Mona Baker & Gabriela Saldanha. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (2nd edition)

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modelsofbilingualprocessingandsemanticrepresentationthattheyaddress

andsupportare(seeChristoffelsanddeGroot2005foragoodexample).In

otherwords,translationandinterpretingstudiesmaynotalwaysbeableto

makedirectuseoftheresults,butthedisciplinecanillaffordtodisregard

theoreticalaccountsofbilinguallanguageprocessingandsemantic

representation.

Thesecondexperimentalmethodtobedealtwithhere,unlikethefirstone,has

beenwidelyusedwithinthetranslationandinterpretingstudiescommunityitself:

THINKALOUDPROTOCOLS(TAPs).Originallyborrowedfromcognitive

psychology,thismethodhasevolvedintoseveralvarieties,allofwhichinvolve

verbalizationofthoughtprocessesduringatranslationorinterpretingexercise.

Theobjectiveistogaininsightintothetranslation/interpretingprocessthrough

introspection.Indeed,theuseofTAPmethodologyhasbeennearly

synonymouswith‘processoriented’research.

TAPsresearchhasproducedbooklengthinvestigations(e.g.Krings1986;

Lörscher1991;Jääskeläinen1999)aswellascollectionsofarticles(e.g.

TirkkonenConditandJääskeläinen2000)andnumerousjournalarticles.The

methodhasdevelopedovertime,andtherearenowseveralversionsofit,

includingrealtimeverbalization,retrospectiveverbalizationandjoint

verbalization/dialogue,thoughsomeauthors(cf.THINKALOUD

PROTOCOLS)restricttheiruseof‘TAPs’tomethodsthatinvolveconcurrent

verbalization.Criticismaimedatthemethodhasraisedquestionsregardingthe

accessibilityofautomatedknowledge(whichrepresentsasizableportionof

translational/interpretingactivity)andthedangerthatverbalizationmightdisturb

ordistortthetranslation/interpretingprocess,thusyieldingunreliabledata.

Thethirdmethodusedininvestigatingcognitiveaspectsofthetranslation

processisofmorerecentorigin,andgoesunderthegenericlabelofkeystroke

logging.DevelopedbyArntLykkeJakobseninDenmarkspecificallytosupport

researchintotranslation,keystrokeloggingisameansofacquiringinformation

aboutatranslator’srealtimedecisionmakingprocesses.Thesoftwarelogsall

keystrokes,includingbackspacinganddeletions,andalsorecordsthetimethe

strokesweremadeandtheintervalsbetweenthem.Jakobsendescribesthelog

dataasasourceofinformationonthevariousstagesofcreatingatranslation

andthetimingofthevariousactionstakenalongtheway.Jakobsenarguesthat

‘[t]herhythmandspeedwithwhichatargettextwasproducedcouldthenbe

studiedasakindofprosodyofwritingreflectingthecognitiverhythmof

meaningconstruction’(2006:96).Variousprocessrelatedphenomenaare

amenabletokeystrokelogginginvestigation:textrevision,textsegmentation(see

Dragsted2004forafulllengthstudy),linksbetweenpausesandvarious

adjacenttextactions,thedistributionofsubtasks,andthe‘pulse’asJakobsen

callsit,i.e.the‘rhythmarisingfromthealternationofkeytappingandpausing,

whichisareflectionof“cognitiverhythm”’(2006:104).

Anumberofscholarsareimplementingstudiesinwhichkeystrokelogdatais

supplementedbyothertypesofdata,asJakobsenpointsout(2006:103–4).

JakobsenhimselfhasusedlogdataincombinationwithTAPs(2003);Hansen

(2005)hascombinedlogdatawithretrospectiondata;IdaRambekofthe

UniversityofOsloiscurrentlycombininglogdatawithscreenlogging.Themost

commonlyusedloggingprogram,TRANSLOG,maynowbeusedin

conjunctionwithmultipledatacollectionmodes,includingaudiorecordingand

eyetracking.Halverson(2006)hasarguedforacombinationofcorpus,log

dataandeyetrackingdata:inotherwords,acombinationoflinguistic(textual)

andprocessingdata.

Thesenewempiricalapproaches,oftenworkingtowardstriangulationof

methodstotesttheirhypotheses,representrealadvancesinthestudyofthe

cognitiveprocessesinvolvedintranslationandinterpreting.

Theoreticaldevelopments

Translationandinterpretingscholarswhoadoptpsycholinguisticorcognitive

approachesintheirworkdrawontheoreticaldevelopmentswithintheir

respectivefeederdisciplineswhileframingtheirworktoensurerelevancefor

theorydevelopmentintheirownfield.Asfaraspsycholinguistictheoriesof

bilingualismareconcerned,therearenumerousdevelopmentsthatarerelevant

tothestudyoftranslationandinterpreting.Inarecentreviewofthisareaof