

Wellesley, Henry (later 1st Baron Cowley),

320

Wellesley, Richard Colley, 1st marquess

of: declines Fouché’s proposals on

French hegemony in Continent, 302;

differences with Perceval, 464; as

foreign minister, 315–16; in India, 48,

98, 165–6, 309; sends troops to Egypt,

Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st duke of:

character and career, 316–17;

commands army in Belgium, 543–4;

conduct of Peninsular campaign, 316,

322–6, 515, 520, 532; and French

government under Louis XVIII, 538; in

Maratha wars, 166; military tactics,

317–18; money shortage, 354, 524; on

Napoleon II, 537; opposes taking

provinces from France, 545; in

Portugal, 256, 316–19; Rothschild

sends funds to, 348, 353–4; Spanish

reluctant co-operation with, 319;

tactics, 209; view of Napoleon, 458

Werner, Abraham, 15

Werner, Zacharias, 471

Wesel, 216

Wesley, John, 18

West Indies: British conquests in, 308;

France loses colonies under 1814 peace

agreement, 534; French ﬂ eet sails for,

163; French reoccupy smaller islands,

146; and maritime trade, 37; Spanish

possessions in, 146

Westphalia: administration, 412, 416, 418,

459; constitution, 373, 433; created as

kingdom, 231, 243, 274; funds army,

480; Jérôme rules, 231, 412, 433–4;

mines, 450; Napoleon’s reforms, 274,

432–4

Whigs (England): denounce war party,

153, 213; domestic policy under

Grenville, 213; inﬂ uence on Tories, 463;

and Napoleon’s liberal reforms, 466;

and national identity, 21–2; neglect

army, 242; in opposition, 464–5; and

parliamentary system, 464, 465–6; as

peace party, 464; prince regent

appoints to ofﬁ ce, 464; on Spanish

revolt, 256, 315

Whitbread, Samuel, 464

Whitelocke, General John, 310

Whitworth, Charles, baron (later earl),

150, 151, 152

Wickham, William, 79, 108

Wilberforce, William, 18

Willaumez, Admiral Jean-Baptiste

Philibert, 307

Willermoz, Jean, 19

William, prince of Prussia, 258, 277

Wilson, Sir Robert Thomas, 243, 510

Windham, William, 30, 99, 242, 310

wine, exports, 145

Winzingerode, General Ferdinand de,

179, 202

Wittgenstein, Prince Ludwig von, 278,

498, 500, 502, 512

Wolf, Friedrich August, 459; Prolegomena

ad Homerum, 472

Wollfradt, baron (of Brunswick), 434

Wöllner, Johann Christian von, 7

women, and education, 134, 397

wood see timber

Woolf, Arthur, 486

Wordsworth, William, 14, 161, 472

working classes: conditions, 13, 400–1,

404, 405–6; increase in Britain, 488–9

597

index

Wrede, count (of Sweden), 304, 519

Württemberg, 7, 180, 205, 206, 441–2

Würzburg, Ferdinand III, grand duke of

(formerly of Tuscany), 91, 149, 178, 205,

220, 415, 436, 438, 534

Würzburg, grand duchy of, 206, 415, 436,

438–9

Wybicki, General Jozef, 222

Yarmouth, Francis Seymour, earl of, 213,

215, 217

Yorck von Wartenburg, General Johann

David von, 279, 460, 497–8, 503–4, 528

York, Frederick August, duke of, 30

Young, Arthur, 44, 273–4, 334

Ypsilanti, Alexander, 214

Yugoslavs, 456

Yussef, Grand Vizier, 97

Zastrow, 221, 225, 226

Ziethen, General Hans Ernst von, 544

Zurich, Battle of (1799), 27, 35, 54