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are used in conjunction with battery-powered pumps operating at a flowrate of 10–20 ml/s. Again

the average concentrations can be read off directly after an exposure period of, e.g., 8 hours.

Direct-reading colorimetric diffusion tubes requiring no pump are available for a small number of

substances (Table 10.18(c)). Because of their simplicity, colour indicator tubes are widely used

but their limitations must be appreciated; sources of inaccuracy are given in Table 10.19.

Portable or fixed multi-point colorimetric detectors are available which rely on paper tape

impregnated with the reagent. A cassette of the treated paper is driven electrically at constant

speed over a sampling orifice and the stain intensity measured by an internal reflectometer to

provide direct read out of concentration of contaminant in sample. Such instruments are available

for a range of chemicals including the selection given in Table 10.20.

Flammable gases

Flammable atmospheres can be assessed using portable gas chromatographs or, for selected

compounds, by colour indicator tubes. More commonly, use is made of ‘explosimeters’ fitted

with Pellistors (e.g. platinum wire encased in beads of refractory material). The beads are

arranged in a Wheatstone bridge circuit. The flammable gas is oxidized on the heated catalytic

element, causing the electrical resistance to alter relative to the reference. Instruments are

calibrated for specific compounds in terms of 0–100% of their lower flammable limit. Recalibration

or application of correction factors is required for different gases. These types of sensor are

subject to ‘poisoning’ by certain chemicals such as silicone, sulphur, and halogen compounds.

Points to consider are listed in Table 10.21.

Semiconductors resembling Pellistors are also available, e.g. a platinum/rhodium filament is

used to heat a pellet of doped oxide which absorbs any flammable gas passing over it, causing the

electrical conductivity to alter and subsequently the voltage in the electrodes attached to the

pellet. Amplification of the signal registers a deflection on the meter. Again, errors can arise if the

instrument is used for gases other than those for which it is calibrated. These sensors offer a long

life expectancy; they are not restricted to flammable substances.

Table 10.11 Selected British Standard methods for monitoring soil quality

British Standard reference Contaminant Method

BS 7755 dry matter gravimetric

effective cation exchange capacity barium chloride reagent

phosphorus spectrometry

total nitrogen modified Kjeldahl analysis

organic and total carbon elementary analysis

trace elements extraction with aqua regia

carbonate content volumetric

water- and acid-soluble sulphate barium chloride reagent

potential cation exchange capacity

cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, extraction with aqua regia with

lead, manganese, nickel, and zinc flame and electrothermal atomic

absorption spectrometry

polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons high performance liquid

chromatography

redox potential field method

trace elements extraction with DTPA or digestion with

hydrofluoric and perchloric acids

BS 8855 coal tar derived phenolic compounds

FLAMMABLE GASES 319

Table 10.12 Selected examples of sampling techniques for air contaminants

Contaminant Principle Apparatus Collecting Sampling rate Collection Remarks

agent

(l/min)

efficiency

(%)

Gases or vapours Absorption with Petri bottle Water, acid, 1–590–100 Two units in series can

that are water simple washing Wash bottle alkali, or be used for highly

soluble or miscible Drechsel bottle organic reactive gases in

or that are only soluble lmpinger solvent other reagents

or highly reactive

in other agents

Gases or vapours of Absorption with Fritted or sintered Water, acid, 1–15 (depends 95–100 May plug if large

all types multiple contact glass, alundum, alkali, or upon flask and particulates are

Mists and fumes washing by stainless steel, or organic sintered surface present or

dispersing gas plastics solvents dimensions) precipitates form

into fine bubbles from reactions

of large surface Fumes require very

area slow rates

Gases or vapours of Absorption with Packed columns of Water, acid, 1–590–100 May incorporate

all types multiple contact glass beads, glass alkali, or device for

Mists provided by spirals, or fibres organic continually

wetted surfaces Plastic packing also solvents wetting column

feasible in some High loadings of

cases particulates may

Large surface wall plug unit with

area units also packing

included

Gases or vapours Absorption with Crabtree ozone Water, acid, or 5–25 60–100 Venturi scrubber

that are water multiple surface analyser or midget alkali satisfactory if dust

soluble or contact by venturi scrubber is present

miscible or that atomizing liquid Atomizer absorber

are only soluble with spray nozzle will plug

or highly reactive or jet impaction

in other agents

Combustible gases Combustion and Quartz or ceramic Water, acid, or 1–590–100 Can also be used

or vapours that are absorption furnace with alkali for organic

not water soluble absorbers halogenated

but are slowly reactive fumes

with absorbing agents

Gases or vapours Condensation Freezing traps or Dry 1–590–100 (depends Can be packed

that are not water low temperature on vapour with glass beads

soluble but are slowly condensers pressures at or other extended

reactive, with absorbing Glass or metal reduced surfaces

agent temperature)

Table 10.13 Common sorbent materials and applications

Sorbent material Application

• Anasorb activated charcoal Solvent desorption. Polar organic compounds

• Anasorb graphitized charcoal Various grades for collection of substances of a range of

volatilities

• Charcoal Usually for solvent desorption especially of non-polar

compounds

• Chromasorb Hydrocarbons, high molecular-weight organic vapours,

chlorinated organic compounds

• Florisil Halogenated hydrocarbons including PCBs

• Hopcalite Mercury vapour

• Molecular sieve Nitrogen oxides

• Polyurethane foam Halogenated compounds including PCBs, dioxins, furans

and organophosphorus compounds

• Porous polymer Various types usually for solvent desorption; suitable for a

range of organic compounds including highly polar

substances

• Silica gel Aldehydes, amines, ammonia, chorophenols, esters,

inorganic acid gases, methanol, nitro compounds

• Tenax Various grades for collection of a range of boiling-point

compounds. Suitable for low ambient concentrations

Table 10.14 Thermal desorption of sorbed gas from sample tubes

Advantages over solvent extraction

Elimination of sample preparation and handling of toxic solvents such as carbon disulphide

Absence of solvent simplifies chromatograph

Increased sensitivity

Sample tubes can be reused

Greater range of detection systems to which the desorbed gas can be subjected (e.g. chromatography, infra-red and ultraviolet

spectroscopy, colorimetry)

Limitations

Certain resins undergo degradation even below 250°C

Test sample may be thermally unstable

Not all compounds readily desorb

The entire test sample is used with no opportunity for repeat analyses

Toxic particulates

Airborne particulates include dust, fume and aerosols. Many such particles are invisible to the

naked eye under normal lighting but are rendered visible, by reflection, when illuminated with a

strong beam of light. This is the ‘Tyndall effect’ and use of a dust lamp provides a simple

technique for the rapid assessment of whether a dust is present, its flow pattern, leak sources, the

effects of ventilation, etc. More sophisticated approaches are needed for quantitative data. Whether

personal, spot or static sampling is adopted will depend upon the nature of the information

required.

Air in the general atmosphere, or in the breathing zone of individuals, may be collected using

a pump coupled to a means of isolating particulate matter for subsequent analysis or determination

(Table 10.23). It is important to differentiate between ‘total inhalable dust’ i.e., the fraction of

airborne material which enters the nose and mouth during breathing and is hence available for

deposition in the respiratory tract, and ‘respirable dust’, i.e. the fraction which penetrates to the

gas exchange region of the lung. For this purpose techniques for separating dust or aerosol

TOXIC PARTICULATES 321

Table 10.15 Charcoal tube user guide

Substance Expected concentration range

(1)

Recommended Recommended Approximate Eluent

(5)

sampling

(2)

maximum desorption

(ml/min)

tube load

(3)

efficiency

(4)

(ppm) (mg/m

) 2 hr 4 hr 8 hr (mg) (%)

Acetaldehyde 2–50 4–90 100 100 50

50–400 90–720 50 25 10

Acetone 5–200 12 –480 100 50 25 9 86 ± 10 CS

200–2000 480 –4800 10 5 1

Acetic acid 0.1–1 0.25–2.5 – 200 200 10.4 11

1–20 2.5–50 200 100 50

Acetonitrile 1–10 1.8 –17.5 100 100 50 2.7

10–80 17.5–140 50 25

Acrolein 0.02–0.2 0.05–0.5 – – 200

Acrylonitrile 0.2–2 0.45–4.5 200 200 100 >2 <80 12

2–40 4.5–90 100 50 25

Allyl alcohol 0.1–0.5 0.24–1.20 – 200 200 <0.4 89 ± 52

0.5–4 1.2–9.6 200 100 50

Allyl chloride 0.05–2 0.15–6 – – 200 0.75 13

-Amyl acetate 1–25 5.3–131.3 100 100 50 15 86 ± 5CS

25–200 131.3 –1050 50 25 10

sec-Amyl acetate 1–25 5.3–131.3 100 100 50 15.5 91 ± 10 CS

25–250 131 –1300 50 25 10

Isoamyl alcohol 1–25 3.6–90 100 100 50 10

25–200 90–720 50 25 10

Benzene 0.1–1 0.31 –3.1 – 200 200 96 CS

1–20 3.1–62.6 100 100 50

Benzyl chloride 0.05–2 0.25 –10 – 200 200 >0.4 90 ± 5CS

Bromoform 0.05–1 0.5–10 200 100 50 >0.25 CS

Butadiene 5–100 11–220 100 50 25 4

100–2000 220 –4400 10 5 1

2-Butoxyl ethanol 0.5–10 2.4–48 100 100 50 95 ± 56

10–100 48–480 100 50 25

-butyl acetate 1–25 4.7–118 100 100 50 15 95 CS

25–300 118 –1420 50 25 10

sec-Butyl acetate 1–50 4.8–237.5 100 100 50 15 91 ± 5CS

50–400 237.5 –1900 50 25 10

tert-Butyl acetate 1–50 4.8–237.5 100 100 50 12.5 94 ± 5CS

50–400 237.5 –1900 50 25 10

Butyl alcohol 1–25 3–75 200 100 50 10.5 88 ± 53

25–200 75–600 100 50 25

sec-Butyl alcohol 1–30 3–90 200 100 50 6 93 ± 53

30–300 90–900 50 25 10

tert-Butyl alcohol 1–25 3–75 200 100 50 5 90 ± 53

25–200 75–600 50 25 10

Butylamine 0.1–1 0.3 –3 – 200 200

0.5–10 1.5–30 200 100 50

Butyl glycidyl ether 0.5–10 1.4–54 200 100 50 11.5 85 ± 10 CS

10–100 54–540 100 50 25

-tert Butyl toluene 0.1–1 0.6–6 200 200 100 2.5 100+ CS

1–20 6–120 100 50 25

Camphor 0.05–0.5 0.63 –6.3 200 200 100 13.4 98 ± 51

0.1–4 1.3–25 200 100 50

Carbon disulphide 0.5–5 1.5–15 200 200 100 95 13

5–40 15–120 200 100 50

Carbon tetrachloride 0.2–2 1.3 –13 200 200 100 7.5 97 ± 5CS

2–20 13–130 200 100 50

Chlorobenzene 0.75–10 3.5–23.3 100 100 50 15.5 90 ± 5CS

10–150 23.3 –700 50 25 10

Chlorobromomethane 2–20 10.5 –105 100 50 25 9.3 94 ± 5CS

20–400 105 –2100 25 10 5

Chloroform 0.5 –10 2.4–48 200 100 50 11 96 ± 5CS

10–100 48–480 100 50 25

1-Chloro-1-Nitropropane 0.2–5 1–25 200 100 50

5–40 25–200 100 50 25

Chloroprene 0.5–5 1.8–18 200 100 50

5–50 18–180 100 50 25

-Chlorotoluene 1–10 5–50 100 50 25 CS

10–100 50–500 50 25 10

Cresol (all isomers) 0.1–1 0.44–4.4 200 200 100 >2.0

1–10 4.4–44 100 100 50

Crotonaldehyde 0.1–1 0.3–3 – 200 200

0.5–4 1.5–12 100 100 50

Cumene 0.5–10 2.5–49 100 100 50 11 100+ CS

10–100 49–490 50 25 10

Cyclohexane 3–50 10.5–175 100 50 25 6.3 100+ CS

50–600 175 –2100 25 10 5

Cyclohexanol 0.5–10 2–40 200 100 50 10 99 ± 52

10–100 40–400 100 50 25

Cyclohexanone 0.5–10 2–40 200 100 50 13 78 ± 5CS

10–100 40–400 100 50 25

Cyclohexene 3–50 10.2–169.2 100 50 25 100+ CS

50–600 169.2 –2030 25 10 5

Diacetone alcohol 0.5–10 1.4–48 200 100 50 12 77 ± 10 2

10–100 48–480 100 50 24

-Dichlorobenzene 0.5–10 3–60 200 100 50 15 85 ± 5CS

10–100 60–600 50 25 10

-Dichlorobenzene 1–25 6–150 100 100 50 85 ± 5CS

25–150 150 –900 50 25 10

Dichlorodifluoromethane 5–100 24.8–495 100 50 25

(Freon 12) 100–2000 495–9900 10 5 1

1,1-Dichloroethane 1–15 4–60 100 100 50 7.5 100+ CS

15–200 60–300 50 25 10

1,2-Dichloroethylene 2–25 7.9–99 100 50 25 5.1 100+ CS

25–400 99–1580 25 10 5

1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane 0.1–1.5 0.6–9 200 200 100 9 CS

1.5–20 9–120 100 50 25

Dichloroethyl ether 0.5–5 3–30 200 100 50

5–30 30–180 100 50 25

Dichloromonofluoromethane 5–100 21–420 100 50 25

(Freon 21) 100–2000 420–8400 10 5 1

Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 5–100 35–700 50 25 10

100–2000 7000–14000 5 1 1

Difluorodibromomethane 1–15 8.6–129 100 50 25 15 CS

15–200 129 –1720 25 10 5

Diisobutyl ketone 0.5–7.5 2.9–43.5 200 100 50 12.5 CS

7.5–100 43.5 –580 100 50 25

Dimethylaniline 0.1–1 0.5–5 200 200 100 >1.1 >80 CS

1–10 5–50 100 50 25

Dimethylformamide 0.5–4 1.5–12 200 100 50

2–20 6–60 100 100 50

p-Dioxane 1–15 3.6–54 200 100 50 13 91 ± 5CS

15–200 54–720 100 50 25

Dipropylene glycol methyl ether 1–15 6–90 100 50 25 75 ± 15 CS

15–200 90–1200 25 10 5

Epichlorohydrin 0.1–1 0.4–4 – 200 100 >1 >80 CS

1–10 4–40 100 50 25

2-Ethoxyethanol 2–30 7.4–111 100 50 25

30–400 111 –1480 50 25 10

2-Ethoxyethyl acetate 1–15 5.4–81 200 100 50 19 74 ± 10 CS

15–200 81–1080 50 25 10

Ethyl acetate 5–75 17.5–263 100 50 25 12.5 90 ± 10 CS

75–800 263 –2800 25 10 5

Ethyl acrylate 0.5–5 2–20 200 200 100 <5 95 ± 5CS

5–50 20–200 200 100 50

Ethyl alcohol 5–100 9.4–188.5 100 50 25 2.6 77 ± 10 5

100–2000 188.5–3770 5 1 1

Table 10.15 Cont’d

Substance Expected concentration range

(1)

Recommended Recommended Approximate Eluent

(5)

sampling

(2)

maximum desorption

(ml/min)

tube load

(3)

efficiency

(4)

(ppm) (mg/m

) 2 hr 4 hr 8 hr (mg) (%)

Ethyl benzene 1–15 4.4 –65.3 200 100 50 16 100+ CS

15–200 65.3 –870 100 50 25

Ethyl bromide 2–50 8.9–223 100 50 25 7.1 83 ± 54

50–400 223 –1780 25 10 5

Ethyl butyl ketone 0.5 –10 2.3–46 200 100 50 >5.5 93 ± 51

10–100 46–460 50 25 10

Ethyl chloride 10–150 26–390 100 50 25 9.7 CS

150–2000 390 –5200 10 5 1

Ethyl ether 5–75 15 –227 100 50 25 7.5 98 ± 57

75–800 227 –2420 10 5 1

Ethyl formate 1–15 3–45 200 100 50 4.8 80 ± 10 CS

15–200 45–600 50 25 10

Ethylene chlorohydrin

(6)

0.1–2 0.32–6.4 – 200 200 16.0 92 ± 510

1–10 3.2–32 200 100 50

Ethylene dibromide 0.2–5 1.6–38.88 200 200 100 >10.7 93 ± 5CS

2–40 15.5–310 100 50 25

Ethylene dichloride 0.5–10 2–40.5 200 200 100 12 95 ± 5CS

10–100 40.5 –405 100 50 25

Ethylene oxide 0.5–10 0.9–18 200 100 50 1.1 CS

10–100 18–180 100 50 25

Fluorotrichloromethane 5–100 28–560 100 50 25

(Freon 11) 100–2000 560–11 200 5 1 1

Furfural 0.1–2 0.4–8 200 200 100 >80 CS

1–10 4–40 200 100 50

Furfuryl alcohol 0.5–20 2–80 200 100 50

10–100 40–400 50 25 10

Glycidol 0.5–20 1.5–60 200 100 50 22.5 90 ± 58

10–100 30–300 100 50 25

Heptane 5–100 20–400 100 50 25 12.5 96 ± 5CS

100–1000 400 –4000 10 5 1

Hexachloroethane 0.05–2 0.5–20 200 200 100 98 ± 5CS

Hexane 5–100 18–360 100 50 25 11 94 ± 5CS

100–1000 360 –3600 10 5 1

Isoamyl acetate 1–15 5.3–78.8 200 100 50 16.5 90 ± 5CS

15–200 78.8 –1050 50 25 10

Isoamyl alcohol 1–15 3.6–54 200 100 50 10 99 ± 52

15–200 54–720 50 25 10

Isobutyl acetate 1–20 4.7–93 200 100 50 14 92 ± 5CS

20–300 93–1400 50 25 10

Isobutyl alcohol 1–15 3–46 200 100 50 10.5 84 ± 10 3

15–200 46–610 50 25 10

Isophorone 0.5–5 2.8–28 200 100 50 13 >80 CS

5–50 28–280 50 25 10

Isopropyl acetate 2–50 7.6–190 100 100 50 13 85 ± 5CS

50–500 190 –1900 25 10 5

Isopropyl alcohol 5–75 12.3–185 100 50 25 5.6 94 ± 55

75–800 185 –1970 25 10 5

Isopropyl ether 5–100 21 –420 100 50 25

100–1000 420 –4200 10 5 1

Isopropyl glycidyl ether 0.5–10 2.4 –48 200 100 50 10.5 80 ± 10 CS

10–100 48–480 100 50 25

Mesityl oxide 0.5–10 2–40 200 200 100 4.8 79 ± 51

5–50 20–200 100 50 25

Methyl acetate 1–50 3.1–152.5 200 100 50 7 88 ± 5CS

50–400 152.5 –1220 25 10 5

Methyl acrylate 0.1–2 0.35–7 – 200 100 >1.5 80 ± 10 CS

1–20 3.5–70 200 100 50

Methyl alcohol Charcoal tube method not recommended. Use silica gel tubes.

Methylal (dimethoxymethane) 5–100 15.5–311 100 50 25 11.5 78 ± 10 9

100–2000 311–6220 10 5 1

Methyl amyl ketone 1–15 4.7–70 200 100 50 7.5 80 ± 10 1

15–200 70–930 50 25 10

Methyl bromide 0.5–4 2–16 200 100 50 1.5 CS

4–40 16–160 50 25 10

Methyl butyl ketone 1–15 4.1–61.5 200 100 50 2.0 79 ± 10 CS

(2-hexanone) 15–200 61.5–820 50 25 10

Methyl isobutyl ketone 1–15 4.1–61.4 200 100 50 10 81 ± 5CS

(hexanone) 15–200 61.4–818 50 25 10

Methyl cellosolve 0.3–10 1 –32 200 200 100 10 97 ± 56

5–50 16–160 100 50 25

Methyl cellosolve acetate 0.3–10 1.5–48 200 100 50 5 76 ± 10 CS

5–50 24–240 100 50 25

Methyl chloride 1–15 2.1 –31.5 200 100 50 1 CS

15–200 31.5 –420 25 10 5

Methyl chloroform (1,1,1 1–75 5.4–407 200 100 50 18 98+ CS

trichloroethane) 75–700 407–3800 25 10 5

Methyl cyclohexane 5–100 20–400 100 50 25 95 ± 5CS

100–1000 400 –4000 10 5 1

Methyl ethyl ketone 2–50 5.9–148 100 100 50 9.5 89 ± 10 CS

(2-butanone) 50–400 148–1180 50 25 10

Methyl formate 1–15 2.5–37.5 200 100 50

15–200 37.5 –500 50 25 10

5-Methyl-3-heptanone 0.25–5 1.3–26 200 100 50 >5 1

5–50 26–260 100 50 25

Table 10.15 Cont’d

Substance Expected concentration range

(1)

Recommended Recommended Approximate Eluent

(5)

sampling

(2)

maximum desorption

(ml/min)

tube load

(3)

efficiency

(4)

(ppm) (mg/m

) 2 hr 4 hr 8 hr (mg) (%)

Methyl iodide 0.1–1 0.56 –5.6 200 200 100 7 14

1–10 5.6–56 100 50 25

Methyl isobutyl carbinol 0.5–5 2.1–21 200 100 50 5.7 99 ± 52

5–50 21–210 200 100 50

Methyl isoamylacetate 1–10 6 –60 200 100 50 14 CS

10–100 60–600 100 50 25

α-methyl styrene 1–15 4.8–72 200 200 100 21 91 ± 5CS

15–200 72–960 100 50 25

Methylene chloride 5–75 17.4–261 100 100 50 9.3 95 ± 10 CS

75–1000 261–3480 10 5 1

Naphtha (coal tar) 1–15 4–60 200 100 50 14.8 88 ± 5CS

15–200 60–800 100 50 25

Naphthalene 0.1–2 0.5–10 200 200 100

1–20 5–100 100 50 25

Nitromethane 1–15 3.1–46.5 200 200 100

15–200 46.5 –620 50 25 10

1-Nitropropane 0.5–10 1.8–36 200 100 50

5–50 18–180 100 50 25

2-Nitropropane 0.5–10 1.8–36 200 100 50

5–50 18–180 100 50 25

Nonane 2–30 10.5–157.5 100 50 25 CS

30–400 157.5 –2100 25 10 5

-Octane 5–75 23.5–352 100 50 25 15 93 ± 5CS

75–1000 352–4700 10 5 1

Pentane 5–100 15–295 200 100 50 9 96 ± 5CS

100–2000 295 –5900 10 5 1

2-Pentanone 1–75 3.5–263 200 100 50 88 ± 5CS

75–400 263 –1400 25 10 5

Perchloroethylene 1–15 6.8–102 200 100 50 29 95 ± 5CS

(tetrachloroethylene) 15–200 102–1362 50 25 10

Petroleum distillates 5–75 20–300 100 50 25 12.3 96 ± 5CS

75–1000 300–4000 10 5 1

Phenol 0.1–2 0.38 –7.6 – 200 100

1–10 3.8–38 200 100 50

Phenyl ether (vapour) 0.05–2 0.35–14 – 200 200 0.6 90 ± 5CS

Phenyl glycidyl ether 0.5–4 3–24 200 100 50 12.5 97 ± 5CS

2–20 12–120 100 50 25

-Propyl acetate 1–75 4.2–315 200 100 50 14.5 93 ± 5CS

75–400 315 –1680 50 25 10

-Propyl alcohol 1–75 2.5–184 200 100 50 9 87 ± 53

75–400 184 –980 50 25 10

Propylene dichloride 1–15 4.6 –70 200 100 50 5 97 ± 5CS

15–150 70–700 50 25 10

Propylene oxide 1–15 2.4–36 200 100 50 2 90 ± 5CS

15–200 36–480 25 10 5

-Propyl nitrate 0.5–5 2.2–22 200 100 50 12 CS

5–50 22–220 100 50 25

Pyridine 0.5–2 1.5–6 200 200 100 >7.3 70 ± 10 CS

1–10 3–30 200 100 50

Stoddard solvent 5–75 29.5–443 100 50 25 13 96 ± 5CS

75–1000 443–5900 10 5 1

Styrene (monomer) 1–15 4.3–64 200 100 50 18 87 ± 5CS

75–1000 64–850 100 50 25

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro- 5–75 42 –625 100 50 25 19.5 100+ CS

2,2-Difluoroethane 75–1000 625–8340 10 5 1

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro- 5–75 42 –625 100 50 25 26 96 ± 5CS

1,2-Difluoroethane 75–1000 625–8340 10 5 1

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

(6)

0.1–2 0.7–14 200 200 100 4.5 85 ± 5CS

1–10 7–70 100 100 50

Tetrahydrofuran 1–75 2.5–184 200 100 50 7.5 92 ± 5CS

75–400 184 –1180 25 10 5

Tetramethyl succinonitrile 0.05–1 0.3–6 – 200 200 >0.8 CS

Toluene 1–15 3.8–56 200 100 50 92 ± 5CS

15–200 56–750 50 25 10

1,1,2-trichloroethane 0.1–2 0.6–11 200 100 50 5 96 ± 5CS

2–20 11–110 100 50 25

Trichloroethylene 1–15 5.4–80 200 100 50 21 96 ± 5CS

15–200 80–1070 100 50 25

1,2,3-Trichloropropane 0.5–10 3–60 200 100 50 14 CS

10–100 60–600 100 50 25

1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2- 10–150 77–1150 100 50 25 20 100+ CS

Trifluoroethane (Freon 113) 150–2000 1150–15 300 10 5 1

Trifluoromonobromomethane

(7)

10–150 61–914 100 50 25 25

150–2000 914 –12 180 10 5 1

Turpentine 1–15 5.6–84 200 100 50 13 96 ± 5CS

15–200 84–1120 50 25 10

Vinyl chloride

(7)

0.05–1 0.13–2.5 – – 200 85 ± 5CS

0.5–2 1.3–5.2 200 200 100

Vinyl toluene 1–15 4.8–72 200 100 50 17 85 ± 10 CS

15–200 72–960 100 50 25

Xylene 1–15 4.4 –65 200 100 50 95 ± 5CS

15–200 65–870 50 25 10

Table 10.15 Cont’d

Substance Expected concentration range

(1)

Recommended Recommended Approximate Eluent

(5)

sampling

(2)

maximum desorption

(ml/min)

tube load

(3)

efficiency

(4)

(ppm) (mg/m

) 2 hr 4 hr 8 hr (mg) (%)