Raven P.H., Johnson G.B., Mason K.A. Biology (Ninth Edition)
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Bruce Stallsmith University of Alabama,
Huntsville
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A Note From the Authors
A revision of this scope relies on the talents and e orts of many
people working behind the scenes and we have bene ted greatly
from their assistance.
Jody Larson, our developmental copyeditor, labored many hours and
provided countless suggestions for improving the organization and
clarity of the text. She has made a tremendous contribution to the
quality of the nal product.
We were fortunate to again work with Electronic Publishing Services to
update the art program and improve the layout of the pages. Our close
collaboration resulted in a text that is pedagogically e ective as well as
more beautiful than any other biology text on the market.
We have the continued support of our McGraw-Hill team.
Developmental editors Rose Koos and Lisa Bru odt kept the authors on
track during the development process. Sheila Frank, project manager,
and David Hash, designer, ensured our text was on time and elegantly
designed. Patrick Reidy, marketing manager and many more people
behind the scenes have all contributed to the success or our text.
Throughout this edition we have had the support of spouses and
children, who have seen less of us than they might have liked because
of the pressures of getting this revision completed. They have
adapted to the many hours this book draws us away from them, and,
even more than us, looked forward to its completion.
As with every edition, acknowledgments would not be complete
without thanking the generations of students who have used the
many editions of this text. They have taught us as least as much as
we have taught them, and their questions and suggestions continue
to improve the text and supplementary materials.
Finally, we need to thank our reviewers and contributors. Instructors
from across the country are continually invited to share their
knowledge and experience with us through reviews and focus
groups. The feedback we received shaped this edition, resulting in
new chapters, reorganization of the table of contents, and expanded
coverage in key areas. Several faculty members were asked to
provide preliminary drafts of chapters to ensure that the content
was as up to date and accurate as possible, and still others were
asked to provide chapter outlines and assessment questions. All of
these people took time out of their already busy lives to help us
build a better edition of Biology for the next generation of
introductory biology students, and they have our heartfelt thanks.
International Reviewers
Mari L. Acevedo University of Puerto
Rico, Arecibo
Heather Addy University of Calgary
Heather E. Allison University of Liverpool
David Backhouse University of New
England
Andrew Bendall University of Guelph
Tony Bradshaw Oxford Brookes
University
D. Bruce Campbell Okanagan College
Clara E. Carrasco University of Puerto
Rico, Ponce
Ian Cock Gri th University
Margaret Cooley University of New
South Wales
R. S. Currah University of Alberta
Logan Donaldson York University
Theo Elzenga University of Groningen
Neil Haave University of Alberta,
Augustana
Louise M. Hafner QUT
Clare Hasenkampf University of Toronto,
Scarborough
Annika F. M. Haywood Memorial
University of Newfoundland
Rong-Nan Huang National Central
University
William Huddleston University of
Calgary
Wendy J. Keenleyside University of
Guelph
Chris Kennedy Simon Fraser University
Alex Law Nanyang Technical University,
Singapore
Richard C. Leegood University of
She eld
R. W. Longair University of Calgary
Thomas H. MacRae Dalhousie University
Rolf W. Matthewes Simon Fraser
University
R. Ian Menz Flinders University
Todd C. Nickle Mount Royal College
Kirsten Poling University of Windsor
Jim Provan Queen’s University Belfast
Roberto Quinlan York University
Elsa I. Colón Reyes University of Puerto
Rico, Aguadilla Campus
Richard Roy McGill University
Liliane Schoofs Katholicke Universiteit
Leuren
Joan Sharp Simon Fraser University
Julie Smit University of Windsor
Nguan Soon Tan Nanyang Technological
University
Fleur Tiver University of South Australia
Llinil Torres-Ojeda University of Puerto
Rico, Aguadilla Campus
Han A. B. Wösten University of Utrecht
H. H. Yeoh National University of
Singapore
Dr. Khaled Abou-Aisha German
University in Cairo
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Contents
5 Membranes 88
5.1 The Structure of Membranes 88
5.2 Phospholipids: The Membrane’s Foundation 92
5.3 Proteins: Multifunctional Components 93
5.4 Passive Transport Across Membranes 96
5.5 Active Transport Across Membranes 99
5.6 Bulk Transport by Endocytosis and Exocytosis 102
6 Energy and Metabolism 107
6.1 The Flow of Energy in Living Systems 108
6.2 The Laws of Thermodynamics and Free Energy 109
6.3 ATP: The Energy Currency of Cells 112
6.4 Enzymes: Biological Catalysts 113
6.5 Metabolism: The Chemical Description
of Cell Function 117
7 How Cells Harvest Energy 122
7.1 Overview of Respiration 123
7.2 Glycolysis: Splitting Glucose 127
7.3 The Oxidation of Pyruvate to Produce
Acetyl-CoA 130
7.4 The Krebs Cycle 131
7.5 The Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis 134
7.6 Energy Yield of Aerobic Respiration 137
7.7 Regulation of Aerobic Respiration 138
7.8 Oxidation Without O
2
139
7.9 Catabolism of Proteins and Fats 140
7.10 Evolution of Metabolism 142
8 Photosynthesis 147
8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis 147
8.2 The Discovery of Photosynthetic Processes 149
8.3 Pigments 151
8.4 Photosystem Organization 154
8.5 The Light-Dependent Reactions 156
8.6 Carbon Fixation: The Calvin Cycle 160
8.7 Photorespiration 163
9 Cell Communication 168
9.1 Overview of Cell Communication 168
9.2 Receptor Types 171
9.3 Intracellular Receptors 173
9.4 Signal Transduction Through Receptor Kinases 174
9.5 Signal Transduction Through G Protein-Coupled
Receptors 179
xxi
I
The Molecular Basis of Life
1 The Science of Biology 1
1.1 The Science of Life 1
1.2 The Nature of Science 4
1.3 An Example of Scientific Inquiry: Darwin
and Evolution 8
1.4 Unifying Themes in Biology 12
2 The Nature of Molecules
and the Properties of Water 17
2.1 The Nature of Atoms 18
2.2 Elements Found in Living Systems 22
2.3 The Nature of Chemical Bonds 23
2.4 Water: A Vital Compound 25
2.5 Properties of Water 28
2.6 Acids and Bases 29
3 The Chemical Building Blocks
of Life 33
3.1 Carbon: The Framework
of Biological Molecules 34
3.2 Carbohydrates: Energy Storage
and Structural Molecules 38
3.3 Nucleic Acids: Information Molecules 41
3.4 Proteins: Molecules with Diverse Structures
and Functions 44
3.5 Lipids: Hydrophobic Molecules 53
II
Biology of the Cell
4 Cell Structure 59
4.1 Cell Theory 59
4.2 Prokaryotic Cells 63
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells 65
4.4 The Endomembrane System 69
4.5 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts:
Cellular Generators 73
4.6 The Cytoskeleton 75
4.7 Extracellular Structures and Cell Movement 79
4.8 Cell-to-Cell Interactions 82
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10 How Cells Divide 186
10.1 Bacterial Cell Division 187
10.2 Eukaryotic Chromosomes 189
10.3 Overview of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle 192
10.4 Interphase: Preparation for Mitosis 193
10.5 M Phase: Chromosome Segregation and the Division
of Cytoplasmic Contents 194
10.6 Control of the Cell Cycle 198
III
Genetic and
Molecular Biology
11 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis 207
11.1 Sexual Reproduction Requires Meiosis 207
11.2 Features of Meiosis 209
11.3 The Process of Meiosis 210
11.4 Summing Up: Meiosis Versus Mitosis 215
12 Patterns of Inheritance 221
12.1 The Mystery of Heredity 221
12.2 Monohybrid Crosses: The Principle
of Segregation 224
12.3 Dihybrid Crosses: The Principle of Independent
Assortment 228
12.4 Probability: Predicting the Results of Crosses 230
12.5 The Testcross: Revealing Unknown Genotypes 231
12.6 Extensions to Mendel 232
13 Chromosomes, Mapping, and the
Meiosis–Inheritance Connection 239
13.1 Sex Linkage and the Chromosomal Theory
of Inheritance 240
13.2 Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination 241
13.3 Exceptions to the Chromosomal Theory
of Inheritance 244
13.4 Genetic Mapping 244
13.5 Selected Human Genetic Disorders 249
14 DNA: The Genetic Material 256
14.1 The Nature of the Genetic Material 256
14.2 DNA Structure 259
14.3 Basic Characteristics of DNA Replication 263
14.4 Prokaryotic Replication 266
14.5 Eukaryotic Replication 271
14.6 DNA Repair 273
15 Genes and How They Work 278
15.1 The Nature of Genes 278
15.2 The Genetic Code 282
15.3 Prokaryotic Transcription 284
15.4 Eukaryotic Transcription 287
15.5 Eukaryotic pre-mRNA Splicing 289
15.6 The Structure of tRNA and Ribosomes 291
15.7 The Process of Translation 293
15.8 Summarizing Gene Expression 297
15.9 Mutation: Altered Genes 299
16 Control of Gene Expression 304
16.1 Control of Gene Expression 304
16.2 Regulatory Proteins 305
16.3 Prokaryotic Regulation 308
16.4 Eukaryotic Regulation 312
16.5 Eukaryotic Chromatin Structure 316
16.6 Eukaryotic Posttranscriptional Regulation 317
16.7 Protein Degradation 322
17 Biotechnology 327
17.1 DNA Manipulation 327
17.2 Molecular Cloning 330
17.3 DNA Analysis 335
17.4 Genetic Engineering 341
17.5 Medical Applications 343
17.6 Agricultural Applications 346
18 Genomics 352
18.1 Mapping Genomes 352
18.2 Whole-Genome Sequencing 356
18.3 Characterizing Genomes 358
18.4 Genomics and Proteomics 362
18.5 Applications of Genomics 367
19 Cellular Mechanisms
of Development 372
19.1 The Process of Development 372
19.2 Cell Division 373
19.3 Cell Differentiation 375
19.4 Nuclear Reprogramming 380
19.5 Pattern Formation 383
19.6 Morphogenesis 390
IV
Evolution
20 Genes Within Populations 396
20.1 Genetic Variation and Evolution 396
20.2 Changes in Allele Frequency 398
20.3 Five Agents of Evolutionary Change 401
20.4 Fitness and Its Measurement 405
20.5 Interactions Among Evolutionary Forces 406
20.6 Maintenance of Variation 407
20.7 Selection Acting on Traits Affected
by Multiple Genes 409
20.8 Experimental Studies of Natural Selection 411
20.9 The Limits of Selection 413
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21 The Evidence for Evolution 417
21.1 The Beaks of Darwin’s Finches:
Evidence of Natural Selection 418
21.2 Peppered Moths and Industrial Melanism:
More Evidence of Selection 420
21.3 Artificial Selection: Human-Initiated Change 422
21.4 Fossil Evidence of Evolution 424
21.5 Anatomical Evidence for Evolution 428
21.6 Convergent Evolution and the Biogeographical
Record 430
21.7 Darwin’s Critics 432
22 The Origin of Species 436
22.1 The Nature of Species and the Biological
Species Concept 437
22.2 Natural Selection and Reproductive Isolation 441
22.3 The Role of Genetic Drift and Natural Selection
in Speciation 443
22.4 The Geography of Speciation 444
22.5 Adaptive Radiation and Biological Diversity 446
22.6 The Pace of Evolution 451
22.7 Speciation and Extinction Through Time 452
23 Systematics and the Phylogenetic
Revolution 456
23.1 Systematics 456
23.2 Cladistics 458
23.3 Systematics and Classification 461
23.4 Phylogenetics and Comparative Biology 464
23.5 Phylogenetics and Disease Evolution 470
24 Genome Evolution 474
24.1 Comparative Genomics 474
24.2 Whole-Genome Duplications 477
24.3 Evolution Within Genomes 481
24.4 Gene Function and Expression Patterns 484
24.5 Nonprotein-Coding DNA
and Regulatory Function 485
24.6 Genome Size and Gene Number 486
24.7 Genome Analysis and Disease Prevention
and Treatment 487
24.8 Crop Improvement Through Genome Analysis 489
25 Evolution of Development 492
25.1 Overview of Evolutionary
Developmental Biology 492
25.2 One or Two Gene Mutations, New Form 495
25.3 Same Gene, New Function 496
25.4 Different Genes, Convergent Function 498
25.5 Gene Duplication and Divergence 499
25.6 Functional Analysis of Genes
Across Species 500
25.7 Diversity of Eyes in the Natural World:
A Case Study 501
V
The Diversity of Life
26 The Tree of Life 507
26.1 Origins of Life 508
26.2 Classification of Organisms 512
26.3 Grouping Organisms 514
26.4 Making Sense of the Protists 520
26.5 Origin of Plants 520
26.6 Sorting out the Animals 522
27 Viruses 528
27.1 The Nature of Viruses 529
27.2 Bacteriophages: Bacterial Viruses 533
27.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 535
27.4 Other Viral Diseases 539
27.5 Prions and Viroids: Subviral Particles 541
28 Prokaryotes 545
28.1 The First Cells 546
28.2 Prokaryotic Diversity 547
28.3 Prokaryotic Cell Structure 551
28.4 Prokaryotic Genetics 554
28.5 Prokaryotic Metabolism 559
28.6 Human Bacterial Disease 560
28.7 Beneficial Prokaryotes 563
29 Protists 567
29.1 Eukaryotic Origins and Endosymbiosis 568
29.2 Defining Protists 571
29.3 Diplomonads and Parabasalids: Flagellated Protists
Lacking Mitochondria 572
29.4 Euglenozoa: A Diverse Group in Which Some Members
Have Chloroplasts 573
29.5 Alveolata: Protists with Submembrane Vesicles 576
29.6 Stramenopila: Protists with Fine Hairs 580
29.7 Rhodophyta: Red Algae 582
29.8 Choanoflagellida: Possible Animal Ancestors 583
29.9 Protists Without a Clade 583
30 Green Plants 588
30.1 Defining Plants 588
30.2 Chlorophytes and Charophytes: Green Algae 591
30.3 Bryophytes: Dominant Gametophyte
Generation 593
30.4 Tracheophyte Plants: Roots, Stems, and Leaves 596
30.5 Lycophytes: Dominant Sporophyte Generation
and Vascular Tissue 598
30.6 Pterophytes: Ferns and Their Relatives 598
30.7 The Evolution of Seed Plants 602
30.8 Gymnosperms: Plants with “Naked Seeds” 603
30.9 Angiosperms: The Flowering Plants 606
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31 Fungi 614
31.1 Defining Fungi 614
31.2 Microsporidia: Unicellular Parasites 618
31.3 Chytridiomycota and Relatives:
Fungi with Flagellated Zoospores 619
31.4 Zygomycota: Fungi that Produce Zygotes 620
31.5 Glomeromycota: Asexual Plant Symbionts 622
31.6 Basidiomycota: The Club (Basidium) Fungi 622
31.7 Ascomycota: The Sac (Ascus) Fungi 623
31.8 Ecology of Fungi 625
31.9 Fungal Parasites and Pathogens 629
32 Overview of Animal Diversity 633
32.1 Some General Features of Animals 634
32.2 Evolution of the Animal Body Plan 636
32.3 The Classification of Animals 640
32.4 The Roots of the Animal Tree of Life 645
33 Noncoelomate Invertebrates 649
33.1 Parazoa: Animals That Lack
Specialized Tissues 650
33.2 Eumetazoa: Animals with True Tissues 652
33.3 The Bilaterian Acoelomates 656
33.4 The Pseudocoelomates 661
34 Coelomate Invertebrates 666
34.1 Phylum Mollusca: The Mollusks 666
34.2 Phylum Nemertea: The Ribbon Worms 672
34.3 Phylum Annelida: The Annelids 673
34.4 The Lophophorates: Bryozoa and Brachiopoda 676
34.5 Phylum Arthropoda: The Arthropods 678
34.6 Phylum Echinodermata: The Echinoderms 687
35 Vertebrates 693
35.1 The Chordates 694
35.2 The Nonvertebrate Chordates 695
35.3 The Vertebrate Chordates 696
35.4 Fishes 698
35.5 Amphibians 703
35.6 Reptiles 706
35.7 Birds 712
35.8 Mammals 716
35.9 Evolution of the Primates 721
VI
Plant Form and Function
36 Plant Form 729
36.1 Organization of the Plant Body: An Overview 730
36.2 Plant Tissues 733
36.3 Roots: Anchoring and Absorption Structures 739
36.4 Stems: Support for Above-Ground Organs 743
36.5 Leaves: Photosynthetic Organs 747
37 Vegetative Plant Development 753
37.1 Embryo Development 754
37.2 Seeds 760
37.3 Fruits 761
37.4 Germination 764
38 Transport in Plants 769
38.1 Transport Mechanisms 770
38.2 Water and Mineral Absorption 773
38.3 Xylem Transport 776
38.4 The Rate of Transpiration 778
38.5 Water-Stress Responses 780
38.6 Phloem Transport 781
39 Plant Nutrition and Soils 786
39.1 Soils: The Substrates on Which Plants Depend 787
39.2 Plant Nutrients 790
39.3 Special Nutritional Strategies 792
39.4 Carbon–Nitrogen Balance and Global Change 795
39.5 Phytoremediation 797
40 Plant Defense Responses 802
40.1 Physical Defenses 802
40.2 Chemical Defenses 805
40.3 Animals that Protect Plants 809
40.4 Systemic Responses to Invaders 810
41 Sensory Systems in Plants 814
41.1 Responses to Light 815
41.2 Responses to Gravity 819
41.3 Responses to Mechanical Stimuli 821
41.4 Responses to Water and Temperature 823
41.5 Hormones and Sensory Systems 825
42 Plant Reproduction 839
42.1 Reproductive Development 840
42.2 Flower Production 842
42.3 Structure and Evolution of Flowers 848
42.4 Pollination and Fertilization 851
42.5 Asexual Reproduction 857
42.6 Plant Life Spans 859
VII
Animal Form
and Function
43 The Animal Body and Principles
of Regulation 863
43.1 Organization of the Vertebrate Body 864
43.2 Epithelial Tissue 865
43.3 Connective Tissue 868
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43.4 Muscle Tissue 870
43.5 Nerve Tissue 872
43.6 Overview of Vertebrate Organ Systems 872
43.7 Homeostasis 876
43.8 Regulating Body Temperature 878
44 The Nervous System 887
44.1 Nervous System Organization 888
44.2 The Mechanism of Nerve Impulse Transmission 890
44.3 Synapses: Where Neurons Communicate
with Other Cells 896
44.4 The Central Nervous System:
Brain and Spinal Cord 901
44.5 The Peripheral Nervous System:
Sensory and Motor Neurons 909
45 Sensory Systems 915
45.1 Overview of Sensory Receptors 916
45.2 Mechanoreceptors: Touch and Pressure 917
45.3 Hearing, Vibration, and Detection
of Body Position 920
45.4 Chemoreceptors: Taste, Smell, and pH 925
45.5 Vision 928
45.6 The Diversity of Sensory Experiences 933
46 The Endocrine System 937
46.1 Regulation of Body Processes
by Chemical Messengers 938
46.2 Actions of Lipophilic Versus Hydrophilic
Hormones 943
46.3 The Pituitary and Hypothalamus:
The Body’s Control Centers 946
46.4 The Major Peripheral Endocrine Glands 951
46.5 Other Hormones and Their Effects 955
47 The Musculoskeletal System 961
47.1 Types of Skeletal Systems 962
47.2 A Closer Look at Bone 963
47.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement 967
47.4 Muscle Contraction 969
47.5 Modes of Animal Locomotion 975
48 The Digestive System 981
48.1 Types of Digestive Systems 982
48.2 The Mouth and Teeth: Food Capture
and Bulk Processing 984
48.3 The Esophagus and the Stomach:
The Early Stages of Digestion 985
48.4 The Intestines: Breakdown, Absorption,
and Elimination 987
48.5 Variations in Vertebrate Digestive Systems 990
48.6 Neural and Hormonal Regulation
of the Digestive Tract 993
48.7 Accessory Organ Function 994
48.8 Food Energy, Energy Expenditure,
and Essential Nutrients 995
49 The Respiratory System 1001
49.1 Gas Exchange Across Respiratory Surfaces 1002
49.2 Gills, Cutaneous Respiration,
and Tracheal Systems 1004
49.3 Lungs 1006
49.4 Structures and Mechanisms of Ventilation
in Mammals 1009
49.5 Transport of Gases in Body Fluids 1012
50 The Circulatory System 1018
50.1 The Components of Blood 1018
50.2 Invertebrate Circulatory Systems 1022
50.3 Vertebrate Circulatory Systems 1023
50.4 The Four-Chambered Heart
and the Blood Vessels 1026
50.5 Characteristics of Blood Vessels 1030
50.6 Regulation of Blood Flow and Blood Pressure 1034
51 Osmotic Regulation
and the Urinary System 1038
51.1 Osmolarity and Osmotic Balance 1038
51.2 Osmoregulatory Organs 1040
51.3 Evolution of the Vertebrate Kidney 1042
51.4 Nitrogenous Wastes: Ammonia, Urea,
and Uric Acid 1044
51.5 The Mammalian Kidney 1045
51.6 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions 1050
52 The Immune System 1055
52.1 Innate Immunity 1055
52.2 Adaptive Immunity 1061
52.3 Cell-Mediated Immunity 1066
52.4 Humoral Immunity and Antibody Production 1068
52.5 Autoimmunity and Hypersensitivity 1075
52.6 Antibodies in Medical Treatment and Diagnosis 1077
52.7 Pathogens That Evade the Immune System 1079
53 The Reproductive System 1084
53.1 Animal Reproductive Strategies 1084
53.2 Vertebrate Fertilization and Development 1087
53.3 Structure and Function of the Human Male
Reproductive System 1091
53.4 Structure and Function of the Human Female
Reproductive System 1094
53.5 Contraception and Infertility Treatments 1098
54 Animal Development 1105
54.1 Fertilization 1106
54.2 Cleavage and the Blastula Stage 1110
54.3 Gastrulation 1112
54.4 Organogenesis 1116
54.5 Vertebrate Axis Formation 1122
54.6 Human Development 1125
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VIII
Ecology and Behavior
55 Behavioral Biology 1132
55.1 The Natural History of Behavior 1133
55.2 Nerve Cells, Neurotransmitters, Hormones,
and Behavior 1134
55.3 Behavioral Genetics 1135
55.4 Learning 1137
55.5 The Development of Behavior 1139
55.6 Animal Cognition 1141
55.7 Orientation and Migratory Behavior 1142
55.8 Animal Communication 1144
55.9 Behavioral Ecology 1147
55.10 Reproductive Strategies and Sexual
Selection 1150
55.11 Altruism 1154
55.12 The Evolution of Group Living
and Animal Societies 1157
56 Ecology of Individuals
and Populations 1162
56.1 The Environmental Challenges 1162
56.2 Populations: Groups of a Single Species
in One Place 1165
56.3 Population Demography and Dynamics 1168
56.4 Life History and the Cost of Reproduction 1171
56.5 Environmental Limits to Population
Growth 1173
56.6 Factors That Regulate Populations 1175
56.7 Human Population Growth 1178
57 Community Ecology 1185
57.1 Biological Communities: Species Living Together 1186
57.2 The Ecological Niche Concept 1188
57.3 Predator–Prey Relationships 1192
57.4 The Many Types of Species Interactions 1196
57.5 Ecological Succession, Disturbance, and
Species Richness 1202
58 Dynamics of Ecosystems 1207
58.1 Biogeochemical Cycles 1208
58.2 The Flow of Energy in Ecosystems 1214
58.3 Trophic-Level Interactions 1219
58.4 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stability 1223
58.5 Island Biogeography 1226
59 The Biosphere 1230
59.1 Ecosystem Effects of Sun, Wind, and Water 1230
59.2 Earth’s Biomes 1235
59.3 Freshwater Habitats 1238
59.4 Marine Habitats 1241
59.5 Human Impacts on the Biosphere:
Pollution and Resource Depletion 1245
59.6 Human Impacts on the Biosphere:
Climate Change 1250
60 Conservation Biology 1256
60.1 Overview of the Biodiversity Crisis 1257
60.2 The Value of Biodiversity 1261
60.3 Factors Responsible for Extinction 1264
60.4 Approaches for Preserving Endangered Species and
Ecosystems 1275
Appendix A A-1
Glossary G-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1
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Biology
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Apago PDF Enhancer
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Introduction
You are about to embark on a journey—a journey of discovery about the nature of life. Nearly 180 years ago, a young English
naturalist named Charles Darwin set sail on a similar journey on board H.M.S. Beagle; a replica of this ship is pictured here.
What Darwin learned on his five-year voyage led directly to his development of the theory of evolution by natural selection,
a theory that has become the core of the science of biology. Darwin’s voyage seems a fitting place to begin our exploration of
biology—the scientific study of living organisms and how they have evolved. Before we begin, however, let’s take a moment
to think about what biology is and why it’s important.
Chapter Outline
1.1 The Science of Life
1.2 The Nature of Science
1.3 An Example of Scienti c Inquiry:
Darwin and Evolution
1.4 Unifying Themes in Biology
Chapter
1
The Science of Biology
Part
I
The Molecular Basis of Life
CHAPTER
1.1
The Science of Life
Learning Outcomes
1. Explain the importance of biology as a science.
2. Describe the characteristics of living systems.
3. Recognize the hierarchical organization of
living systems.
This is the most exciting time to be studying biology in the his-
tory of the field. The amount of data available about the natural
world has exploded in the last 25 years, and we are now in a
position to ask and answer questions that previously were only
dreamed of.
We have determined the entire sequence of the human ge-
nome and are in the process of sequencing the genomes of other
species at an ever-increasing pace. We are closing in on a descrip-
tion of the molecular workings of the cell in unprecedented de-
tail, and we are in the process of finally unveiling the mystery of
how a single cell can give rise to the complex organization seen
in multicellular organisms. With robotics, advanced imaging,
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