Carson Ph., Mumford C. Hazardous Chemicals Handbook (Справочник по опасным химическим веществам)

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Metals S

Rubble S

Timber S

Electricity generation

Clinker S

Combustion products, e.g. smoke G

Cooling water L

Pulverized fuel ash S P

Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide G

Fibres, textiles

Bleaches A

Cyanides A

Detergents A

Dyestuffs A

Grease L S

Oil L A

Resins L A

Silicones A

Speciality chemicals for fire-, rot- and L A

waterproofing

Wax PA

Food processing

Animal Abattoir waste L S P A

BOD waste (high and low) A

Disinfectants A

Grease S A

Oil L A

Beverage Alkali A

BOD waste (low) A

Carbon dioxide G

Cullet S

Detergents A

Vegetable and fruit Alkali A

Bleaches A

BOD waste (high and low) P A

Oil L

Solvents L A

Wax S P A

Inorganic chemicals

Chloralkali Brine A

Calcium chloride A

Mercury L

Desalination Brines A

Fertilizer Ammonia G A

Nitrates S

Oxides of nitrogen A

Phosphates S

Glass and ceramic Arsenic A

Barium S

Manganese S

Selenium S

Hydrofluoric acid Calcium sulphate P A

Nitric acid Ammonia G A

Oxides of nitrogen A

Phosphoric acid Calcium sulphate P A

Hydrofluoric acid A

Table 16.1 Cont’d

Source Type of waste Form of

pollutant

(1)

CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: SOURCES AND IMPACT 489

490 CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: SOURCES AND IMPACT

Pigments Arsenic S P

Barium S P

Cadmium S P

Cobalt S P

Iron S P A

Lead S P

Manganese S P

Selenium S P

Titanium S P

Zinc S P

Sulphuric acid Sulphur dioxide G P

Drycleaning Chlorinated hydrocarbons G L

Hydrocarbon solvents G L

General Bleaches, e.g. hypochlorites A

Detergents A

Phosphates A

Sulphates A

Metals

Extraction and refining Acid mine waters A

Combustion products G P

Carbon monoxide G

Chlorides G S P

Drosses S

Dust S

Fluorides G S P

Glass S

Spoil S

Sulphides S P A

Sulphur dioxide G

Finishing/surface treatments

Anodizing Chromium A

Degreasing Chlorinated hydrocarbons G L

Detergents A

Grease; mineral-oil based L S

Solvents G L

Electroplating Alkali A

Boron A

Cadmium A

Chromium P A

Copper A

Cyanides A

Detergents A

Fluorides A

Iron A

Nickel A P

Organic complexing agents A

Phosphates A

Precious metals A

Silver A

Sulphates A

Tin A

Zinc A

Foundries Dust S P

Sands, some resin-bonded S

Machine shops Oils L A

Oil absorbents S

Semi-synthetic coolants

Table 16.1 Cont’d

Source Type of waste Form of

pollutant

(1)

Solvents L G

Swarf, various metals S

Synthetic coolants L S A

Pickling Acids A

Ferrous chloride A

Ferrous sulphate A

Hydrochloric acid A

Hydrofluoric acid A

Nitric acid A

Phosphoric acid A

Sulphuric acid A

Pigments,

see

Inorganic chemicals

Processing/engineering Ammonia G A

Arsenic G S A

Cyanides S A

Emulsions A

Lubricating oils L

Phenols L S A

Soluble oils A

Thiocyanates A

Products

Batteries Cadmium S P

Lead S P

Manganese S

Mercury S

Nickel S

Zinc S

Catalysts Cobalt S

Iron S

Manganese S

Mercury S

Nickel S

Organometallics L S

Platinum S

Silver S

Vanadium S

Mining (excluding metals)

Spoil S

Dust S P

Paint

Barium S

Cadmium S

Chromium S

Copper S

Lead S

Manganese S

Mercury L S

Selenium S

Solvents G L

Titanium S

Paper, pulp

Bleaches A

Chlorine G A

Copper A

Fibres S P A

Lignin A

Table 16.1 Cont’d

Source Type of waste Form of

pollutant

(1)

CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: SOURCES AND IMPACT 491

492 CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: SOURCES AND IMPACT

Mercury A

Methanol A

Sulphides A

Sulphite liquor A

Titanium S P A

Wax S P A

Zinc P A

Pesticides, herbicides

Arsenic S P A

Carbamates S P A

Chlorinated hydrocarbons L S P A

Copper A

Fluoride G S A

Lead A

Mercury L A

Organophosphorus compounds P A

Phenol S A

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) A

Selenium S

Petrochemicals

Detergents Boric acid S A

Phosphates S A

Sulphates S A

Dyestuffs Aniline L A

Chromium L S P A

Phenol A

Selenium L S P A

General Benzene, toluene, xylene L

Boric acid A

Chlorocarbons G L A

Fluorine A

Fluorocarbons G L A

Hydrocarbons G L S P A

Hydrochloric acid A

Hydrofluoric acid A

Phenols L A

Solvents L

Sulphuric acid A

Miscellaneous Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) L

Tetraethyl lead G L P

Polymers, plastics, resins, rubber

and fibres

Acids A

Alkali A

Cadmium L S P A

Cuprammonium compounds A

Detergents A

Dyestuffs A

Fibres S P

Formaldehyde A

Hydrocarbons G L A

Methanol L A

Phenols L S A

Phthalates L A

Polychlorinated byphenyls (PCB) L A

Solvents L A

Table 16.1 Cont’d

Source Type of waste Form of

pollutant

(1)

Sulphides A

Urea S A

Wood flour, various woods S P

Zinc A

Pharmaceuticals

Drug intermediates and residues L S A

Solvents L A

Refineries (Petroleum)

Alkali A

BOD waste L P A

Combustion products G

Emulsions A

Hydrocarbons L A

Mercaptans G

Mineral acids A

Phenols L S P A

Sulphides G S P

Sulphur S P

Tars S P

Sewage treatment

Purified effluent L

Sewage sludge S A

Tanneries

Arsenic A

Chromium A

Fibres S P

Hair S P

Lime P A

Textiles, see Fibres

Miscellaneous Sulphides A

Electrical, electronics Copper S

Mercury L

Precious metals S

Selenium S

Explosives, pyrotechnics Barium S

Hydrocarbons G L A

Lead S

Manganese S P

Mercury L S P

Nitric acid A

Nitroglycerin L A

Phenol S P

Phosphorus S

Solvents G L

Strontium S

TNT L A

Motor industry Chromates A

Grease; mineral-oil based L S

Oil L

Paint L S P

Phosphates S P A

Solvents L

Nuclear fuel and power Radioactive substances

Radioisotopes

Photography Alkali A

Table 16.1 Cont’d

Source Type of waste Form of

pollutant

(1)

CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: SOURCES AND IMPACT 493

494 CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: SOURCES AND IMPACT

Cyanide A

Mercury A

Phenols A

Silver P A

Thiosulphate A

Vehicle exhaust Aromatic hydrocarbons G

Lead S P

Nitrogen oxides G

Water treatment Calcium salts A P

Filtered solids L P A

(1)

G Pollutant occurs as a gas

L Pollutant occurs as a liquid

S Pollutant occurs as a solid

P Pollutant occurs in particulate form

A Pollutant occurs in aqueous solution or suspension

Table 16.2 Common sources of pollutants

Chemical Form of Examples Industrial source

pollutant

(1)

Acid Mineral A Hydrochloric acid Pickling of metals

Nitric acid Chemical reagent

Sulphuric acid Byproducts, petrochemicals

Organic A Acetic acid Petrochemicals

Aldehydes A Acetaldyhyde Photochemical reaction in smog,

incomplete combustion

Petrochemicals

Alkali P A Sodium hydroxide Electroplating

Lime Beverages production

Photography

Vegetable and fruit processing

Ammonia G A – Coal distillation (coke ovens)

Nitric acid production

Urea and ammonium nitrate works

Aniline and related L A – Dyestuffs production

compounds

Aromatic hydrocarbons G L Benzene Coal tar distillation

Toluene Vehicle exhausts

Xylene Petrochemicals

Pesticides

Herbicides

Arsenic G S P A Arsine Pigment and dye

Arsenous acid and salts Pesticide and herbicide

production

Metallurgical processing of

other metals

Glass and ceramics industries

Tanneries

Asbestos S P Chrysotile Obsolete building products

Amosite Insulation removal operations

Crocidolite

Carbon dioxide G A Combustion

Fermentation

Table 16.1 Cont’d

Source Type of waste Form of

pollutant

(1)

Table 16.2 Cont’d

Chemical Form of Examples Industrial source

pollutant

(1)

Carbon monoxide G Coke ovens

Incomplete combustion generally

Smelting

Vehicle exhausts

Metal extraction and refining

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

Chemical G L Trichloroethylene; Degreasing (engineering)

1,1,1-trichloroethane Drycleaning

(obsolescent) Solvents

Pesticidal L S DDT Pesticides

BHC Wood treatment

Aldrin

Dieldrin

Chlorine and chlorides G Chlorinated hydrocarbons

S P A Chloralkali

Paper and pulp processing

Petrochemicals

Metal extraction and refining

Chromium and compounds S P A Chromic acid Anodizing

Sodium dichromate Cement

Dyes

Electroplating

Paint

Tanneries

Cobalt and compounds S P A Cobalt oxide Catalysts

Fibres

Paint

Paper and pulp processing

Tungsten carbide binder

Copper and compounds S P A Copper sulphate Electroplating

Copper pyrophosphate Electrical and electronics

Cuprammonium Etching

compounds Pesticides

Cyanate A Coal distillation

Oxidation of cyanide

Cyanide S P A Sodium cyanide Heat treatment of metal

Copper cyanide Coal distillation

Electroplating

Photographic

Synthetic fibre

Disinfectants Agriculture and horticulture

Abattoirs

Food processing

Fluorides G S P A Hydrogen fluoride Cement

Calcium fluoride Aluminium

Hydrocarbons, general Coal distillation

Petrochemicals

Petroleum refineries

Iron and compounds S P A Iron oxide Aluminium refining

Ferrous chloride Steelworks

Electronics

Electroplating

Pickling

Pigments

CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: SOURCES AND IMPACT 495

496 CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: SOURCES AND IMPACT

Lead and compounds S P A Lead oxide Batteries

Tetraethyl lead (TEL) Explosives and pyrotechnics

Paint

Pesticides

Petrochemicals

Printing

Refineries

Vehicle exhausts

Manganese and compounds Batteries

Catalyst

Glass

Paint

Pyrotechnics

Meat wastes S A Meat processing and preparation

Abattoirs

Dairies

Tanneries

Mercaptans G Refineries

Coke ovens

Mercury Herbicides

Organic S A Methyl mercury Bacterial activity on inorganic

mercury

Pesticides

Inorganic L S A Mercurous chloride Batteries

Catalysts

Cement

Chloralkali process

Combustion of coal and oil

Electrical and electronic

Explosives

Paints

Paper and pulp

Pesticides

Pharmaceuticals

Photographic

Scientific instruments

Methanol L A Paper

Resins

Nitrates S P Potassium nitrate Metals heat treatment

Water treatment

Nitrogen oxides G Nitrogen dioxide Combustion processes and

explosives

Electricity generation

Forage tower silos

Nitric acid

Oil and soluble oil L Engineering

Petrochemicals

Refineries

Paraquat L S Herbicide

Pesticides (includes Chlorinated hydrocarbons

acaricides, avicides, (q.v.)

bactericides, insect- Carbamates (q.v)

icides, molluskicides, Organophosphorus

nematocides, piscicides, compounds (q.v.)

rodenticides)

Pharmaceuticals L S P A Aspirin Pharmaceutical industry

Penicillin

Table 16.2 Cont’d

Chemical Form of Examples Industrial source

pollutant

(1)

Phenol and related S P A Phenol Coal distillation

compounds Cresol Dyestuffs

Explosives

Pesticides

Petrochemicals

Photographic

Plastics manufacture

Refineries

Phosphorus and compounds S P A Phosphoric acid Boiler blowdown

Corrosion protection

Detergents

Fertilizers

Matches

Metal finishing

Phthalates L S P A Dibutyl phthalate Adhesives

Platinum and compounds S P Catalysts

Polychlorinated L S A Lubricants and hydraulic fluids

biphenyls (PCB) Pesticides

Plasticizer in paint and polymers

Plasticizer (polymers)

Transformer oils

Silicates P Cement

Metal extraction and refining

Sulphur oxides G Sulphur dioxide Coal distillation

Sulphur trioxide Combustion of coal and heavy fuel oil

Detergents (sulphonation of alkyl

benzenes)

Electricity generation

Tar L Refineries

Coal distillation

Thiocyanate A Coal distillation

Tin and compounds G S P A Tinplating

Titanium and compounds S P A Titanium dioxide Astronautics

Paint

Paper

Vanadium and compounds S P Catalysts Animal feed

Vegetable waste L S P A Breweries

Natural rubber

Starch

Sugar refineries

Vegetable and fruit processing and

preparation

Wax S Fruit preserving

Paper

Refineries

Textiles

Zinc and compounds G S P A Electroplating

Galvanizing

Paper and pulp

Synthetic fibres

(1)

G Pollutant occurs as a gas

L Pollutant occurs as a liquid

S Pollutant occurs as a solid

P Pollutant occurs in particulate form

A Pollutant occurs in aqueous solution or suspension

Table 16.2 Cont’d

Chemical Form of Examples Industrial source

pollutant

(1)

CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: SOURCES AND IMPACT 497

498 CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: SOURCES AND IMPACT

Conventionally, wastes are considered as being predominantly either solid, liquid or gaseous

but as illustrated in Table 16.3, they may be multi-phase. Solid waste comprises liquid slurries,

sludges, thixotropic solids and solids of varying particle sizes; it may be heterogeneous. Typical

examples are given in Table 16.4.

Table 16.3 Some physical forms of waste

Phase Examples

Gas

Gas–vapour – SO

; NO

; HCl; CO; hydrocarbons

Gas–liquid Mist Acid mist carryover; chromic acid; oil mists; tar fog

Gas–solid Fume Metal oxides, cement dust

Gas–liquid–solid – Paint spray

Liquid

Liquid Solution Metal plating effluent; ‘spent’ acids; wash-waters

Liquid–gas Foam Detergent foam

Liquid–liquid Emulsions Oil-in-water (e.g. suds); water-in-oil

Liquid–solid Slurry Aqueous effluent from fume scrubbing

Suspension

Solid

Solid – Asbestos insulation; heat treatment salts,

pulverized fuel ash; refuse

Solid–liquid Sludge, Filter cake

wet solid Sewage sludge

Waste treatment prior to disposal may introduce phase changes which result in quite different

pollution control considerations. For example, the gases generated by incineration of a solid

waste can be scrubbed with liquid in order to meet an acceptable discharge criterion; hence, in

addition to ash for disposal, a liquid effluent stream is produced and requires treatment. Other

waste treatment processes may result in the liberation of flammable or toxic gaseous emissions

as exemplified in Table 16.5.

Pollutants may enter the environment via air, water or land and prove:

• Damaging to the environment or public health and well-being.

• Damaging to buildings and materials of construction (Table 16.6).

• Wasteful of valuable resources.

• Illegal.

• Technically difficult and expensive to deal with (e.g. to clean up spillages and rectify damage).

• Harmful to company reputation.

The range of measures applicable to control are summarized in Chapter 17. Recycling and

recovery are potentially attractive measures; hence solvents, mineral oils, metals, e.g. lead, copper,

nickel, mercury, and glass are commonly recycled. However, recycling options generally depend

upon favourable economics, particularly low collection costs.

The two different, but related, considerations in waste disposal are hazard control and loss

prevention in the treatment and disposal operations, and the control of environmental hazards.

With gas and liquid streams the control of on-site hazards arising from the chemical properties

and processing operations generally follows the principles summarized in earlier chapters. The

measures necessary with ‘solid’ wastes may, however, differ, particularly if they are heterogeneous

in nature and disposed of on land.