Kissinger Henry. White House Years

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NovemberwhenweatherintheHimalayaswouldmakeChineseintervention

moredifficult.



WhileMrs.Gandhisetaboutsystematicallytoremovetheseobjectionsand

waitedforthesnowstofallinthemountains,wehadabreathingspace.(Imust

stressthatmostintheUnitedStatesgovernmentdidnotcreditthesereportsasI

did;mostseniorofficialsconsideredanIndianattackimprobable.)Weusedthe

intervalfirstofalltostepupourassistancetotherefugees;theoriginal

authorizationof$2.5millioninthespringwaseventuallymultipliedahundredfold

to$250million.AtthesametimewepressedPakistantotakestepsofpolitical

accommodation,urgingYahyafirsttointernationalizethereliefeffortinEast

Pakistanandthentocomeupwithapoliticalproposal.Andwerecommendedthe

replacementofthemilitarygovernorintheEastbyacivilian;wesucceededin

securingageneralamnestycoveringallpersonsnotalreadychargedwithspecific

criminalacts.



OnMay28NixonsentletterstobothMrs.GandhiandYahyaKhanoutlining

ourpolicy.ThelettertoYahyawasnotexactlystrong;itreflectedourneedfor

YahyaasachanneltoPeking.Butitleftnodoubtthatwefavoredapoliticaland

notamilitarysolutiontotheproblemofEastPakistan.Nixonacknowledged

Yahya’sreadinesstoaccepttheinternationalizationofrelief.Heencouraged

Yahyatocontinueonthecourseof“politicalaccommodation”:“Ihavealso

noticedwithsatisfactionyourpublicdeclarationofamnestyfortherefugeesand

commitmenttotransferpowertoelectedrepresentatives.Iamconfidentthat

youwillturnthesestatementsintoreality.”NixonurgedrestraintinPakistan’s

relationswithIndia;hedeemedit“abso lutelyvital”torestoreconditionsinEast

Pakistan“conducivetothereturnofrefugeesfromIndianterritoryasquicklyas

possible.”



ThePresident’sparallellettertoMrs.GandhionMay28stressedourdesire

toreducetherefugeeflowintoIndiaandtohelpeasetheburdenonIndiaby

financialandtechnicalaid.NixoninformedherofoureffortstomoveYahya:



Wehavechosentoworkprimarilythroughquietdiplomacy,aswehaveinformedyour

AmbassadorandForeignMinister.WehavebeendiscussingwiththeGovernmentofPakistan

theimportanceofachievingapeacefulpoliticalaccommodationandofrestoringconditions

underwhichtherefugeeflowwouldstopandtherefugeeswouldbeabletoreturntotheir

homes.IfeelthattheseapproacheswereatleastinpartbehindPresidentYahya’spress

conferenceonMay24andespeciallyhispublicacceptanceofinternationalassistance,offerof

amnestytotherefugeesandcommitmenttotransferpowertoelectedrepresentatives.



NixoncomplimentedIndiaonthevitalityofitsdemocracyanditseconomic

andsocialprogress,andaddedaveiledwarningagainstamilitarysolution:

“India’sfriendswouldbedismayedwerethisprogresstobeinterruptedbywar.”

OnJune3IexplainedourstrategytoKennethKeating.IwasconvincedthatEast

Pakistanwouldeventuallybecomeindependent.Ourpolicywasto“givethefacts

timetoassertthemselves.”



DuringJuneIndianForeignMinisterSwaranSingharrivedinWashingtonto 

urgeterminationofbothmilitaryandeconomicaidtoPakistan.Indiawas

increasinglypresentinguswithaCatch‐22dilemma.Itclaimedthattheenormous

flowofrefugeeswouldsoonerorlaterforceIndiaintodrasticmeasures.Butat

thesametimeIndiawoulddonothingtocurb—indeed,ittrained,equipped,and

encouraged—theguerrillaswhoseinfiltrationfromIndianterritoryguaranteed

unsettledconditionsthatwouldgeneratemorerefugees.DespiteYahya’s

proclamationofanamnesty,IndiamadethereturnofrefugeestoEastPakistan

dependonapoliticalsettlementthere.ButIndiareservedtherighttodefinewhat

constitutedanacceptablepoliticalsettlementonthesovereignterritoryofits

neighbor.Inmid‐JuneMrs.GandhideclaredthatIndiawouldnotagreetoany

solutionthatmeant“thedeat hofBangladesh”;inotherwords,India’scondition

forstayingitshandwasthebreakupofPakistan.Withevolutiontoautonomy

rejected,refugeesencouraged,andtheirreturnprecluded,Indiahadmadea

mountingcrisisinevitable.



Manyinourcountrysawitdifferently.Unfortunately,thedebatebeganto

takeonsomeofthebitternessandimpugningofmotivescharacteristicofthe

Vietnamdebate.AndtheAdministration,whichhadacase,didnothelpmatters

byenvelopingitselfinsilence.Congre ssmanCorneliusGallagherofNewJersey,

ChairmanoftheHousesubcommitteeconcernedwiththeproblem,declaredon

theflooroftheHouseonJune10afteravisittoIndianrefugeecampsthatIndia

hadshown“almostunbelievablerestraint”inthefaceoftherefugeeburden.

(ThiswasthreeweeksafterMrs.Gandhi’spublicthreattogotowar.)OnJune17,

theNewYorkTimestooktheAdministrationtotask,callingourpublicstatement

urgingrestraintonbothsides“belated”;ourappealwouldbefruitless,saidthe

Times,unlesswematchedwordwithdeed,thatis,cutoffallAmericanaidto

PakistanuntiltherewasagenuinepoliticalaccommodationinEastPakistan.The

Times,too,praisedMrs.Gandhiforhavingshown“remarkablerestraint” inthe

faceofthestaggeringrefugeeproblem.



Thenthereoccurredoneofthosemediaeventsbywhichsmallfacts

becomesurrogatesforlargerdebates,focusingandintheprocessdistortingthe

issues.OnJune22,theNewYorkTimescarriedastorythataPakistanifreighter

waspreparingtosailfromNewYorkCitywithacargoofmilitaryequipmentfor

Pakistan,seeminglyinviolationoftheAdministration’sofficiallyproclaimedban.

SoonasecondshipcarryingmilitaryitemswasreportedonitswaytoPakistan.

TherewasoutragefromthepressandCongress,andfromIndia.Thenextdaythe

NewYorkTimeschargedthattheshipmentswerea“breachoffaith”withthe

AmericanpeopleandCongressandwithIndiaand“further”undermined

Americancredibility.SenatorStuartSymingtonsaiditwaseitherignoranceor

deliberatedeception.State’sannouncementofJune24thatWashingtonwas

providinganadditional$70milliontoIndiaforrefugeeswasdrownedoutby

reportsthatathirdPakistanifreighterhadsailedfromNewYorktoKarachiwith

militaryequipment.



Itdidnotstillthechargesofgovernmentalduplicitythatalltheequipment

inquestionhadbeenpurchasedunderlicensesissuedbeforethebanandwas

thuslegallyoutofourcontrol;andthatthethirdfreighterhadsailedfourdays

beforetheStateDepartmentsuspensionoflicenseswentintoeffect.

Herewas

anotherofthecredibilitygapssocherishedduringtheVietnamperiod.Wecould

convincenoonethatwesimplyhadnomechanismtotrackdownlicensesalready

issued,northattheamountof“seepage”wasminusculeandcouldaffectthe

militarybalanceneitheronthesubcontinentnorinBengal.TheWashingtonPost

onJuly5couldbarelycontainitsoutrage:Itwas



anastonishingandshamefulrecord…[which]mustbereadinthecontextofthecurrent

controversyoverthePentagonPapers,whichturnsonthepublicrighttoknowandthe

government’srighttoconceal.Herewehaveaclassicexampleofhowthesystemreallyworks;

hiddenfrompublicscrutiny,administrationofficialshavebeensupplyingarmstoPakistanwhile

plainlyandpersistentlytellingthepublicthatsuchsupplieswerecutoff.



Theironywasthatthe“credibilitygap”wascausedbytheState

Department,whoseprecipitateactionintheembargohadsoangeredtheWhite

House.ThedepartmentmostinaccordwithmediaandCongressionalcriticism

became,unintentionally,itsfocus.



<<Contents>>



* * * *



TheCrisisAccelerates



ustbeforemydepartureforAsia,YahyaonJune28announcedaplanto

transferpoliticalpowertocivilians.Anewconstitutiondrawnupbyexperts

wouldbeproclaimedwithinfourmonths;Awamileaguemembersnotassociated

withsecessionwouldbeeligibletoparticipateinthegovernment.Yahyadidnot 

explaintowhatcategoryofleadersthismightapply.



WhileIwasenroute,IreceiveddisturbinginformationthattheSoviet

Unionhadatlastper ceiveditsstrategicopportunity.Abandoningitsprevious

caution,ithadinformedIndiaofitsapprovalofguerrillaoperationsintoEast

PakistanandhadpromisedIndiaprotectionagainstChinesereprisals.Anewand

ominousdimensionhadbeenaddedtotheconflict.(Thisoccurredwellbeforeour

Chinainitiative.)



InvisitingNewDelhi Ihadtwopartiallycontradictorymissions.Onewasto

prepareIndiacircumspectlyforthenewsofmyvisittoChina.NotingthePing‐

Pongdiplomacyandourtwo‐yearrecordofoverturesintradeandtravel,I

stressedthatwewereboundtocontinuetoimproveourrelationswithPeking.

Ontheotherhand,wewouldtakeagraveviewofanunprovokedChineseattack

onIndia.Ifthisunsolicitedcommentdidnotutterlymystifymyinterlocutors,it

mayhavegiventhemabriefmomentofencouragement—thoug hthatmoment

ofeuphoriasurelyendedwiththeJuly15announcementofmytriptoChina.



WemustawaitthememoirsofmyinterlocutorstoseewhethertheIndian

ministersconsideredmyreassurancesthebestwecoulddogivenourconstraints,

oraneffortatdeception.ThemajortopicofmytalksinNewDelhiwasthecrisis

inEastPakistan.Ire portedtothePresident:



Thereseemstobeagrowingsenseoftheinevitabilityofwaroratleastwidespread

Hindu‐Muslimviolence,notnecessarilybecauseanyonewantsitbutbecauseintheendthey

feartheywillnotknowhowtoavoidit…



Iassured[Mrs.Gandhi]thewholepointofourpolicyhasbeentoretainenough

influencetourgecreationofconditionsthatwouldpermittherefugeestogoback,althoughwe

wouldnotpromiseresults.Iaskedhowmuchmoretimeshethoughttherewasbeforethe

situationbecameunmanageable,andsherepliedthatitisunmanageablenowandthatthey

are“justholdingittogetherbysheerwillpower.”



TheconversationswithIndianleaders,infact,followedtheritualofthe

previousweeks.AsIhaddoneonmanyoccasionswithIndianAmbassadorJhain

Washington,ItriedtoassurethemthattheUnitedStateswaseagertomaintain 

goodrelationswithIndia.WedidnotopposeBengaliautonomy,andwewere

confidentwecouldencourageafavorableevolutionifwedealtwithYahyaasa

friendinsteadofasanothertormentor.IinvitedMrs.GandhitovisittheUnited

StatesforafundamentalreviewofIndian‐AmericanrelationswithPresident

Nixon.



ButMrs.Gandhiandherministerswereinnomoodforconciliation.The

invitationtoWashingtonwasevaded.Theyavowedtheirdesiretoimprove

relationswiththeUnitedStatesbutpassionatelyaccusedusofdeceptionover

armssalestoPakistan.Thestridencyofthesecomplaintswasinnoway

diminishedbythefacts:thatalmostallarmsshipmentstoPak i stanhadbeen

stopped,includingthe“one‐timeexception”;thatnonewlicenseswerebeing

issued;andthattheonlyitemsstillintransitwerethetricklelicensedbeforethe

banwentintoeffect.Indiacouldhavenoseriousconcernaboutthisminuscule

flow;itwouldendautomaticallyaslicensesexpired;ourestimate,indeed,was

thatnothingwouldbeleftinthepipelineafterOctober.Mrs.Gandhieven

admittedtomethattheamountswerenottheissue,butthesymbolism.Inother

words,IndiawantedthedemoralizationofPakistanthroughtheconspicuous

dissociationoftheUnitedStates.Iwaspressedtocutoffnotonlyarmsbutall

economicaidaswell.Indianleadersevidentlydidnotthinkitstrangethata

countrywhichhaddistanceditselffrommostofourforeignpolicyobjectivesin

thenameofnonalignmentwasaskingustobreakalltieswithanallyoverwhat

wasininternationallawadomesticconflict.TheAmericancontribution torefugee

reliefbyJulyhadreachednearly$100million;thisdidnotkeepMrs.Gandhifrom

broadeninghercriticismstoencompasstheentiretwenty‐four‐yearrecordofour

policiestowardPakistan.IleftNewDelhiwiththeconvictionthatIndiawasbent

onashowdownwithPakistan.Itwasonlywaitingfortherightmoment.The

opportunitytosettlescoreswitharivalthathadisolateditselfbyitsown

shortsightednesswassimplytootempting.



OnmyvisittoIslamabadIwaspreoccupiedwithmyimpendingjourneyto

Peking.ButIhadseveralconversationswithPresidentYahyaandForeign 

SecretarysultanKhan.Iurgedthemtoputforwardacomprehensiveproposalto 

encouragerefugeestoreturnhomeandtodenyIndiaapretextforgoingto war.I

urgedYahyaandhisassociatestogoastepfartherintheinternationalizationof

reliefbyadmittingtheUnitedNationstosuperviseitsdistribution.AndI

recommendedtheearlyappointmentofaciviliangovernorforEastPakistan. 

Yahyapromisedtoconsiderthesesuggestions.Butfundamentallyhewas

oblivioustohisperilsandunpreparedtofacenecessities.Heandhiscolleagues

didnotbelievethatIndiamightbeplanning war;ifso,theywereconvincedthat

theywouldwin.WhenIaskedastactfullyasIcouldabouttheIndianadvantagein

numbersandequipment,Yahyaandhiscolleaguesansweredwithbravadoabout

thehistoricsuperiorityofMoslemfighters.



TheresimplywasnoblinkingthefactthatPakistan’smilitaryleaderswere

caughtupinaprocessbeyondtheircomprehension.Theycouldnotconceive of

thedismembermentoftheircountry;andthosewhocouldsawnowayof

survivingsuchacatastrophepoliticallyiftheycooperatedwithit.Theyhadno

understandingofthepsychologicalandpoliticalisolationintowhichtheyhad

maneuveredtheircountrybytheirbrutalsuppression.Theyagreedtheoretically

thattheyneededacomprehensiveprogramiftheyweretoescapetheir

dilemmas.Buttheirdefinitionof“comprehensive”wastoogrudging,legalistic,

technical,andpiecemeal.Theresultwasthatneverthroughoutthecrisisdid

Pakistanmanagetoputforwardapositiononwhichitcouldtakeitsinternational

stand.Infact,itspiecemealconcessions,thoughcumulativelynotinconsiderable,

playedintoIndia’shands;theyproveditscasethatsomethingwaswrongwithout

providingaconvincingremedy.Yahya foundhimselfatatragicimpasse.Accused

byconservativecolleaguesofhazardinghiscountry’sunityandbyforeignopinion

ofbrutallysuppressingfreedom,hevacillated,goingtoofarforhisconservatives,

notfarenoughforworld,andespeciallyAmerican,publicopinion.



AtadinnergivenformethenightbeforeIleftforPeking,Ihadan

opportunitytochideYahyaforthemessthathadbeencreated.“everyonecalls

meadictator,”bellow edYahyainhisbluffimitationoftheSandhurstmanner.

“AmIadictator?”Heaskedeveryguest,AmericanaswellasPakistani,inturn.

EveryoneprotestedwithvaryingdegreesofsinceritythatofcourseYahyawasnot

adictator.Whenhecametome,Isaid:“Idon’tknow,Mr.President,exceptthat

foradictatoryourunalousyelection.”



ThefesteringcrisisnaturallycameupinmyconversationsinPeking.Chou

En‐lai’sperspectivecouldnothavebeenmoredifferentfromtheconventional

wisdominWashington.HequitesimplyconsideredIndiatheaggressor;hespent

anhourofourscarcetimerecountinghisversionoftheSino‐Indianclashesof

1962,whichheclaimedhadbeenprovokedbyIndianencroachments.Chou

insistedthatChinawouldnotbeindifferentifIndiaattackedPakistan.Heeven

askedmetoconveythisexpressionofChinesesupporttoYahya—agesture

intendedforWashington,sincePekinghadanAmbassadorinIslamabadquite

capableofdeliveringmessages.IrepliedthattheUnitedStateshadtraditional

tieswithPakistan,andweweregratefulforitsarrangingtheopeningtoChina.

WewouldcontinuetomaintainfriendlyrelationswithIndia,butwewould

stronglyopposeanyIndianmilitaryaction.Ourdisapprovalcouldnot,however,

taketheformofmilitaryaidormilitarymeasuresonbehalfofPakistan.



IreturnedtoWashingtonwitha premonitionofdisaster.India,inmyview,

wouldalmostcertainlyattackPakistanshortlyafterthemonsoonended.ThoughI

wasconfidentthatwecouldsucceedinnudgingIslamabadtowardautonomyfor

EastPakistan,IdoubtedthatIndiawouldgiveusthetimeandthusmissan

opportunity,whichmightnotsooncomeagain,ofsettlingaccountswitha

countrywhoseveryexistencemanyofitsleadersfoundsooffensive.Chinamight

thenact.TheSovietUnionmightusetheopportunitytoteachPekingalesson.

ForustoganguponPakistan—asourmediaandCongressweresoinsistently

demanding—wouldacceleratethedanger;itwouldgiveIndia anevenstronger

justificationtoattack.ItwouldjeopardizetheChinainitiative.Atthattime,prior

toNixon’svisitto Peking,wehadnowayofknowinghowfirmChina’s

commitmenttotheopeningtoWashingtonreallywas.



NixoncalledtheNationalSecurityCounciltogetheronJuly16,thedayafter

heannouncedhistriptoChina.Itwasasignofhowseriouslyhetookthecrisis.

Heaskedmetosumuptheissues.IsaidIndiaseemedbentonwar.Ididnotthink

thatYahyahadtheimaginationtosolvethepoliticalproblemsintimetoprevent

anIndianassault.Ontheotherhand,70,000WestPakistanisoldiers(theyhad

beenaugmentedsinceMarch)couldnotholddown75millionEastPakistanisfor

long.Ourobjectivehadtobeanevolutionthatwouldleadtoindependencefor

EastPakistan.Unfortunately,thiswasnotlikelytohappenintimetoheadoffan

Indianattack.Therefore,immediateeffortswereneededtoarrestandreverse

theflowofrefugeesandtherebyremovethepretextforwar.



Therewasnodisagreementwithmyanalysis.Rogersaddedhisjudgment

thatIndiawasdoingeverythinginitspowertopreventtherefugeesfrom

returning.Nixonconcluded thatwewouldaskthePakistanistodotheirmaximum

onrefugees.WewouldnotcountenanceanIndianattack;ifIndiausedforce,all

Americanaidwouldbecutoff.Everyeffortshouldbemadetoavoidawar.



OnJuly23,PakistaniAmbassadorAghaHilalyinformedusthathis

governmentacceptedoursuggestionofUNsupervisionoftheresettlementof

refugeestoguaranteethemagainstreprisals.Yahyaalsowentalongwithour

recommendationtoappointa civilianadministratortooverseerefugeereliefand

resettlement.IstronglyurgedHilalytoacceleratetheirefforts.



Unfortunately,India wouldhavenoneofit.Theveryreasonsthatmadethe

strategyofconcentratingonrefugeesattractivetouscausedIndia toobstructit.

AsearlyasJuly15,IndianAmbassadorJhatoldusthatIndiacouldnotaccept

proposalstocurbguerrillaactivityfromitsterritory.OnJuly16,IndianForeign

SecretaryKaultoldusthatIndiawouldnotaccept UNpersonnelonitssideofthe

bordereventohandlerefugees.ThiswasCatch‐22again.Everyoneagreedthata

conditionforpoliticalprogressintheEastwasthereturnofthePakistaniarmyto

itsbarracks,whichwasonereasonwewerepressingfortheappointmentofa

civilianadministrator.ButtherewasnowaytoinducethePakistaniarmytodoso

aslongasitsneighborconductedaguerrillawaragainstit—andproclaimedits

determinationtoescalatethatwar.Pakistanhadagreedtoplacetheresettlement

ofrefugeesunderUNsupervision.Butthiscouldnotbeimplementedifthe

refugeescouldnotevenlearnofPakistan’soffersbecauseUNpersonnelwere

barredfromanycontactwiththeminIndiatoexplaintheirprospectsifthey

returned.Intheabsenceofanyoutsideobserversinthesecampswecouldnot

evenbesureoftheactualnumberofrefugees.



TwoSeniorReviewGroupmeetings,onJuly23andJuly30,discussedthese

dilemmas.Onnoissue—exceptper hapsCambodia—wasthesplitbetweenthe

WhiteHouseandthedepartmentssoprofoundasontheIndia‐Pakistancrisisin

thesummerof1971.Onnootherproblemwastheresuchflagrantdisregardof

unambiguousPresidentialdirectives.TheStateDepartmentcontrolledthe

machineryofexecution.Nixonleftittometoensurethathispolicywascarried

outandtobringmajordisagreementstohim.Butwhatwefacedwasaconstant

infightingoverseeminglytrivialissues,anyoneofwhichseemedtoolightweight

ortechnicaltoraisetothePresidentbutwhoseaccumulationwoulddefinethe

courseofnationalpolicy.Nixonwasnotpreparedtooverrule hisSecretaryof

Stateonwhatappearedtohimminoroperationalmatters;thisfreedtheState

DepartmenttointerpretNixon’sdirectivesinaccordancewithitsown

preferences,therebyvitiatingthecourseNixonhadset.



NoonecouldspeakforfiveminuteswithNixonwithouthearingofhis

profounddistrustofIndianmotives,hisconcernoverSovietmeddling,andabove

allhisdesirenottorisktheopeningtoChinabyill‐consideredposturing.Nixon

hadorderedrepeatedlythatweshouldmovePakistantowardpolitical

accommodationthroughunderstandingratherthanpressure.TheState

Departmenthadeveryrighttoacontraryview:thatmassivepublicpressure

wouldmakePakistanmorepliable. WhatstrainedWhiteHouse‐Staterelations

wastheeffortbystatetoimplementitsviewswhenthePresidenthadchosena

differentcourse.Forexample,inearlySeptemberwefoundoutthroughthe

PakistanisthattheStateDepartmenthadprivatelyopenednegotiationswith

themtocutoffeventhetrivialamountofmilitaryequipmentlicensedbefore

March25.TheWhiteHousethoughtthatPakistanwasmovingthroughthe

painfulprocessofdisintegrationandwantedtotakeaccountoftheanguishofan

oldally,thelimitedhorizonsofitslea ders,anditsinternalstresses;thereforewe

wantedtoavoidannouncingaformalembargo,althoughouractionsamounted

toasmuch.TheStateDepartmentwasmoreconsciousofourcriticsathomeand

wasloathtoantagonizeIndia.MynightmarewasthattheefforttoplacateIndia

wouldgenerateawar.AsItoldtheSeniorReviewGrouponJuly30,“weshould

urgeYahyatorestoreanincreasingdegreeofparticipationbythepeopleofEast

Pakistan.ButtheclockofwarisrunninginIndiafasterthantheclockonpolitical

accommodation.Wearedeterminedtoavoidwar.”IhadtoldthePresidenton

July27thatstatewasbeginningtothrottleevenoureconomicaidtoPakistan:“If

anythingwilltempttheIndianstoattack,itwillbethecompletehelplessnessof

Pakistan.”Whateverthemeritsofthisdebate,thefactwasthatNixonwas

Presidentandthatdepartments,afterhavingstatedtheircase,shouldcarryout

notonlytheletterbutalsothespiritofPresidentialdecisionsevenifthey

disagreeandeveniftheyhavetofaceoutside orCongressionalcrit icismsindoing

so.



Theproblemwasaccentuatedbytheanomalythatsomelong‐forgotten

StateDepartmentreorganizationhadplacedthesubcontinentintheNearEast

Bureau,whosejurisdictionendedatthesubcontinent’sEasternboundary;it

excludedEastAsiaandanyconsiderationofChina.Seniorofficialswhomight

havebeenconsciousofChina’sconcernshadbeenexcludedfromtheopeningto

Peking.Hence,therewasnooneatstatewhofeltfullyresponsibleforthe“China

account”orevenfullyunderstooditsrationale—thiswasoneofthepricespaid

forouruNorthodoxmethodofadministration.Ininteragencydebatesmyoffice

wasnotinfrequentlyaccusedofanobsessionwith“protectingthetriptoChina,”

asifpreservingthatoptionweresomehowanunworthyenterprise.Notasingle

bureaucraticanalysisofIndia‐Pakistanduringtheperiodseriouslyaddressedthe

impactofourconductonChina.Pekingwasnotrejectedbyourbureaucracy.It

wassimplyignored.ThegulfinperceptionbetweentheWhiteHouseandtherest

ofthegovernmentbecameapparentinanoptionspaperpreparedfortheJuly23

SeniorReviewGroupmeeting.ItrecommendedthatifChinaintervenedinan

India‐Pakistanwar,theUnitedStatesshouldextendmilitaryassistancetoIndia

andcoordinateitsactionswiththeSoviet UnionandGreatBritain.Nothingmore

contrarytothePresident’sforeignpolicycouldhavebeenimagined.



NixonstatedsuccinctlyathisAugust4pressconferencethatwewerenot

goingtoengageinpublicpressure onPakistan:“Thatwouldbetotally

counterproductive.Thesearemattersthatwewilldiscussonlyinprivate

channels.”Despite this,nearlyalloperationalproposalsbythebureaucracywere

aimedatincreasingthepressureonPakistan.IaskedattheJuly30SeniorReview

Groupmeeting:“whatwouldanenemydotoPakistan? Wearealreadycuttingoff

militaryandeconomicaidtothem.ThePresidenthassaidrepeatedlythatwe

shouldleantowardPakista n,buteveryproposalthatismadegoesdirectly

countertotheseinstructions.”



AsIhavementioned,statehadcomeupwiththeproposalthatthe

remaining$3‐to‐4millioninthemilitarypipelinebecanceledbyagreementwith

Pakistan.Thejustificationwasthatthiswouldmakeiteasierforustomaintain

economicassistance.Ireluctantlywentalong,thoughIthoughtitanunworthy

responsetoPakistan’sassistanceonChina.Thenegotiationfordryingupthe