Lefebvre Georges. Napoleon

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574

index

oppose Austria, 173–4; reforms, 7–8,

430–1; religion persecuted, 210;

Romanticism and mysticism in, 14–16,

22–3, 265–71, 470, 471–2, 478;

territories redistributed, 149–50, 431;

and Third Coalition, 173–5; trade fairs,

449–50; trade under blockade, 328;

transcendental idealism in, 468

Ghent, 358–9, 487

Gia Long (Nguyen Anh), 48, 491

Gibraltar, 312

Ginguené, Pierre-Louis, 18, 68, 123,

467–8; Histoire littéraire d’Italien, 475

Girard family, 46

Girard, Philippe de, 486, 516

Girard, Stephen, 332, 488

Girardin, Stanislas, comte de, 58

Girodet, Anne-Louis, 474, 476

Girondins, 51

Giulay, General Ignaz, 290

Glasgow, Chamber of Commerce, 358

Gleich, Joseph Aloys, 281

Glinka, Sergei, 479

Gneisenau, August Wilhelm Anton,

Count Neithardt von: advocates

national rising, 364; and army reform,

272, 505; defends Colberg, 220; and

English presence in Europe, 507; on

French nation, 273; mission to London,

365; opposes entry to Confederation of

the Rhine, 277; prepares for ﬁ nal battle

with Napoleon, 543; as temporary head

of general staff, 364

Gobert, General Jacques-Nicolas, 255

Godinot, General Nicolas, 321

Godoy, Manuel de: cuckolds king of

Spain, 35; ends ‘war of oranges’, 92;

and French occupation of Spain, 250;

interned at Marseilles, 286; and

Napoleon’s threat to Portugal, 248;

offers Spanish ﬂ eet to Napoleon, 163;

pays arrears of subsidy to Ouvrard,

198; as Spanish foreign minister, 35,

93; unpopularity, 251, 252

Godwin, William, 12

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 14, 15,

265, 267, 471; Elective Afﬁ nities, 471

gold: price, 352; standard, 354

Goldsmith Bank, 351

Gondouin, Jacques, 476

Good Hope, Cape of see Cape of Good

Hope

Görres, Johann Joseph von, 27, 265, 266,

534

Göteborg (Gothenburg), 330

Gotland, 259

Götzen, count, 272–3, 277, 279

Gouvion-Saint-Cyr, Marshal Laurent, 500,

517, 519

Goya, Francisco de, 476

grain: Britain imports, 45, 46, 95, 334–5,

356; France exports, 142–3, 198, 200,

341–2, 356; prices in France, 356–7,

359, 386, 406–7; surpluses on

Continent, 454

Grand Empire (French): citizenship, 416;

ends, 520; extent, 206–13, 221, 301,

452–3; languages, 448–9; Napoleon’s

reforms, 416–17, 418–19, 448;

organisation and rule, 410–16; and

sovereignty, 452; structure, 301

Grande Armée: administration, 373, 419;

in Austrian campaign (1809), 290; in

campaign of 1813, 519; composition

and strength in Russian campaign,

497–8; destroyed in Russian campaign,

457, 497, 502–3; in Eastern Europe,

224; marches on Germany, 164, 190,

197, 202–3; offensive against Russia,

347; and Prussian mobilisation (1806),

217; quartered in Germany, 254, 286;

strength (1807), 224; transferred to

Spain, 256, 259

Granville, Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd

earl see Leveson-Gower, Lord Granville

Grattan, Henry, 465

Gravina, Admiral Carlos de, 93

Great Task, The (Holland), 208

Greece: independence movement, 26;

proposed state under Russian

protection, 94

Grégoire, Abbé Henri, 121

Grenville, Thomas, 95

Grenville, William Wyndham Grenville,

baron: and Catholic question, 96;

declines post in Pitt’s ministry, 161;

directs military administration with

Pitt, 30; disavows treaty with

Napoleon, 85; favours evacuating

Spain, 316; forms government, 213; and

French territorial claims, 52; insists on

one-party cabinet, 464; negotiates with

French, 10; and occupation of Malta,

26; on payments to continental

575

index

powers, 28; refuses Napoleon’s

demands on Malta, 89; sponsors

Popham-Miranda scheme, 310

Grey, Charles, 2nd earl (formerly Baron

Howick), 316, 464

Grillparzer, Franz, 281

Grimani law (1756), 428

Grimm, Jacob, 265, 434, 472

Grimm, Wilhelm, 265, 472

Grisons, 89

Grolman, Karl von, 272–3, 279

Gros, Antoine Jean, baron, 476

Gros-Davillier, Alsace (manufacturer), 357

Grouchy, Marshal Emmanuel, marquise

de, 543, 544

Gruber, Father, 17

Grüner (ex-Berlin police chief), 366

Guastalla, 208, 420

Gudin de la Sablonnière, General Charles

Étienne, 365

Guer, chevalier de, 145

guerillas, in Spain, 321

Guiana, Dutch see Dutch Guiana

Guibert, Hippolyte de, 194

Guidal, General Maximilian-Joseph, 286

Guilleminot, General Armand-Charles,

246

Guizot, François-Pierre-Guillaume, 403

Gustavus IV, king of Sweden, 173, 227,

239, 294

Habsburgs: and Napoleon’s marriage to

Marie-Louise, 298–300; and

redistribution of territories, 150, see also

Austria; Holy Roman Empire

Haller, Charles de: Abrégé de la politique

universalle, 469; Restauration de la

science politique, 469

Hamburg: as banking centre, 37; and

contraband trade, 330; ﬁ nances 1800

campaign, 82

Hamelin, Fortunéé, 20, 137

Hanon, Dominique-François, 393

Hanover: added to Westphalia, 432–3;

Britain reclaims and recovers, 214, 215,

534; British sham blockade, 166;

exports, 450; Frederick William covets,

27, 174; Mortier invades and occupies,

160, 172; Napoleon offers to Prussia,

180; north annexed, 434–5; part

removed from Jérôme, 414–15; Prussia

declines acquisition, 150; Prussians

occupy and annexe, 94, 204, 213, 216;

in treaty of 1813, 514

Hanseatic ports: annexed, 434–5; and

English trade, 46, 94; forbidden from

joining Confederation of the North,

217; French investment in, 350; trade

under continental blockade, 356, 449

Hardenberg, Karl von, baron: favours

alliance with Alexander, 504; favours

reform, 8, 278, 459–61; joins war party,

204, 216, 217; ordered to disarm, 365;

proposes Prussian alliance with

France, 363; proposes Russian alliance

with Napoleon, 230; as Prussian

foreign minister, 174, 175, 226, 365

Hargenvilliers, Antoine-Audet, 184

Haspinger, Joseph, 290

Hastings, Warren, 309

Haugwitz, Christian, count of, 174–5, 205,

216

Hauterive, Maurice, comte d’: and

Napoleon’s concessions to Church,

119; The State of France in Year VIII, 84

Hawkesbury, 1st baron see Liverpool, 1st

earl of

Haydn, Josef, 15

Hayley, William, 14

Hédouville, 79

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 7, 267;

Phenomenology of Mind, 266

Heidelberg, 265, 266–7

Heligoland, 311, 330, 535

Heliopolis, Battle of (1809), 97

Hellenism, 13

Helvetic Republic, 35, 103–5, 149, see also

Switzerland

Hely-Hutchinson, John, 1st baron, 227

Herder, Johann Gottfried, 22, 276, 478

Héron de Villefosse, Antoine-Marie,

baron, 431

Hervas (Spanish banker), 93

Hesse, William I, elector of, 348, 534

Hesse: rising (1806), 270

Hesse-Cassel, 220

Hesse-Darmstadt, 208

Hessians: under Blücher, 204

Hiller, General Johann, baron von, 288

Höfer, Andreas, 281, 290, 292

Hoffmann, Jochen, 10

Hogendorp, Dirk van, 522

Hohenlinden, Battle of (1800), 90, 107

Hohenloe, General, 219, 220

576

index

Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, princess of,

208

Hölderlin, Friedrich, 14

Holkar, Jaswant Rao, 166, 309

Holland: allows smuggling, 178; annexed

(1810), 302; after Austerlitz, 208;

banking, 348; British attempt to

prevent annexation by France, 302;

British expedition against, 30, 315;

Castlereagh demands Belgium for, 523,

536; Catholics in, 481–2; cedes

provinces, 302; Civil Code in, 430;

constitution (1801), 102–3;

constitutional changes, 178, 418;

customs barriers, 452; exploited by

French, 33; feudal dues, 430; French

occupation and control, 6, 22, 36, 53,

101–2, 148, 371, 414; French reduce

troops in, 106; gives credit to Britain,

357; imports from America, 331;

imports from Britain, 38; interest

payments from Britain, 353; literature,

479; loses Ceylon, 98; Louis Bonaparte

enthroned as king, 208; Napoleon

annexes (1810), 302, 347; Napoleon’s

authority in, 51; Napoleon’s reforms,

430; ports closed, 337; revolts against

French, 522; speculation and economic

crisis of 1811, 350, 356; trade under

blockade, 328–9, 356

Holstein, Second Tönning period, 329

Holy Alliance (Russia-Prussia-Austria),

545

‘Holy Family’ (group), 17

Holy Roman Empire: constitution and

redistribution (1803), 149–50; French

Empire as threat to, 177; and Imperial

Knights, 173–4; remnants abolished,

208, 267; and Treaty of Lunéville, 90–1;

and Treaty of Schönbrunn, 206, see also

Austria

Hope, house of (Amsterdam), 146, 198,

348

Hope, John, 41, 206

Hopfgarten, Georg-Wilhelm von, 444

Hormayr, baron (Austrian), 280, 281–2,

290, 508

Hornblower, Jonathan Carter, 486

Hottinger Bank, 357

Howe, Admiral Richard, 1st earl, 30

Howick, Charles Grey, viscount (later 2nd

Earl Grey), 213, 226

Hudelist, Joseph, 27

Hudson’s Bay Company, 49

Humboldt, Alexander von, 216, 468

Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 9, 14, 459, 472

Hume, David, 11

Hundred Days, the, 540–7

Hungary: Diet dissolved, 463; hostility to

France, 281; nationalism, 479; under

Habsburg rule, 21, 202, 204

Huskisson, William, 353

Hyde de Neuville, Jean-Guillaume, 78, 79

Iberian peninsula: Napoleon moves to

annexe, 247; Napoleon sends

reinforcements, 303, see also Peninsular

War; Portugal; Spain

Idéologues, 51, 54, 57, 60, 68, 121, 123; and

education, 131, 134

Île Bonaparte (Réunion), 309

Île d’Aix, 286

Île de France, 309

Illuminism and Illuminati, 10, 12

Illyria, 371, 410–11, 427–9, 451, 480,

508–9, 514

Imperial Guard, 186, 191, 202, 287, 368,

501

Imperial Knights see Ritterschaft

Imperial Recess (1803), 150, 171, 173–4,

210

Imperial University, 207

India: British expansion and rule in, 48,

309; Christian missionaries in, 49, 309;

French threaten, 148, 258, 313;

Wellesley in, 48, 165–6, 309

Indochina, 48

industrial revolution, in Britain, 43–4

industry: advance under Napoleon, 387;

affected by Continental System, 453–4;

and development of machinery, 486–7;

encouraged under Consulate, 142,

143–4

Ingoldstadt, 89

inheritance laws, 131–2

Inquisition, abolished in Spain, 467

Institut Français, 18, 379

Ionian Islands, 97, 215, 228, 232, 246, 312,

410

Ireland, 17, 21, 22, 96

Issarts, Bancal des, 19

Istria, 427

Italian language, 478–9

Italian Legion, 81

577

index

Italy: administrative system reformed,

179, 420–1, 425–7; army and

recruitment, 422, 480; Austria invades,

22, 27–8; and campaign of 1800, 81,

85–92; Code Civil applied to, 210;

Continental System in, 420, 427;

culture and nationality, 479–80;

customs restrictions, 453; decorations

and orders, 421–2; France conquers,

46; in French Empire, 371, 410–11;

French forces in, 89–90; as hereditary

kingdom, 178–9, 181; imports from

France, 453; insurrection (1809), 290;

intellectual life, 475–6; Murat acts in

(1814), 531–2; Napoleon establishes

administration in, 91–2, 103, 105, 169;

Napoleon rearranges, 244; national

movement, 509; nationalism and

French intervention, 22; religion

persecuted, 210; reorganised after

Austerlitz, 208–9; Russian interest in,

27; silk trade, 168, 359; and support of

French army, 33–4; Suvorov’s victories

in, 6; and trade routes to Continent,

451; trade under blockade, 328; unrest

in (1805), 202

Ivernois, François d’, 9, 10, 20, 244, 333,

501

Izquierdo (Spanish agent), 163, 249

Jackson, Andrew, 483, 491

Jackson, Sir George, 510

Jacobins: agitation, 101; appointed to

assemblies, 67–8; claim power as true

patriots, 36; pessimism and

conspiracies, 109, 110; suppressed and

proscribed, 64, 110, 114, 128, 284, 419;

wish for democratic dictatorship, 54

Jacquard loom, 40, 487

Jacquemont, Frédéric-François, 285

Jahn, Frederick Ludwig, 478

Janissaries, 214, 228, 247

Japan: European trade, 491; isolation, 48;

national consciousness, 23

Japy, Frédéric, 487

Jeanbon Saint-André, André, 74, 374, 407

Jefferson, Thomas: accused of favouring

French, 332; and British impressment

of US seamen, 49; and egalitarianism,

7; imposes trade embargo on

belligerents acting against neutrals,

331; and Louisiana purchase, 146;

presidency, 466; trade embargo (1807),

199

Jeffrey, Francis, Lord, 464

Jena, Battle of (1806), 192, 219–20

Jesuits, reinstated by Paul I, 17

Jews: in Poland, 447–8; in Russia, 462;

status and rights, 393–4, 426, 430,

433–4, 437, 440, 442, 443, 481

John, archduke of Austria, 90, 202, 203,

280, 287, 290

John, Prince, regent of Portugal, 93, 262

Jollivet, Jean-Baptiste-Moïse, 433

Jones, Sir Harford, 313

Jordan, Camille, The True Meaning of the

Plebiscite for the Life Consulate, 127

Joseph II, emperor of Austria, 9, 298, 436,

462–3

Joseph, archduke of Austria, 21, 204

Josephine, Empress: crowned by

Napoleon, 158; favours Marie-Louise as

Napoleon’s second wife, 299; fears

divorce, 109; granted rank, 137;

inﬁ delity, 57; Napoleon discards,

296–8; and planters’ interests in San

Domingo, 147

Joubert, Joseph, 19, 396, 468

Jouberthon, Alexandrine (Lucien

Bonaparte’s wife), 157

Jourdan, Marshal Jean-Baptiste, 92, 261,

320

Journal de l’Empire (newspaper; formerly

Les Débats), 380

Journal de Paris, 380

Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchor, 261, 467

judges, 130–1

judiciary system, reformed, 76–7, 113–14,

375–80

July Monarchy, 131

Jung Stilling, Johann Heinrich, 471, 534

Junkers (Prussia), 9, 218, 226, 272, 273,

460–1, 536

Junot, Andoche, duc d’Abrantès, 137; in

Illyria, 428; invades Portugal, 244–5;

and Portuguese rising, 255–6; in Spain,

262

Kalisch, Treaty of (1813), 510

Kamenski, General Nikolai Mikhailovich,

367

Kant, Immanuel, 7, 12, 15

Karageorge, prince of Serbians, 26, 214,

294, 367

578

index

Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich, 478, 479

Katte, General Hans Hermann von,

290–1

Kaunitz, house of, 208

Keith, Admiral George, 97

Kellermann, François-Christophe de, 86,

224, 321, 323, 394

Kersaint, Armand, comte de, 38

Khosrev Pasha, 228

Kielmannsegg, Auguste Charlotte,

countess, 195

Kienmayer, Michael von, 203

King, Peter, 7th baron, 354

Kiselev, Paul, 9

Kisfaludy, Sandor, 281

Kléber, General Jean-Baptiste, 97

Kleist, Heinrich von, 268, 269, 279, 471,

477–8

Klinger, Friedrich, 171

Knaben Wunderhorn, Des (Brentano and

von Arnim), 266

Knesebeck, General Karl-Friedrich von

dem, 504, 505

Knights of the Faith, 401

Kochelev, Rodion Alexandrovich, 471

Kochubei, count V.P., 170, 461

Kolychev, Stepan Alexeevich, 94, 95

Königsberg, 225, 227, 229, 270, 272,

273–4

Koraés, Adamantios, 26

Körner, Theodor, 507

Kosciuszko, Tadeusz Andrzej

Bonawentura, 222

Kraus, Christian, 8

Kray, General Paul, baron, 85, 86, 87

Kronstadt, 244, 307

Krüdener, Baroness Julie de, 471, 534

Kurakin, 364, 368, 461

Kutuzov, Mikhail Illiaronovich, 202,

203–4, 205, 367, 500–1, 501–2

La Bédoyère, Colonel le comte Charles

de, 540

La Bouillerie, baron de, 383

La Harpe, Frédéric-César de, 36, 103–5,

170, 522

La Motte Fouqué see Fouqué

La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François-

Alexandre-Frédéric, duc de, 405

La Romana, marquis de, 224, 248, 259,

263

La Salle, Antoine de, 470

La Tour d’Auvergne-Lauragais, Hugues-

Robert-Jean-Charles de, bishop, 135

Laborde, Alexandre de, 299

Labouchère, Peter Caesar, 41, 198, 199,

206, 302, 346, 357

labour laws, 133

Lacretelle, Jean-Charles-Dominique de,

380

Lacue de Cessac, General Jean-Girard,

184

Lafayette, Marie-Joseph, marquis de, 81,

Laﬁ tte, Jacques, 345

Lahaie-Saint-Hilaire, Louis de, 284

Lahorie, General, 124

Lainé, Joseph-Henri-Joachim, 403, 526

Lajolais, General, 154

Lalande, Joseph-Jérôme Le Français de,

379

Lallemand, General François-Antoine-

Charles, 539

Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, chevalier de, 18

Lamarque, General Jean-Maximilien, 541

Lammenais, Félicité-Robert de, 470

Lampedusa, 172

Lancaster, Joseph, 489

land: ownership, 404–5; reclaimed by

returning émigrés, 136, 401–2;

surrendered by Church, 91, 117; taxed,

381

Lanënnec, René, 118

Lange, Anne-Françoise-Elizabeth

(Madame Michel Simons), 356

Langeron, General Louis-Alexandre

Andrault de, 529

Langres, 523, 525

Lannes, Jean, duc de Montebello: army

authority, 187; at Austerlitz, 205; in

campaign against Austria (1809), 288;

in Italian campaign, 86–7; marriage,

137; in Poland, 223; sent to Lisbon, 124;

in Spain, 262, 263; in war against

Prussians, 219, 220, 229

Lansdowne, Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd

marquess of, 213

Laplace, Pierre Simon, marquis de,

Système du Monde, 18

Laromiguière, Pierre, 123, 468

Larrey, Dominique-Jean, 192–3

Las Cases, Emmanuel-Augustin, comte

de, 407

Lassalle (provision merchant), 145, 378

579

index

Latin America: British activities in, 310;

British trade interests in, 37–8, 47,

332–3, 347, 354–5; Napoleon loses, 311;

political systems, 466; revolutionary

and independence movements, 7, 47,

493, see also Buenos Aires; Mexico

Latouche-Tréville, Admiral Louis, 92, 163

Lauderdale, James Maitland, baron (later

8th earl of), 215

Lauriston, General Jacques-Alexandre-

Bernard Law de, 512

Lavalette, Antoine-Marie, comte de, 75,

378

Law, John, 42

law of year VI (recruitment), 182–3

Lawrence, Sir Thomas, 476

laws: and Civil Code, 131–3; codiﬁ ed,

376–7

laws of: 28 Prairial, Year III, 189–90; 18

Pluviôse, Year IX, 112–13, 116; 27

Ventôse, Year X, 76; 11 Germinal, Year

X, 123; 18 Germinal, Year X, 70; 11

Floréal, Year X, 133; 28 Floréal, Year X,

183; 8 Pluviôse, Year XI, 120; 22

Germinal, Year XI, 133, 144; 24

Germinal, Year XI, 153–4; 21 Floréal,

Year XIII, 416

Le Coz, Claude, archbishop of Besançon,

391

League of Armed Neutrality, Second,

94–5, 97, 98

League of Neutrality (1795), 38, 174

Leblanc, Nicolas, 336

Lebon, Philippe, 486

Lebrun, Charles-François, 66, 68, 74, 79,

411, 522

Lebzeltern, Louis de, 508

Leclerc, General Charles-Victor-

Emmanuel, 137, 146, 147

Lecourbe, General Claude-Joseph, comte,

87, 124

Lefebvre-Desnouettes, General Charles,

79, 262, 263, 287, 289, 290, 292

legal profession, 130–1

Leghorn (Livorno), 209, 449

Legion of Honour: created, 125;

nomination to, 137, 373; status, 130,

157–8; transformed, 399, 400

Leipzig, 337, 450; Battle of (1813), 512–13,

519, 526

Lemercier, Népomucène, 474

Lemontey, Pierre-Édouard, 380

Léon, count (Napoleon’s illegitimate

child), 296

Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, 9

Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, Louis-

Michel, 110

Lesseps (French consul in

Constantinople), 213

Lestocque, General Anton, 220, 223, 229

LeSueur, Jean-François, Les Bardes, 474

Letourneur, Charles, 74

Letters of Peter Plymley, The, 464

Levant: British trade in, 313, 331–2, 332;

conﬂ ict in, 227; French consulates in,

147; French driven from, 46; Napoleon

aims to control, 361; Napoleon aspires

to drive British from, 333

Leveson-Gower, Granville see Stafford,

Granville Leveson-Gower, 1st marquess

Leyen, Philip Francis, count of, 208

Leyssègues, Admiral, 307

Lezay-Marnésia, Paul-Adrien-François-

Marie de, 406, 407, 470

Ligne, house of, 208

Ligny, 542

Liguria, 371, 407, 420

Liniers, Jacques, count, 310–11

Linois, Admiral Charles-Alexandre-Léon

Durand, 307

Lisbon: Junot occupies, 245, 247, 249; in

Peninsular War, 322

Listes de Notabilité, abolished, 129

Liverpool, Charles Jenkinson, 1st earl of

(earlier 1st Baron Hawkesbury), 96,

98–9, 142, 150, 152

Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd

earl of, 464

Livonia, 9; serfdom in, 170

Lobau, General Jean Victor Mouton,

comte de, 249, 543

Lobau (island), 291

Locré, Jean Guillaume, baron de Boissy,

Loewenhielm, Count Carl, 367

Lombard (Prussian cabinet secretary),

174, 174–5, 216–17, 276

Loughborough, Alexander Wedderburn,

1st baron (later 1st earl of Rosslyn), 96

Louis I, grand duke of Hesse-Darmstadt,

444

Louis XIV, king of France, 139, 242

Louis XV, king of France, 402

580

index

Louis XVI, king of France, 20, 300, 381,

402

Louis XVIII, king of France: ﬂ ees France

on Napoleon’s return from Elba, 539;

and Fontane’s education reforms, 397;

government, 537–8, 540, 541; and

parliamentary democracy, 467; Paul I

expels from Mittau, 94; refuge in

England, 108; refuses allowance to

Napoleon, 539; and religious support,

118; restored to throne, 531, 533, 537–9,

545; returns after Waterloo, 544–5;

sheltered by Paul I, 26; and Talleyrand

at Congress of Vienna, 535; as threat to

Napoleon, 79

Louis Ferdinand, prince of Prussia, 219

Louise of Mecklenburgh-Strelitz, queen of

Prussia: Alexander’s relations with, 150,

221; blames Archduke Charles for

suspending hostilities, 295; dismissed

Stein, 278; hatred of Napoleon, 180,

216, 221; visits Napoleon, 230; visits St

Petersburg, 284

Louisiana, 91, 146, 466, 491

Low Countries: and French domination,

52; under Austrian rule, 21

lower classes see working classes

Lübeck, 371

Lucca, 90, 91

Lucchesini (Prussian ambassador in

Paris), 217, 221

Luddite riots (Britain), 489

Lunéville, Treaty of (1801): and changes

in Italy, 169, 179; and European

federation, 410; and German powers,

508; and indemnities, 149; and

Napoleon’s army purge, 182;

negotiated, 89, 90–2, 106; and price

rises, 116; and Prussian alliance with

France, 180; and Russia’s offer of

troops, 176

Lutheranism, 14

Luynes, Louis-Joseph-Charles-Amable

d’Albert, duc de, 137

lycées see education

Lyon: silk industry, 145, 168, 359; thrives

under Napoleon, 387; as trade centre,

451; on unsustainable continuous war,

404

Mcadam, John Loudon, 486

Macao, 48, 491

Macartney, George, 1st earl, 48

Macdonald, Marshal Alexandre: in

campaign of 1809, 290; in campaign of

1813-14, 517, 519, 528, 530; in Catalonia,

429; in Italian campaign, 89–90, 90;

negotiates with Alexander, 531; in

Russian campaign, 500, 502, 503; at

Wagram, 292

Machiavelli, Niccolò, 266

Mack, General Charles, 177, 202, 203,

283, 288

Mackenzie, Alexander, 49

Macon Bill (USA, 1810), 342

Macpherson, James, 474

Madagascar, 309

Madhoji Rao, 166

Madison, James, 146, 332, 342–3, 346,

355, 359, 466, 483, 491

Madrid, French occupy, 250, 263

Maghella, Antonio, 414

magistracy: appointment to, 76–7;

reorganised, 375–6, 377

Magyar language, 21, 204, 479

Mahmud II, Ottoman sultan, 247, 367

Maine de Biran, Marie-François-Pierre,

468

Mainz, archbishop of see Dalberg, Karl

Theodor von

Maistre, Joseph de, 12, 17, 19, 158, 470;

Considérations sur la France, 11; Essai sur

le principe des constitutions politiques,

469

Maitland, General Sir Peregrine, 325

maîtres des requètes, 373

Malachowski, Stanislaw, 222–3

Malcolm, Sir John, 48, 247, 313

Malet, General Claude de, 284–5, 503

Maleville, Jacques de, 131

Malmaison, 137, 297; Constitution of

(1801), 104–5

Malta: Britain retains, 94, 148, 152, 172,

215, 312, 535; falls (1800), 94, 98; in

peace negotiations (1801), 98, 100;

proposed granting to Britain, 302;

Russian ambitions to occupy, 26, 94–5,

159, 171–2; as trading depot, 330

Malta, Order of, 17

Malthus, Thomas, 11–12, 489–90

Mamelukes, 228, 313

Manhes, General Charles-Antoine, 425

Marathas, 166

Marchand, General Jean-Baptiste, 291

581

index

Maréchal, Pierre-Sylvain, Dictionnaire des

athées, 379

Marengo, Battle of (1800), 80, 85, 86–7,

92, 107, 108, 109, 194

Maret, Hughes-Bernard: brother’s role,

225; Caulaincourt replaces, 522; on

commission in Poland, 223; directs

Moniteur, 79; leaves Saint-Cloud, 368;

in Napoleon’s administration, 68–9,

373, 539; negotiations with Britain, 359,

368; replaces Champagny, 363

Margadel, chevalier de, 110

Maria Carolina, queen of Naples:

agreement with British (1804), 173;

alliance with Russia, 180; British

treatment of, 312; hatred of Napoleon,

169; hostility to French, 10;

insurrection against Joseph Bonaparte,

209; opposes General Fox, 226–7;

supports Thugut, 89

Maria Louisa of Spain, queen of Etruria

and duchess of Lucca, 244, 248

Maria Luisa d’Este, empress of Francis II

and queen of Hungary, 280–1

Marie-Antoinette, Queen of France, 300

Marie-Louise, empress of France

(formerly archduchess of Austria):

Caroline Murat chaperones, 414;

marriage to Napoleon, 299–301;

moves to Parma, 532; Napoleon visits

in Mainz, 515; Napoleon wishes to take

to Rome for coronation, 455;

nominated as regent, 511, 522, 539;

takes Neipperg as lover, 539

Markov (Russian emissary to Napoleon),

95, 172

Marmont, General Auguste-Frédéric-

Louis de, duc de Ragusa: and army

supply shortages, 188; in campaign of

1805, 203, 204; in campaign of 1809,

287; in campaign of 1813–14, 519, 528,

530; in Dalmatia and Illyria, 211, 411,

427, 427–8, 428–9; and French artillery

weakness, 188; goes over to Allies, 531;

Napoleon’s payment to, 137; in

Peninsular War, 324–5; supports pasha

of Bosnia, 228

marriages, 406

Marshman, Joshua, 49

Martens, George Friedrich von, 434

Martiniana, bishop, 118

Martinique, 147, 163

Marwitz, Friedrich Ludwig von der, 460

Mascarenes, 309–10

Masséna, André: in 1805 campaign, 202,

203; army authority, 187; disposition in

1809, 287, 288, 288–9; in Italian

campaign, 85, 86; in Naples and

Calabria, 209; Ney refuses obedience

to, 321; in Peninsular War (1810), 316,

324; sells import licences in Italy, 338;

in Switzerland, 35; at Wagram, 55, 292

Massenbach, Christian Karl August

Ludwig von, 216

Matsudaira, Sadanbu, 23

Matuszewicz, Tadeusz, 447

Maupeou, René-Nicolas de, 68, 76

Mauritius, 147

Maury, Cardinal Jean Siffrein, 392

Maximilian Joseph, elector of Bavaria, 27,

438

Mediterranean: British dominance in,

312–13; French ambitions in, 147–8;

naval struggle in, 46; ports affected by

continental blockade, 449; trade in, 330

Méhée de La Touche, Jean-Claude-

Hippolyte, 154, 155

Mehemet Ali, 228–9, 313–14

Méhul, Etienne-Nicolas, 477

Melas, General Michael, 85, 86

Melville, Henry Dundas, 1st viscount, 30,

98, 161

Melzi d’Wril, Count Francesco, 101, 103,

106, 178, 210

Méneval, Claude-François, baron de, 68,

232

Menou, General Jacques Abdallah, 97–8

mental asylums, 378

Mercantile Theory, 384–5, 450, 492, 494

Mercure, 379–80, 403

Merfeldt, General Maximilien, 244, 521

Methodism, 18, 470

Metternich, house of, 173–4

Metternich, Prince Clemens Lothar

Wenzel, 244; advises Alexander against

war with Napoleon, 365; aims to

restore power of Habsburgs, 521; on

Alexander at Erfurt, 260; Alexander

offers Danubian provinces to, 363;

anxiety at Russian advances in East,

301; attempts to persuade England to

concede whole Continent to France,

301–2; and Austrian army strength,

283; and Austrian delay for war, 280;

582

index

Caulaincourt writes to, 523; character

and principles, 298–9; at Congress of

Vienna, 535–7; favours taking provinces

from France, 545; foresees breach

between France and Russia, 300; and

future of Austria after defection from

France, 507–10, 514–15, 521; and

impending Russo-French war, 305;

intellectual inﬂ uences on, 11; Murat

negotiates with, 520; Napoleon

negotiates with, 522–3; on Napoleon’s

ambitions, 243; and Napoleon’s

marriage to Marie-Louise, 299–300,

301; negotiates with Murat, 520, 524;

negotiates with Napoleon and

Coalition, 521–3, 525; neutrality in 1813

campaign, 513; in peace negotiations at

Altenberg, 295; and peace settlement

(1814), 534; proposes regency in

France, 525; and prospective Russian

war with Napoleon, 365, 366; and

Prussia after defeat of Napoleon, 504;

regime, 442; relations with Tolstoi, 257;

rule in Austria, 7; in war party, 176

Mexico: Britain aims to attack, 310;

conspiracies, 47; silver supplies to

Spain, 198–200

Mexico, Gulf of, 146

Michelson, General, 219, 227

middle class: acquisition of power,

402–3; administrative role, 419; and

appointment to ofﬁ ce, 374–5; and

education, 397; effect of blockade on,

481, 482; empowered after 1789

Revolution, 546–7; and European

liberalism, 466; gains from Napoleonic

regime, 407; inﬂ uence of England on,

465; land ownership, 404; military

service, 183; Napoleon’s antipathy to,

134; and national economy, 384;

patriotism, 507, see also bourgeoisie

Middleton, Sir Charles see Barham,

Admiral Sir Charles Middleton, 1st

baron

Milan decrees (1807), 239, 245, 246, 327,

340, 342, 345, 347, 435

military academies, 188

Mill, James, 464

Millevoye, Charles-Hubert, 474

Miloradovich, General Count Mikhail

Andreevich, 502, 512

Ministry of All the Talents (Britain), 213,

227

Ministry for Military Affairs, 191

Minorca, 98

Minto, Gilbert Elliot, 1st earl of, 87,

309–10

Miollis, General Sextus-François-

Alexandre, 244, 426

Miot, André-François, comte de Melito,

423

Miranda, General Francisco, 47, 310, 493

Missiessy, Admiral Burgues, 163, 164

missionaries (Christian), in Far East,

48–9, 309, 492

Mississippi, river, 146

Modena, duke of, 91, 149, 534

Molé, Louis Mathieu, comte, 59, 118, 373,

376, 382, 400

Molitor, General Gabriel-Jean-Joseph,

comte, 211

Mollien, François-Nicolas: and banking

practices, 153, 206; Fouché disregards,

293; in Napoleon’s ﬁ nancial

administration, 68, 72, 153; and

Napoleon’s rule, 372; on Talleyrand’s

disgrace, 285–6; on trade restrictions,

341, 349, 351, 358

monarchy: anti-national interests, 21; and

class conﬂ ict, 20; and despotism, 5;

powers modiﬁ ed, 5, 7

monasteries and religious orders, 390

Moncey, General Bon-Adrien Jeannot de,

duc de Conegliano, 75, 86, 87, 249,

254, 263

money, and inﬂ ation, 484–5

Moniteur (newspaper), 79, 107, 145, 151,

348–9, 380, 398

Monnier, General Jean-Charles, 286

Monroe, James, 146

Monson, Colonel John Pester, 166

Montagu, Anne-Paul Dominique,

marquise de, 17

Montalivet, Jean-Pierre Barbasson de,

340, 341, 343, 357, 358, 375

Montesquiou, Madame de (Marie-

Louise’s attendant), 300

Montevideo, 310, 311

Montgalliard, Abbé Guillaume de, 168

Montgelas, Madame de, 208

Montgelas, Maximilian Joseph de

Garnerin, count of, 7, 207, 289, 435,

438–9, 440

Monthly Magazine, 95

583

index

Monti, Vincenzo, 478

Montlosier, François-Dominique, comte

de, 76

Montmorency, Mathieu de, 118, 401

Montrond, Casimir, comte de, 293

Moore, General Sir John, 240, 262, 263,

315

Moravian Brotherhood, 14–15, 49

More, Hannah, 489

Moreau de Saint-Méry, General Médéric-

Louis: advance into Germany, 87; army

command, 194; authority in Parma, 92;

banished, 155, 267; commands Army of

the Rhine, 79, 88; ends war (1801), 92;

Hohenlinden victory, 107; hostility to

Napoleon, 124; and plot against

Napoleon, 154, 155; proposed as First

Consul, 82

Moreno, Mariano, 493

Mörner, Lieutenant Carl Otto, baron, 304

Morny, Charles-Auguste, duc de, 413

Morocco, Slimane, sultan of, 312

Mortefontaine, Treaty of, 94, 146

Mortier, Marshal Adolphe-Eduard

Casimir Joseph, duc de Trévise, 160,

219, 222, 262, 323, 530

Moscow, 501, 501–2

Mountain (revolutionary group), 6, 54,

114, 190

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, Don

Giovanni, 380

Mulhouse, annexed, 31, 39

Müller, Adam, 266, 268, 269

Müller, Jean de, 433, 434

Müller, Johann von, 176, 204, 216, 267

Müller, Karl, 270

Muraire, Honoré, 70

Murat, Caroline (née Maria-Annunziata

Bonaparte): marriage, 157; marriage

relations, 414; Metternich negotiates

with, 521; and Napoleon’s rule, 412;

rules in Naples, 412, 413, 414

Murat, General Joachim, grand duke of

Berg: ambitions in Spain, 248, 250–1;

army authority, 187; in campaign of

1805, 203, 204; commands army in

Spain, 250; commands cavalry, 187;

commits treason, 413; condemned,

537; favours Grand Duchess Anne as

Napoleon’s second wife, 299; as

governor of Paris, 155; invades

Tuscany, 90; leads Third Army of

Reserve, 92; made grand duke, 211;

marriage to Caroline, 157; and

Napoleon’s war levies, 269–70;

negotiates with Metternich, 520;

occupies Rome (1814), 531; opposes

Bennigsen, 229; rejoins Grande Armée,

509; resistance to Napoleon, 416; in

Rome, 92; rule in Berg and Naples,

412, 413, 417, 424, 425, 431; and

Russian campaign, 501–2; and

succession to Napoleon, 285;

Talleyrand plots overthrow, 535; and

trade restrictions, 337, 346; in war

against Prussians, 219, 220

Murdock, William, 486

music and musicians, 13, 15, 477–8

Mustapha IV, Ottoman emperor, 228,

246–7, 247

Müster, Count, 365

mysticism, 11, 12–13, 14–15, 19, 470–1

Nagy (of Hungary), 280

Naples: administration and reforms, 412;

alliance with Russia, 180; Bourbons fall

and Joseph Bonaparte crowned king,

208–9; constitution, 373; feudal system

abolished, 423–4; France evacuates,

97; France occupies ports, 172; and

Grand Empire, 410; Murats’ rule in,

412, 414; Napoleon in, 51; Paul I lands

troops in, 26; saved by Trafalgar

victory, 165; Third Coalition aims to

recover, 173; uprising, 209

Napoleon I (Bonaparte), emperor of the

French: abdicates (1814), 531; abdicates

after Waterloo defeat, 544; and

administration of Grand Empire,

418–19, 435; administrative and

constitutional reforms, 416–20; Allies

refuse to treat with, 530; ambition and

aims, 139–40, 181; appearance and

manner, 55–6, 372–3; appointed

Consul for Life, 125–6; appointments

to district colleges, 129; army

opponents, 123–4; army strength in

1809, 286–7, 291–2; aspires to

monarchy, 127, 296–7; assassination

attempts on, 109–10, 292; assumes

hereditary title of emperor, 156–9;

attempts to embark for USA, 545; and

Austria’s position in war against

Russia, 366; award of ﬁ efdoms and