Mona Baker & Gabriela Saldanha. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (2nd edition)

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ofeventsmustincreaseinproportiontothedistanceseparatingtheeventfrom

thereportingmedium(Palmer2000:28;Schlesinger1987:117).Thishasa

particularimpactuponnewstranslation:itmeansthattranslationinthiscontext

primarilytakestheformofsummaryratherthaninextensotranslation.Indeed,

translationstrategiesinnewsgatheringanddisseminationmustgenerallybe

acknowledgedasamixtureofselection,summary,contextualizingcommentary

andinextensotranslation(seeSTRATEGIES).

Asaresultoftheprocessesdescribedabove,translatedmaterialmayexistin

several,sometimesdivergent,versions.Forexample,whenPresident

AhmedinejadofIranwasquotedinEnglishlanguagemediaassayingthat‘Israel

shouldbewipedoffthemap’,thisquotationwastakenfromversionsofa

speechpublishedinFarsibytheofficialIranianGovernmentnewsagencyon26

October2005.Duringthefollowinghours,threetranslationsofthisspeech

werewidelycirculatedamonginternationalandtransnationalmedia;onewas

donebytheFarsisectionoftheBBCMonitoringdepartment,oneby

correspondentsoftheNewYorkTimesworkinginTeheran,andonebythe

proIsraeli,USbasedmonitoringorganizationMEMRI(MiddleEastMedia

ResearchInstitute).Thetranslationsdifferedinsignificantways(Steele2006)

andhavesincebeenheavilycontested(Norouzi2007).Therewasalsoan

EnglishlanguagetranslationputoutbytheIraniannewsagencyitself,intwo

divergentversions(IRNA2005a,2005b),andsubsequentsummariesand

partialtranslationsappearedinreportsbyotherEnglishlanguagenewsagencies.

Althoughthislastexampleisonlyasinglecase,itillustratestheprinciples

outlinedhere.First,itindicatesthecentralityoftheinstitutionallyembedded

processinvolved,wheretranslationisundertakenbybothjournalistsand

employeesofmediamonitoringorganizations.Secondly,asaresultofthe

insertionoftranslationintoothereditorialprocesses,particulartranslations

becomeacceptedastheequivalentoftheoriginaltextastheymovealongthe

chainofinformationtransfer.Thirdly,itillustratestherelationshipbetweenin

extensotranslationandsummary,sincethephraseinquestionwasonlyasmall

partofanextensivetextwhichwasalreadysummarizedinthetranslations

referredtohere.Fourthly,itindicatesthemultifariousnatureofthetransfer

process,whereasmallnumberoforiginaltranslationsgiverisetoalarge

numberofquotedreports,duetotheinsertionoftranslationintoothereditorial

processes.Andfinally,itshows–bybeingtheexceptionthatteststherule–

howrarelytranslationinnewsisquestioned.Thistranslationwasquestioned,

andasaresultitwasseentobeproblematic.Itisimpossibletoknowtowhat

extentnewstranslationisthesourceofproblematiclanguagetransfers,assuch

questioningisrare–butseeRadin(2004)foranotherproblematicexample.

Seealso:

GLOBALIZATION;INSTITUTIONALTRANSLATION;STRATEGIES.

Furtherreading

Hess1996;BoydBarrettandRantanen1998;HamiltonandJenner2004;

Bielsa2005;Orengo2005;Schäffner2005;Tsai2005;Valdeón2005;

Ackerman2006;Kang2007;PalmerandFontan2007.

JERRYPALMER

Norms

Thenotionof‘norms’wasfirstintroducedbytheIsraelischolarGideonToury

inthelate1970storefertoregularitiesoftranslationbehaviourwithinaspecific

socioculturalsituation(Toury1978,reprintedinToury1980a).Theconcept

provedinfluentialduringthe1980sand1990sandhassupportedanextensive

programmeofresearchintranslationstudies,thoughmainlyinthedomainof

writtentranslation(seeCONFERENCEINTERPRETING,

SOCIOCULTURALAPPROACHES).

Historicalandtheoreticalbackground

TheimpetusforToury’swork,includinghisnotionofnorms,camefromthe

POLYSYSTEMapproachdevelopedintheearly1970sbyhiscolleague

ItamarEvenZohar.Priortothe