Дахно І.І. Право Європейського Союзу: Англо-Українсько-Російський Глосарій
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111
Commission on the one
hand and re
p
resentatives
of the associated state’s
government on the other.
An Association Com-
mittee, made u
p
of
members of the Associa-
tion Council, follows u
p
the work and
p
re
p
ares
the discussions of the
Association Council. Fi-
nall
y
, a Parliamentar
y
Association Committee,
made u
p
of Members of
the Euro
p
ean Parliamen
t
and of the national par-
liament of the Associated
State, may make recom-
mendations to the Asso-
ciation Council.
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European
arrest warrant
The European arrest war-
rant is a judicial decision
issued b
y
a Membe
r
State with a view to the
arrest and surrender b
y
another Member State of
a person being sought for
a criminal prosecution or
a custodial sentence.
It is a tool desi
g
ned to
stren
g
then coo
p
eration
b
etween the
j
udicial
authorities of the Mem-
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ber States by eliminating
the use of extradition. I
t
is based on the
p
rinci
p
le
of mutual reco
g
nition of
decisions in criminal
matters.
The European arrest war-
rant is based on a
Framework Decision
ado
p
ted b
y
the Council
on 13 June 2002. This
decision must be a
pp
lie
d
from 1 Januar
y
2004 bu
t
a number of States have
decided to brin
g
forwar
d
the date of entr
y
into
force to 2003.
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Euro
p
ean Central
Bank (ECB)
The Euro
p
ean Central
Bank was inaugurated on
30 June 1998. On 1
January 1999 it took over
responsibility for imple-
mentin
g
Euro
p
ean
monetary policy as de-
fined b
y
the Euro
p
ean
System of Central Banks
(ESCB). As to the prac-
ticalities, the ECB’s de-
cision-makin
g
bodies
(
the Governin
g
Council
and the Executive Board)
run the European System
of Central Banks, whose
tasks are to mana
g
e the
volume of money in cir-
culation, conduct for-
eign-exchange opera-
tions, hold and mana
g
e
the Member States’ offi-
cial foreign-exchange re-
serves, and
p
romote the
smooth o
p
eration of
p
a
y
ment s
y
stems. The
ECB took over from the
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European Monetary In-
stitute (EMI).
The Treat
y
of Nice,
ado
p
ted in Decembe
r
2000, did not chan
g
e the
com
p
osition of the ECB
Governin
g
Council
(comprising the members
of the Executive Boar
d
and the
g
overnors of the
national central banks
)
but allows for changes to
the rules on decision-
makin
g
(
decisions are
g
enerall
y
ado
p
ted b
y
sim
p
le ma
j
orit
y
of the
members, each havin
g
one vote
)
. An
y
such
chan
g
e re
q
uires a
unanimous Euro
p
ean
Council decision tha
t
must be ratified b
y
the
Member States.
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European Commission
x The European Com-
mission is a bod
y
with
powers of initiative, im-
plementation, manage-
ment and control. It is
the guardian of the Trea-
ties and the embodimen
t
of the interests of the
Community. It is com-
posed of twenty inde-
p
endent members
(
two
each from France, Ger-
man
y
, Ital
y
, S
p
ain an
d
the United Kin
g
dom an
d
one each from all the
other countries), includ-
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in
g
a President and two
Vice-Presidents. It is ap-
p
ointed for a five-
y
ea
r
term b
y
the Council,
acting by qualified ma-
j
orit
y
in a
g
reement with
the Member States. It is
subject to a vote of ap-
pointment by the Euro-
p
ean Parliament, to
which it is answerable.
The Commissioners are
assisted by an admini-
stration made up of di-
rectorates-
g
eneral an
d
s
p
ecialised de
p
artments
whose staff are divide
d
mainly between Brussels
and Luxembourg.
The new Commission,
which took office on 23
January 2000 for a five-
y
ear term, has launche
d
wide-ran
g
in
g
reforms in
the institution with a
view to modernisin
g
its
workin
g
methods an
d
p
rocedures and ensurin
g
a truly collegiate deci-
sion-makin
g
p
rocess,
while delegating more in
specific areas (e.g. re-
g
ional
p
olic
y
, common
agricultural policy, inter-
nal market). The impor-
tance attached b
y
the
Commission to reform is
reflected in the White
Pa
p
er ado
p
ted on 1
March 2000. This reform
has three main strands:
x settin
g
of
p
riorities
and allocation of re-
sources;
x overhaul of human re-
sources policy;
x improvement in finan-
cial management, effec-
tiveness and empo-
werment.
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European
Conference
The European Confer-
ence was set up to pro-
vide a framework for the
enlargement process over
the next few
y
ears,
b
rin
g
in
g
to
g
ether the
Member States of the
European Union with the
Euro
p
ean countries tha
t
are ho
p
in
g
to
j
oin. It is a
multilateral forum fo
r
p
olitical consultation on
questions of general in-
terest, particularly:
x the common forei
g
n
and security policy;
x justice and home af-
fairs;
x economic affairs an
d
regional cooperation.
It was launched b
y
the
Luxembour
g
Euro
p
ean
Council in Decem-
b
e
r
1997, takin
g
u
p
a
French initiative pre-
sented in Octobe
r
1997.
It meets once a
y
ear a
t
the level of Heads of
State or Government and
the President of the
Commission, and once a
y
ear at forei
g
n ministe
r
level. It is chaired b
y
the
countr
y
which holds the
presidency of the Coun-
cil of the European Un-
ion.
The European Confer-
ence met for the firs
t
time in London on
12 March 1998 and de-
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116
cided to set u
p
a
j
oin
t
group of experts charged
with re
p
ortin
g
on the
g
rowin
g
p
roblems tha
t
or
g
anised crime
p
oses
for Euro
p
ean societies,
p
articularl
y
in eastern
Europe. The first meet-
in
g
at ministerial level
was held on 6 Octobe
r
1998 in Luxembourg.
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European
Convention
At the Nice Euro
p
ean
Council in Decembe
r
2000, a declaration on
the future of the Union,
the Nice Declaration,
was ado
p
ted. The aim of
this Declaration was to
pursue institutional re-
form be
y
ond the results
of the 2000 Intergov-
ernmental Conference
(
IGC 2000
)
. It set ou
t
three steps for this re-
form: the launch of a de-
b
ate on the future of the
European Union, a Con-
vention on institutional
reform, the implementa-
tion of which was agreed
by
the Laeken Euro
p
ean
Council in Decembe
r
2001, and finall
y
the
convenin
g
of an IGC in
2004.
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Accordin
g
to the Laeken
Declaration, which cre-
ated it, the aim of this
Convention is to exam-
ine four key questions on
the future of the Union:
the division of
p
owers,
the sim
p
lification of the
treaties, the role of the
national
p
arliaments an
d
the status of the Charte
r
of Fundamental Rights.
The inaugural meeting of
the Convention was hel
d
on 28 Februar
y
2002,
and, accordin
g
to the
Laeken Declaration, its
work will finish in
March 2003.
Three phases are envis-
aged: a listening phase, a
deliberatin
g
p
hase and a
p
ro
p
osin
g
p
hase. At the
end of the last
p
hase, a
sin
g
le constitutional tex
t
will be drafted. It ma
y
include various o
p
tions,
stating the support which
each has received, o
r
recommendations if a
consensus has been
reached. This documen
t
will serve as the startin
g
point for the IGC nego-
tiations conducted by the
Heads of State and Gov-
ernment, who are ulti-
matel
y
res
p
onsible fo
r
any decision on amend-
ments to the treaties. The
plan is for this constitu-
tional draft to be pre-
sented at the latest in
June 2003 at the Thessa-
loniki European Council.
The Convention is an in-
novation in as far as pre-
vious IGCs have neve
r
been preceded by a phase
of debate o
p
en to all
stakeholders. In addition
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to the members of the
Convention, civil society
or
g
anisations can also
contribute to the debate
via an interactive forum,
the Forum on the Future
of the Union.
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European Convention
on Human
Rights (ECHR)
A Euro
p
ean Convention
on Human Ri
g
hts si
g
ne
d
in Rome under the ae
g
is
of the Council of Europe
on 4 November 1950
established an unprece-
dented system of inter-
national
p
rotection fo
r
human ri
g
hts, offerin
g
individuals the possibil-
it
y
of a
pp
l
y
in
g
to the
courts for the enforce-
ment of their ri
g
hts. The
Convention, which has
b
een ratified b
y
all the
Member States of the
Union, established a
number of su
p
ervisor
y
bodies based in Stras-
bourg. These were:
x a Commission respon-
sible for advance exami-
nation of a
pp
lications
from states or from indi-
viduals;
x a Euro
p
ean Court of
Human Ri
g
hts, to which
cases were referred b
y
the Commission or by a
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Member State followin
g
a report by the Commis-
sion (in the case of a ju-
dicial settlement);
x a Committee of Min-
isters of the Council of
Euro
p
e which acted as
the
g
uardian of the
ECHR and to which ref-
erence was made, where
a case was not brou
g
h
t
before the Court, to se-
cure
p
olitical settlemen
t
of a dispute.
The
g
rowin
g
number of
cases made it necessar
y
to reform the supervisory
arrangements established
by the Convention (ad-
dition of Protocol No
11
)
. The su
p
ervisor
y
bodies were thus re-
p
laced on 1 Novembe
r
1998, by a single Euro-
p
ean Court of Human
Ri
g
hts. The sim
p
lifie
d
structure shortened the
len
g
th of
p
rocedures an
d
enhanced the
j
udicial
character of the system.
The idea of the European
Union accedin
g
to the
ECHR has often been
raised. However, in an
o
p
inion
g
iven on 28
March 1996, the Court of
Justice of the Euro
p
ean
Union stated that the
Euro
p
ean Communities
could not accede to the
Convention because the
EC Treaty does not pro-
vide an
y
p
owers to la
y
down rules or to con-
clude international
a
g
reements in the matte
r
of Human Ri
g
hts. Thus,
for the moment, acces-
sion de
p
ends on the
Treaty being amended.
The Treaty of Amster-
—
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dam nevertheless calls
for respect for the fun-
damental rights guaran-
teed b
y
the Convention,
while formalisin
g
the
j
ud
g
ments of the Cour
t
of Justice on the matter.
With re
g
ard to relations
b
etween the two Courts,
the
p
ractice develo
p
e
d
by the Court of Justice of
incorporating the princi-
p
les of the Convention
into Union law has made
it
p
ossible to maintain
coherence in their wor
k
and their independence.
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European Council
The European Council is
the term used to describe
the re
g
ular meetin
g
s of
the Heads of State o
r
Government of the
European Union Member
States. It was set u
p
b
y
the communi
q
ué issue
d
at the close of the De-
cember 1974 Paris
Summit and first met in
1975
(
in Dublin, on 10
and 11 March
)
. Before
that time, from 1961 to
1974, the
p
ractice ha
d
b
een to hold Euro
p
ean
summit conferences. Its
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