Bhushan B. Handbook of Micro/Nano Tribology, Second Edition
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© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
Acknowledgments
The author thanks his colleagues and co-workers for many enlightening discussions. Special thanks go
to Jaime Colchero, Michael Hipp, Eva Weilandt, Sabine Hild, Armin Rosa, Bernd Zink, Georg Krausch,
Bernd Heise, Martin Pietralla, Gerd-Ingo Asbach, Roland Winkler, and Joachim Spatz. Many of the
insights have been gained while preparing lectures for very interesting students.
FIGURE 2.50 Two-dimensional histograms between the different channels. (a) shows the correlation between the
topography (horizontal) and the local stiffness. (b) shows the correlation between the topography (horizontal) and
the adhesion. (c), finally, is the correlation between the local stiffness (horizontal) and the adhesion.
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
FIGURE 2.51(a-d)
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FIGURE 2.51 The effect of different slope correction algorithms. (a) shows the original data. In (b) a plane was
fitted to the data and subtracted. (c) show the effect of subtracting a second-order surface from the data. (c) shows
the effect of setting the average of each row to 0. In (e) the same has been done with the columns. (f) shows the
effect of setting the average and the average slope of each row to 0. (g), finally, shows the same, but for the columns.
(h) shows the effect of unsharp masking with an averaging area of about one fifth of the image size.
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Handbook of Micro/Nanotribology.
Ed. Bharat Bhushan
Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
© 1999 by CRC Press LLC
3
Surface Physics
in Tribology
John Ferrante and Phillip B. Abel
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Geometry of Surfaces
3.3 Theoretical Considerations
Surface Theory • Friction Fundamentals
3.4 Experimental Determinations of Surface Structure
Low-Energy Electron Diffraction • High-Resolution Electron
Microscopy • Field Ion Microscopy
3.5 Chemical Analysis of Surfaces
Auger Electron Spectroscopy • X-Ray Photoelectron
Spectroscopy • Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy • Infrared
Spectroscopy • Thermal Desorption
3.6 Surface Effects in Tribology
Monolayer Effects in Adhesion and Friction • Atomic Effects
Due to Adsorption of Hydrocarbons • Atomic Effects in
Metal–Insulator Contacts
3.7 Concluding Remarks
References
3.1 Introduction
Tribology, the study of the interaction between surfaces in contact, spans many disciplines from physics
and chemistry to mechanical engineering and material science. Besides the many opportunities for
interesting research, it is of extreme technological importance. The key word in this chapter is surface.
The chapter will be rather ambitious in scope in that we will attempt to cover the range from microscopic
considerations to the macroscopic experiments used to examine the surface interactions. We will approach
this problem in steps, first considering the fundamental idea of a surface and next recognizing its atomic
character and the expectations of a ball model of the atomic structures present, viewed as a terminated
bulk. We will then consider a more realistic description of a relaxed surface and then consider how the
class of surface, i.e., metal, semiconductor, or insulator affects these considerations. Finally, we will present
what is expected when a pure material is alloyed, as well as the effects of adsorbates.
Following these more fundamental descriptions, we will give brief descriptions of some of the exper-
imental techniques used to determine surface properties and their limitations. The primary objective
here will be to provide a source for more thorough examination by the interested reader.