Дахно І.І. Право Європейського Союзу: Англо-Українсько-Російський Глосарій
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101
many challenges: devel-
opment of renewable en-
ergy sources, opening up
of the
g
as and electricit
y
markets, reduction of the
European Union’s en-
ergy dependency and nu-
clear safet
y
and securit
y
guarantees.
Confronted with these
new ener
gy
challen
g
es,
the Euro
p
ean Union has
taken measures aimed in
particular at guaranteeing
securit
y
of su
pp
l
y
in the
face of its dependency on
imports of oil from po-
litically unstable regions,
redefinin
g
p
riorities in
relation to nuclear en-
er
gy
takin
g
account in
p
articular of the risks of
accidents and disposal of
waste, as well as pro-
moting sustainable de-
velopment.
With the new intelli
g
en
t
energy for Europe action
programme, the Com-
mission is therefore pro-
posing to step up Euro-
p
ean su
pp
ort for the
p
romotion of renewable
ener
g
ies
(
ALTENER
)
and ener
gy
efficienc
y
(SAVE), while redirect-
in
g
international action
towards these two pri-
orities (COOPENER).
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NER).
102
Enlargement
Enlargement was origi-
nally the term used to re-
fer to the four successive
waves of new members
j
oinin
g
the Euro
p
ean
Community. Nine coun-
tries have so far
j
oine
d
the six founder mem-
bers — Belgium, France,
Germany, Italy, Luxem-
bourg and the Nether-
lands — at the following
times:
x 1973: Denmark,
Ireland and the Unite
d
Kingdom;
x 1981: Greece;
x 1986: Portu
g
al an
d
Spain;
x 1995: Austria, Finland
and Sweden.
The current wave of ac-
cessions has turned en-
lar
g
ement into a uni
q
ue
o
pp
ortunit
y
to brin
g
peace, stability and pros-
perity to the entire conti-
nent of Euro
p
e. It is an
unprecedented enlarge-
ment in terms of its di-
mension and diversit
y
and involves 10 appli-
cant countries fro
m
Central and Eastern
Euro
p
e
(
Bul
g
aria, the
Czech Republic, Estonia,
Hungary, Latvia, Lithua-
nia, Poland, Romania,
Slovakia and Slovenia
)
as well as two Mediter-
ranean countries
(
Malta
and Cyprus) and Turkey.
At the Co
p
enha
g
en
Euro
p
ean Council
(
12
and 13 December 2002
)
,
the Commission con-
cluded ne
g
otiations with
10 of these countries
—
Cyprus, the Czech Re-
public, Estonia, Hun-
&+
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103
g
ar
y
, Latvia, Lithuania,
Malta, Poland, Slovakia
and Slovenia — thus
enabling them to join the
Union on 1 Ma
y
2004.
As far as Bul
g
aria an
d
Romania are concerned,
the
g
oal is to conclude
ne
g
otiations in time fo
r
them to join in 2007. The
p
ossibilit
y
of o
p
enin
g
negotiations with Turkey
will be examined in De-
cember 2004.
, |, |-
, 6), ;)-
, #
#, —
% #-
1
2004
.
) {
%
B%, -
, -
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2007 -
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2004 .
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2004 .
Enterprise
policy
The objective of enter-
p
rise
p
olic
y
is to make i
t
easier to create and de-
velop enterprises or in-
dustries within the Euro-
pean Union.
The European Commis-
sion coordinates the ini-
tiatives of the Membe
r
States in this area while
the Council, further to
p
ro
p
osals from the
Commission and afte
r
consultation with the
Euro
p
ean Parliament,
decides unanimousl
y
on
the measures designed to
su
pp
ort the Membe
r
States’ initiatives.
Enterprise policy aims to
allow enter
p
rises to
ada
p
t to structural
chan
g
es and ex
p
and,
p
articularl
y
small an
d
medium-sized enter-
p
rises. It also aims to
stimulate coo
p
eration
between enterprises and
> )
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6
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0$) #.
0
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),
104
to encoura
g
e them to
make full use of the
b
enefits of research,
technological develop-
ments and innovation.
At the European Council
in Lisbon on 23 and 24
March 2000, the Heads
of State and Government
declared that the Euro-
p
ean Union’s ob
j
ective
was to become the mos
t
competitive and dynamic
knowledge-based econ-
om
y
in the world b
y
2010. Enter
p
rise
p
olic
y
is hel
p
in
g
to achieve this
ob
j
ective b
y
fosterin
g
entrepreneurial spirit and
innovation throu
g
h the
b
est
p
ossible use of the
benefits conveyed by the
internal market, by coor-
dinatin
g
p
olicies in the
Member States throu
g
h
standardisation or the
exchange of best prac-
tices, and b
y
develo
p
in
g
electronic commerce.
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Environment
The aim of the Commu-
nity’s environment pol-
icy is to preserve, protect
and im
p
rove the
q
ualit
y
of the environment an
d
to
p
rotect
p
eo
p
le’s
health. It also sets
g
rea
t
store b
y
the
p
rudent an
d
rational use of natural re-
sources. Lastl
y
, it seeks
to
p
romote measures a
t
international level to deal
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105
with regional or world-
wide environmental prob-
lems (Article 174, for-
merly Article 130r of the
EC Treaty).
Polic
y
formulation is
subject to different deci-
sion-makin
g
p
rocedures
de
p
endin
g
on the area
concerned. So to attain
the ob
j
ectives listed, the
Council:
x acts unanimousl
y
, afte
r
consultin
g
the Euro
p
ean
Parliament, the Economic
and Social Committee
and the Committee of the
Re
g
ions, where fiscal
p
rovisions and
p
rovisions
relatin
g
to town an
d
countr
y
p
lannin
g
or lan
d
use
(
with the exce
p
tion
of waste mana
g
emen
t
and
g
eneral measures
)
are involved or where a
Member State’s choice
in the matter of energy is
si
g
nificantl
y
affecte
d
(Article 175(2)).
x acts under the
codecision procedure, after
consultin
g
the Economic
and Social Committee
and the Committee of the
Regions, for the adoption
of
g
eneral action
p
ro
g
rammes settin
g
ou
t
the
p
riorit
y
ob
j
ectives to
be attained.
The Treaty of Amster-
dam has enshrined the
conce
p
t of «sustainable
develo
p
ment» as one of
the Euro
p
ean Union’s
objectives, while envi-
ronmental protection re-
q
uirements have been
g
iven
g
reater wei
g
ht in
other Community poli-
cies, es
p
eciall
y
in the
context of the internal
,
,
) -
) -
(
174,
130 «r» &
0$) #-
).
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106
market
(
Articles 2 and 6
of the EC Treaty).
The
p
rovisions allowin
g
a Member State to a
pp
l
y
stricter rules than the
harmonised rules have
b
een made easier. These
stricter rules must be
com
p
atible with the
Treat
y
and must be
communicated to the
Commission.
Environmental
p
olic
y
is
based on the precaution-
ar
y
p
rinci
p
le and on the
principles that preventive
action should be taken,
that environmental dam-
age should be rectified at
source and that the pol-
luter should pay.
*
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Equal opportunities
Two ke
y
elements of the
g
eneral
p
rinci
p
le of
e
q
ual o
pp
ortunities are
the ban on discrimination
on grounds of nationality
(
Article 12 of the EC
Treaty, formerly Article
& $
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( 12 &-
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107
6) and equal pay for men
and women
(
Article 141
of the EC Treaty, for-
merl
y
Article 119
)
. It is
intended to a
pp
l
y
to all
fields, particularly eco-
nomic, social, cultural
and family life.
The Treaty of Amster-
dam added a new Article
13 to the Treaty, rein-
forcin
g
the
p
rinci
p
le of
non-discrimination,
which is closely linked to
equal opportunities. Un-
der this new Article, the
Council has the power to
take appropriate action to
combat discrimination
b
ased on sex, racial o
r
ethnic ori
g
in, reli
g
ion o
r
b
elief, disabilit
y
, a
g
e o
r
sexual orientation.
Ado
p
ted in Decembe
r
2000, the Charter of
Fundamental Ri
g
hts of
the European Union in-
cludes a cha
p
ter entitle
d
«E
q
ualit
y
» which sets
out the principles of non-
discrimination, e
q
ualit
y
b
etween men an
d
women, and cultural, re-
ligious and linguistic di-
versity. It also covers the
ri
g
hts of the child, the
elderl
y
and
p
ersons with
disabilities. On the sub-
ject of non-discrimina-
tion, the Charter states
that: «Any discrimina-
tion based on any ground
such as sex, race, colour,
ethnic or social ori
g
in,
genetic features, lan-
g
ua
g
e, reli
g
ion or belief,
p
olitical or an
y
othe
r
o
p
inion, membershi
p
of
a national minorit
y
,
property, birth, disabil-
ity, age or sexual orien-
0
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#, -
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( 141 &-
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119
)
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2000
,
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108
tation shall be prohib-
ited».
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Equal treatment
for men and
women
As earl
y
as 1957, Article
141
(
former Article 119
)
of the EC Treat
y
lai
d
down the
p
rinci
p
le tha
t
men and women shoul
d
receive e
q
ual
p
a
y
fo
r
e
q
ual work. Since 1975 a
series of directives have
broadened the principle to
cover access to employ-
ment, trainin
g
and caree
r
progression, the aim being
to eliminate all forms of
discrimination at work.
E
q
ual treatment was late
r
extended to social secu-
rity, statutory schemes and
occu
p
ational schemes. In
the 1980s reco
g
nition of
this
p
rinci
p
le led to the
promotion of equal op-
portunities via multiannual
programmes.
The Treaty of Amster-
dam seeks to supplement
Article 141
(
which is
rather limited in sco
p
e,
covering only equal pay)
by
includin
g
the
p
romo-
tion of e
q
ualit
y
between
men and women as one
@
$
1957
14
(
119
)
& 0$-
) # -
,
-
)
-
. ! 1975 -
$
,
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,
,
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%
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1980-
) -
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) -
141
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14
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)
& K$-
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1975 -
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1980-
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109
of the tasks of the Com-
munit
y
set out in Article
2 of the EC Treaty.
The Charter of Funda-
mental Ri
g
hts of the
European Union, adopted
in December 2000, in-
cludes a cha
p
ter entitle
d
«Equality» which sets out
the
p
rinci
p
les of e
q
ualit
y
between men and women.
It states that «E
q
ualit
y
between men and women
must be ensured in all ar-
eas, including employ-
ment, work and pay».
In June 2000, the Com-
mission also ado
p
ted a
Communication entitle
d
Towards a Communit
y
Framework Strate
gy
on
Gender Equality (2001—
2005
)
. Its
p
ur
p
ose is to
establish a framewor
k
for action within which
all Communit
y
activities
can contribute to attain-
ing the goal of eliminat-
ing inequalities and pro-
motin
g
e
q
ualit
y
between
women and men.
, -
)
,
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) #-
, -
2 &
0$) #-
.
« *)-
0$)-
#», $-
2000
,
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/
2000
5
« &
% #
$
(
2001
—
2005
)
».
%
% ))
#
%
.
) 141 ( -
-
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> ) -
)
,
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, -
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)> K$-
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2000
,
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. 4 ,
: «B
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«5 -
# -
)
(
2001—2005
)
».
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>
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-
.
Europe agreement
A Euro
p
e a
g
reement is a
specific type of associati-
!
0
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3 +
K$ -
*-
110
on a
g
reement conclude
d
b
etween the Euro
p
ean
Union and certain Cen-
tral and Eastern Euro-
p
ean states. Its aim is to
p
re
p
are the associate
d
state for accession to the
Euro
p
ean Union, and is
based on respect of hu-
man ri
g
hts, democrac
y
,
the rule of law and the
market econom
y
. To
date, Euro
p
e a
g
reements
have been conclude
d
with ten countries: Bul-
garia, the Czech Repub-
lic, Estonia, Hun
g
ar
y
,
Latvia, Lithuania, Po-
land, Romania, Slovakia
and Slovenia (the Slo-
vene a
g
reement was
si
g
ned on 10 June 1996
but has not yet come into
force).
A Euro
p
e a
g
reement is
concluded for an indefi-
nite
p
eriod and is made
up of a number of ele-
ments:
x a political aspect, pro-
vidin
g
for bilateral an
d
multilateral consultations
on an
y
q
uestions of
common interest;
x a trade aspect, in order
to set u
p
a free trade
area;
x economic, cultural and
financial cooperation;
x alignment of legisla-
tion, particularly on in-
tellectual
p
ro
p
ert
y
an
d
competition rules.
As regards the institu-
tional arran
g
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