Bhushan B. Handbook of Micro/Nano Tribology, Second Edition

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FIGURE 9.36 Exact reproductions of chart-recorded traces of friction forces at increasing sliding velocities V (in

µm/s) plotted as a function of time for a hydrocarbon liquid (A) and a boundary monolayer (B). In general, with

increasing sliding speed, the stick-slip spikes increase in frequency and decrease in magnitude. As the critical sliding

velocity V

is approached, the spikes become erratic, eventually disappearing altogether at V = V

. At higher sliding

velocities the sliding continues smoothly in the kinetic state. Such friction traces are fairly typical for simple liquid

lubricants and dry boundary lubricant systems, and may be referred to as the “conventional” type of static-kinetic

friction. (A) Liquid hexadecane (C

) ﬁlm between two untreated mica surfaces. Experimental conditions (see

Figure 9.30): contact area, πr

= 4 × 10

–9

; load, L ≈ 1 g; ﬁlm thickness, D = 0.4 to 0.8 nm; V = 0.08 to 0.4 µm/s;

≈ 0.3 µm/s; atmosphere: dry N

gas; T = 18°C. (B) Close-packed surfactant monolayers on mica (dry boundary

lubrication) showing qualitatively similar behavior to that obtained above with a liquid hexadecane ﬁlm. In this case,

≈ 0.1 µm/s.

FIGURE 9.37 Schematic “friction phase diagram” representing the trends observed in the boundary friction of a

variety of different surfactant monolayers (Yoshizawa et al., 1993). The characteristic bell-shaped curve also correlates

with the monolayer adhesion energy hysteresis. The arrows indicate the direction in which the whole curve is dragged

when the load, velocity, etc., are increased.

Such effects are also commonly observed in other energy-dissipating phenomena such as polymer

viscoelasticity (Ferry, 1980), and it is likely that a similar physical mechanism is at the heart of all such

phenomena. A possible molecular process underlying the energy dissipation of chain molecules during

boundary layer sliding is illustrated in Figure 9.38, which shows the three main dynamic phase states of

boundary monolayers.

Acknowledgment

This work was supported by ONR grant N00014-931D269.

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