Kissinger Henry. White House Years

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pipelinetooktwomonths.ItwasfinallyaccomplishedinearlyNovember,

woundinglyforPakistan,justintimetocreatea“goodatmosphere”forMrs.

Gandhi’svisit.ButnosoonerdidPakistanagreetonegotiateatotalarmscutoff

thanfoot‐draggingbeganoneconomicassistance.Nonewdevelopmentloans

weremadethroughout1971.AsIsaidacidlyonSeptember8ataSeniorReview

Groupmeeting,theStateDepartmentsoldusadried‐uparmspipelineinreturn

foradried‐upeconomic aidpolicy.



Andnoneofthesemaneuversaddressedthecentraliss ue.Iwasconvinced

thatEastPakistanwouldbecomeindependentBangladeshrelativelysoon.But

YahyacouldnotpossiblyaccomplishthisbeforeOctoberorNovember,whenthe

Indiansweremostlikelytoattack.HenceIthoughtitimperativetomakea

massiveefforttoalleviatetherefugeeproblemimmediatelyandtobringour

influencetobearinthedirectionofconstitutionalruleatasfastapaceasthe

Pakistanipoliticalstructurecouldstand.Constitutionalgovernment,inturn,was

almostcertaintoproduceatleastBangladeshautonomyandeventually

independence.Sowemultipliedouraidcontribution,providingsome$90million

toIndiaandover$150millionforinternationallysupervisedfa minereliefinEast

Pakistantoreversethetideofrefugees.Weappointedanableseniorofficialof

ourAgencyforInternationalDevelopment,MauriceWilliams,tocoordinateallUS

refugeerelief.



Butitwastonoavail.OuractionswereoutstrippedbyIndia’sdeliberate

accelerationoftensions.OnJuly24KaulagainrejectedtheideaofUNpersonnel

ontheIndiansideoftheborder.OnAugust4,AmbassadorJharejected

suggestionsofUnderSecretaryofStateJohnIrwinthatIndiacontroltheguerrillas

operatingfromitsterritory.Jhamadeanewsuggestion—thattheUnitedStates

takeupanofferofcontactwiththeBangladeshexilesinCalcutta.Whenwedid

so,aswillbeseen,itwasabortedinpartbecauseofIndianobstruction.



<<Contents>>

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

TheSoviet‐IndianFriendshipTreaty



nAugust9camethebombshell oftheSoviet‐IndianfriendshipTreaty.



Welearnedfirstfro mthenewspapersthatSovietForeignMinister

GromykohadconcludedavisittoNewDelhibysigningatwenty‐yearTreatyof

Peace,Friendship,andCooperation.Itsblandprovisionscouldnotobscureits

strategicsignificance.Itcontainedtheusualclausesonlastingfriendship,

noninterferenceineachother’saffairs,andcooperationineconomic,scientific,

technical,andculturalmatters.Moreimportant,thetwopartiespledgedto

consultregularly“onmajorinternationalproblems”affectingbothsides.The

decisiveprovisionwasArticleIX,whichcalledonthesignatoriestorefrainfrom

givingassistancetoanythirdcountrytakingpartinanarmedconflictwiththe

other,andcommittedeachsidetoconsultimmediatelywithaviewtowardtaking

“appropriateeffectivemeasures”incaseeitherpartywasattackedorthreatened

withattack.

O



Theinitialreactionofourgovernmentwasastonishinglysanguine.The

intelligenceassessmentmayhavebeensubconsciouslycoloredbythelong‐

standingperceptionofIndiaasapacifistcountry,abovepowerpolitics.Norwasit

easytoacceptthepropositionthatNehru’sdaughterwasdeliberatelysteering

nonalignedIndiatowardadefactoalliancewiththeSovietUnion.Henceasof

August11theassessmentwasthatMrs.Gandhiwasresistingatideofpublic

opinioninfavorofashowdown.TheSovietswereallegedlyfearfulthatshemight

beforcedagainstherinclinationstorecognizeBangladeshandthustriggera

Pakistanideclarationofwar.Bysigningthetreaty,sotheanalysiswent,theUSSR

gaveMrs.Gandhiadiplomaticsuccessthatwouldhelphermaintainherpolicyof

moderationandrestraint;inreturn,theSovietUnioncouldrestassuredthat

Indianterritorywouldnotbeusedforhostilebases.



Inretrospect,itwouldhavebeennearlyimpossibletoconcoctamore

fatuousestimate.Itwasaclassicexampleofhowpreconceptionsshape

intelligenceassessments.Therewasnorealisticprospectofanyforeignbase’s

beingestablishedonIndiansoil;notenoughofone,surely,towarrantsuchan

extraordinarydeparturefrompreviousIndianconductandSovietcaution.We

knewthattheprincipaldeterrenttoamilitaryconflictwasthefearofIndia’s

militaryplannersthatawarofwhichtheSovietsdisapprovedmightdryupthe

SovietsupplylineandencourageChinatointervene.TheSoviet‐IndianFriendship

Treatywasboundtoeliminatethesefears;itthereforeobjectivelyincreasedthe

dangerofwar.TheSovietUnionhadseizedastrategicopportunity.To

demonstrateChineseimpotenceandtohumiliatea friendofbothChinaandthe

UnitedStatesprovedtootempting. IfChinadidnothing,itstoodrevealedas

impotent;ifChina raisedtheante,itriskedSovietreprisal.Withthetreaty,

Moscowthrewalightedmatchintoapowderkeg.



Onthedayoftheannouncementofthetreaty,IlunchedwiththeIndian

Ambassadorathisrequest.L.K.JhaservedinWashingtonatadifficultperiod.He

wasasuperbanalystoftheAmericanscene;heunderstoodinternationalpolitics

withoutsentimentality.Atleasttowardmeheneverusedthehectoringtoneof

moralsuperioritywithwhichIndiandiplomatssometimesexhaustifnotthe

goodwill,atleastthepatienceoftheirinterlocutors.Hewasskillfulingettingthe

Indianversionoftheissuestothepress;Icouldalwaystracehisfootprints

throughthecolumns,anditwasapainfulexperiencewhenwefoundourselves

onoppositesides.(Iwassupposedtobeskillfulindealingwiththepress.Onthe

India‐PakistanissueJhaclearlyoutclassedme.)YetIhadhighregardandeven

affectionforJha.Isawhimfrequently,sociallyortoexchangeideas—partly

becauseIconsideredIndiaimportantinworldaffairswhetherornotweagreed

withallitspolicies,partlybecauseIalwayslearne dfromhistough‐minded

analyses.



OnthisoccasionJhabroughtaletterfromMrs.GandhitothePresident.

SheblamedtensionsentirelyonPakistan.Herlettertooknonoticeofour

substantialeconomicassistancefortherefugeesorofthestepsofconciliation

intowhichwehadnudgedthegovernmentinIslamabad.Instead,shedevoted

muchspacetotheimplicationthatwehaddeceivedIndiawithrespecttoour

armspolicyand,indeed,hadfueledalltensionsonthesubcontinentbyselling

armstoPakistanbetween1954and1965.Sherejectedonceagainthestationing

ofUNpersonnelonIndianterritory.Shemadenomentionofthetreatywiththe

SovietUnion,buthintedatanacceptanceoftheinvitationtoWashingtonIhad

conveyedonbehalfofNixonwhenIvisitedNewDelhiinJuly.Thisconciliatory

gesturewascoupledwithacatalogueofchargesthatleftlittledoubtastowho

wasslatedforthedockwhenthetwoleadersmet.



ItwaslefttoJhatosupplytheformalexplanationofthetreaty.

Interestingly,hisaccount totallycontradictedtheeditorialcriticismaccordingto

whichwehaddrivenIndiatotheSovietsasadesperatelastresort.Heconfirmed

whatIsuspected—thattheSoviettreatywasnotareactiontoAmericanpolicyin

theIndia‐Pakistancrisisbutacarefullyc onsideredIndianstrategythathadbeen

inpreparationforoverayear.IhaveneverunderstoodwhyJhawouldconsider

thisreassuring.(Dobryninmadethesamepointtome.)

Irepliedthat,read

literally,thetreatywasamatterofsecondaryconcern,thoughitwashardto

reconcilewithIndia’snonalignment.Whatdidconcernuswasthepossibilitythat

Indiamightdrawtheconclusionthatitnowenjoyedfreedomofactiontoward

Pakistan.Icouldnot bemoreunequivocalinwarningthatawarbetweenIndia

andPakistanwouldsetbackIndian‐Americanrelationsforhalfadecade.No

matterwhattheAmbassadorwastoldbyothersintheAdministration,Iwanted

himtounderstandthatmilitar yinterventioninEastPakistanwouldinvolvethe

highprobabilityofacutoff ofaidtoIndia.TherewasnoreasonfortheUnited

StatesandIndiatoquarreloveraproblemwhosesolutionseemedforeordained.

WetookIndiaseriouslyasaworldpowe r;wesoughtgoodrelations.EastBengal

wascertaintogainautonomy,ifweonlygavetheinevitableachance;wewanted

ittocomeaboutpeacefully.JhadeniedthattheSoviettreatywasincompatible

withnonalignment.HeevadedanydiscussionofIndian‐Pakistaniissues,arguing

thatMrs.Gandhi’svisitwouldgiveusthisopportunity.Iwarnedoncemore

againsttryingtosettletheissuebywar;anevolutionaryprocesswouldwithour

supportleadtoself‐determinationforEastBengal.



Indiawasnotinterestedinevolution,however.AndYahyadidnotgrasphis

peril.Sweptupineventsbeyondhiscapacity,hecomplicate dourtaskwithoneof

thosetruculentmoveswithwhichdespe ratemenreassurethemselvesthatthey

stillhaveamarginfordecision.OnAugust9Yahya’s regimeannouncedthat

Mujibwouldbetriedinsecretfortreason.IhaveneverunderstoodwhatYahya

hopedtoaccomplishbythisstroke.Hewascertaintomobilizeevengreaterworld

pressuresagainsthimandfuelIndianintransigence.Mrs.Gandhiprom ptlysent

messagesofprotesttoworldleaders.ElevenSenatorsandfifty‐eight

RepresentativesdemandedthattheUnitedStatespressPakistantoshow

compassion.OnAugust11secretaryRogersconveyedtheAmericanconcernto

AmbassadorHilaly.



OnAugust11IarrangedforthePresidenttomeetwiththeSeniorReview

Grouptoovercomethebureaucraticfoot‐draggingfosteredbythesuspicionthat

IwastransmittingmyownpreferencesasthePresident’sorders.Nixonmadea

strongstatementalongthelinesofwhathehadtoldtheNSConJuly16.He

wantedamassiverefugeereliefprogram;wewoulddoeverythinginourpower

toalleviatesuffering.Hethoughtthatmostofthemediaattackswerepolitically

motivated;forhiscritics,PakistanwasturningintoasurrogateforVietnam,which

wasbeingmadeirrelevantbytheopeningtoChina.HeheldnobriefforYahya’s

actions;theydidnot,however,justifywar.Nooneshoulddoubthis

determinationtocutoffaidtoIndiaifitattacked.TheSoviets’conductre minded

himoftheirbehavio rintheMiddleEastin1967whentheystartedasequenceof

eventsthatgotoutofcontrol.TherewouldbenopublicassaultonthePakistani

governmentaboutpoliticalevolution,thePresidentsaid;“wewilldealwiththe

politicalprobleminprivate.”



Andthiswasourcourse.OnAugust14NixonsentalettertoYahyaurging

himtospeedtheprocessofnationalreconciliationbypressi ngthereliefprogram

andenlistingthesupportoftheelectedrepresentativesofEastPakistan.Such

measures,Nixonwrote,



willbeimportantincounteringthecorrosivethreatofinsurgencyandrestoringpeaceto

yourpartoftheworld.TheywillalsohastenthedaywhentheUnitedStatesandother

countriescanresume,withinarevisednationaldevelopmentplan,thetaskofassistingyour

country’seconomicdevelopmentwhichhasbeensotragicallycomplicatedandslowedby

recentevents.



Howeverdiplomaticallyworded,theletter’simportwasclear:sustained

economicassistancewaslinkedtoturningoverpowertoelectedrepresentatives.

Wewere,infact,askinginthenameoffriendshipforself‐determinationforEast

Pakistan.OurmaindifferencewithNewDelhilayinitsdemandfora paceof

changethatmightunderminethecohesionofevenWestPakistan. 



<<Contents>>

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

ContactswiththeBangladeshExiles



ealsotookupJha’ssuggestionofdirectcontactsbetweentheUnited

StatesandtheBangladeshexilesinCalcutta.Thisledtoafutilethree‐

monthpursuitofpoliticalaccommodationthatcouldhaveamountedto

somethingifIndiaandtheBengalishadwanted.OnJuly30,aMr.Qaiyum,an

electedmemberoftheAwamileaguecloselyassociatedwiththeBangladesh

governmentinexile,approachedourConsulateinCalcuttatosayhehadbeen

designatedtoestablishcontactwiththeUnitedStates.Hewouldreturnintwo

weeksforananswer.TheConsulatereportedthisapproachinstatechannels.



Werecognizedthatthiscontactwouldbeexplosiveifitsurfacedin

Islamabad—andwehadtoassumethatIndiawouldhaveeveryincentiveto 

publicizeit.Nevertheless,aftercheckingwiththePresident,IapprovedaState

suggestionthatourConsulatereceiveQaiyumandprobeforthereadinessofthe

AwamileaguetonegotiatewiththePakistanigovernment.(Theinstructionsfor

thisinitiativewerepreparedinState’sNearEastBureauandclearedintheWhite

House.)QaiyumappearedonscheduleonAugust14.HeaffirmedthatifMujib

wereallowedtoparticipateinthesenegotiations,hisgroupmightsettleforless

thantotalindependencesolongasIslamabadacceptedtheAwamileague’ssix

points.HehopedtheUnitedStateswouldencouragesuchanevolution.Ina

secondmeetingafewdayslater,QaiyumobservedthatonceIndiaformally

recognizedBangladesh,eventhisessentiallyface‐savingproposalwouldnolonger

bepossible.



WedidnotthinkwecouldproceedfurtherwithoutinformingYahya;atthe

sametimetheCalcuttacontactsmightbeanopportunitytonudgeIslamabad

towardapoliticalsolution.StateinstructedAmbassadorJose phFarland totell

YahyaofourcontactsinCalcuttaandofthepossibilityofasettlementbasedon

thesixpoints.Farlandwasaskedtoavoidanyrecommendationsbuttheimportof

thedemarchecouldhardlybelostonYahya.Governmentsdonotnormally

transmitproposalsonbehalfofexilesoutlawedintheirowncountry.



Yahya’sreactionwassurprisinglyfavorable.Recognizingthathehad

trappedhimself,hewasgropingforawayout.Hewelcomedourcontactsin

Calcutta,askingonlytobekeptinformed.HeevenacceptedFarland’ssuggestion

thatweuseourgoodofficestoarrangesecretcontactsbetweenhisgovernment

andtheBengaliexiles.



WhenonAugust27Qaiyumshowedinte restinexpeditingcontacts,we

wentonestepfarther.OnSeptember4FarlandsuggestedtoYahyathatwe

contacttheBangladesh“ForeignMinister,”ostensiblytocheckoutQaiyum’sbona

fides;wewouldtellhimofYahya’swillingnesstoengageinsecrettalks.Itwasan

extraordinaryproposaltomaketothePresidentofafriendlycountrythatwe

wouldapproachthe“ForeignMinister”ofamovementhehadbannedas

seditious,anofficialwhose verytitleimpliedataminimumaconstitutional

changeifnottreason.SuchwasYahya’squandarythatheagreed.



Yahyaacceptedoursuggestionsinotherfieldsaswell.OnSeptember1he

appointedaciviliangovernorforEastPakistan,replacingthehatedmartial‐law

administrator.OnSeptember5Yahyaextendedtheamnestypreviouslyofferedto

refugeestocoverallcitizensexceptthoseagainstwhomcriminalproceedingshad

alreadybeeninstituted.(ThisexcludedMujib,however.)Aroundthesametime,

YahyaassuredMauryWilliams,ouraidcoordinator,thatadeathsentenceagainst

Mujibwouldnotbecarriedout.OnOcto ber1Nixonannouncedthathewould

askfor$250millioninadditionalfundsforrefugeerelief,bringingour

contributiontonearlytwicethatoftherestoftheworldcombined.



Thesurestwaytointensifyacrisisistorej ectalltheotherside’sinitiatives

withoutofferinganalternative.ThiswasIndia’scourse.Nogovernmentoffersits

ultimateconcessionsattheoutset,anditmaynotevenknowhowfaritis

preparedtogountilthereissomeprocessofnegotiation.Thiswasparticularly

trueoftheharassedmilitaryleadersofPakistanin1971.Theyknewbynowthat

theirbrutalsuppressionofEastPakistanbeginningonMarch25hadbeen,in

Talleyrand’sphrase,worsethanacrime;itwasablunder.Yettheyhadstoodfora

unitedPakistanalltheirlives;itwasimpossibleforthemtoacceptthesecession

ofhalftheircountry.Yahyafearedbothawarcausedbyhisinflexibilityandan

overthrowbasedontheaccusationthathemadetoomanyconcessions.Faced

withthisdilemma,hesoughttoturnoverauthoritytoaciviliangovernmentas

rapidlyaspossible,shiftingtoittheresponsibilityfortheultimatedebacle.Inthe

meantimehehopedtostaveoffaconflictbymakingsomeconcessionswhile

avoidingWestPakistaniunrest.



Mrs.Gandhi,however,hadnointentionofpermittingPakistan’sleadersto

escapetheirdilemmasoeasily.SheknewthatoncediscussionsbetweenPakistan

andtheAwamileaguestarted,somesortofcompromisemightemerge;India

mightthenlosecontrolofevents.Mrs.Gandhiwasnotwillingtoriskthis.She

wouldnotsoonagainhavePakistanatsuchadisadvantage,Chinainthethroesof

domesticupheaval(theLinPiaoaffair),theUnitedStatesdividedbyVietnam,and

theSovietUnionalmostunconditionallyonIndia’sside.OnSeptember1we

learnedthatIndianarmedforceshadbeenputongeneralalert.Predictably

PakistanreactedonSeptember4bymovingadditionalforcesintoforward

positionsneartheWestPakistan‐Indiaborder.OnSeptember9unitsofIndia’s

onlyarmoreddivisionandanindependentarmoredbrigademovedtowardthe

WestPakistanfrontier.OnSeptember16therewasareportthatIndiaplannedto

infiltratesome9,000moreMuktiBahiniguerrillasintoEastPakistanstartingin

earlyOctober.



Atthesametime,ourcontactswiththeBangladeshrepresentativesin

Calcuttabegantodryup.OnSeptember9ourConsulmetwithQaiyumtoarrange

themeetingwiththeBangladesh“ForeignMinister.”ButQaiyumnowdemanded

notonlytheimmediatereleaseofMujib,buttheimmediatedepartureofthe

PakistaniarmyfromEastPakistanandaguaranteeforBangladesh’ssecurityby

theUnitedNations—inshort,immediateindependence.OnSeptember14

Qaiyumtoldusthathis“ForeignMinister”sawlittlepointinameeting.He

ascribedthisreluctancetosurveillancebytheIndiangovernment,whichhesaid

wasskittishaboutanycontactswiththeUnitedStates.OnSeptember21Yahya

revealedhisanxietybyaskingFarlandaboutourcontactsinCalcutta.Hehoped

Farlandwouldkeephiminformedofanynewdevelopments.Farlandwas

sufficientlyencouragedtorecommendthatourConsulbepermittedtomeetwith

the“actingpresident”oftheBangladeshgovernmentinexileiftheForeign

Ministerremainedunavailable.



ButinCalcuttaallsignalswerenowpointingintheoppositedirection.On

September23Qaiyumsenta messengertotellourConsulthattheIndian

governmenthadbecomeawareofhiscontactswithusandhadformallywarned

againstthem.Werespondedbyproposingameetingwiththe“actingpresident.”

Qaiyumpresentedhimselfshortlyafterwardandconfirmedwhathismessenger

hadsaid:IndiawantedallcontactshandledthroughNewDelhi.



Atthesametime,theIndiansweretellingusexactlytheopposite—atleast

aboutrefugees.WheneverweproposedjointUS‐Indianreliefprogramswewere

giventhestockreplythatthisshouldbetakenupwithBangladesh

representativesinCalcutta.Wecouldbeexcusedforsuspectingthatwewere

beinggiventherunaround:TheIndiansurgedustotalktotheBengaliexiles,who

thenavoidedhigh‐levelcontactunderthepretextofIndiandispleasure.



OnSeptember27JoeSiscosoughttostraightenoutthemessbyproposing

toJhadirectnegotiationsbetweenrepresentativesofPakistanandBangladesh

withoutconditions.Jhawasnegative.Heprofessednottoseeanyadvanceinthis

offer(eventhoughsuchtalksimpliedarecognitionofBangladeshandcould

hardlyleadtoanyresultotherthanautonomyandeventuallyindependence).He

fellbackonthestockdemand,whichheknewcouldnotbeimmediatelyfulfilled:

thatanytalkswithBangladeshrepresentativesincludeMujibattheoutsetandbe

aimedatimmediateindependence.(AtthispointthereleaseofMujibwas

essentiallyaproblemofface.Themilitarygovernmentcouldnotbringitselfto

commencenegotiationswithsohumiliatingareversal.Ontheotherhand,itmust

havebeencleartoitthatanynegotiationsitinitiatedwiththeAwamileague

couldnotgofarunlessitsleaderwaseventua llyreleasedfromjail.)



ThenextdaytheBangladesh“ForeignMinister”finallymetwithourConsul

inCalcutta;hesaidtalkswereuselessunlesstheUnitedStatesuseditsinfluence

tobringaboutBengali“desires,” whichincludedfullindependence,freedomfor

Mujib,USaid,andnormalrelations.Lesttherebeanytemptationtoyield,

QaiyumreturnedonOctober3withanescalationofBangladesh’s“desires.”He

wantedtheSovietUniontoparticipateinthetalks.Hesawnoneedfor

concessionssincetheIndianarmywouldkeepPakistaniforcesbusyattheborder,

freeingtheguerrillasforeventualcontrolofthecountry.OnOctober16Qaiyum

ruledoutameetingbetweenourConsulandthe“actingpresident”of

Bangladesh,citingIndianobjections.OnOctober20anotherseniorBangladesh

official,HossainAli,toldourConsulthathisorganizationwasnotinterestedin

passingmessagestoYahya;the“obvioussolution”wasMujib’sreleaseand

immediateindependenceforBangladesh.BytheendofOctober,theIndianpress

waspubliclywarningagainstBengalinegotiationswith“foreignrepresentatives.”

Inshort,theefforttoencouragenegotiationsbetweenthegovernmentof

PakistanandtheBangladeshgovernmentinexilewasfinished.

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<<Contents>>

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

Mrs.GandhiComestoWashington

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oncurrently,wemadeeveryefforttocometoanunderstandingwithIndia.In

myconversationswithAmbassadorJhaIreiteratedmyconstanttheme.We

consideredIndianandAmericanlong‐terminterestsascongruent.Wewoulddo

ourutmosttoturnMrs.Gandhi’svisitintoawatershedinourrelations.On

August25,September11,andOctober8IemphasizedthattheUnitedStatesdid

notinsistthatEastBengalremainpartofPakistan.Onthecontrary,weaccepted

autonomyasinevitableandindependenceasprobable.Awarwassenseless;

Bangladeshwouldcomeintobeingbythespringof1972ifpresentprocedures

weregivenachance.Wedifferedovermethod,notaim. IfMrs.Gandhiwas

preparedforafundamentalimprovementofourrelations,shewouldfindusan

eagerpartner.Ifshewasusing hervisitasacoverforanIndianmilitaryattack,

ourrelationswouldnotsoonrecover.TheStateDepartmentwasinstructedto

followasimilarline.OnOctober7ItoldaWSAGmeetingthatifIndiawould

acceptanevolutionaryprocess,itwouldachievemostofitsobjectiveswithour

assistance.“Iftheywouldcooperatewithuswecouldworkwiththemon90

percentoftheirproblems,likereleasingMujiborattainingsomedegreeof

autonomyforBangladesh,andthesestepswouldleadeventuallytotheirgetting

itall.”

C

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Unlikeourdomesticcritics,Jhaunderstoodonlytoowellthatwewerenot

anti‐Indian;hecountedonittolimitourreactiontowhatIndiawasclearly

planning.Indiacontinuedtoinvoketheintolerableburdenofrefugees,now

reportedlyonascaleofsevenoreightmillion.YetIndiawouldnotencourage

theirreturnafterYahya’samnestyorcooperateinstemmingthatflow,orpermit

thepostingofUNpersonnelinthecampstoinformtherefugeesoftheamnesty.

IttooknoresponsibilityfortheBengaliguerrillas’contributiontothechaos.

ThoughtheywererecruitedonIndiansoil,trainedbyIndianofficers,equipped

withIndianarms,andsupportedbyIndianartilleryfromtheIndiansideofthe

frontier,Indiaclaimedthattheywerenotunderitscontrol.NewDelhieven

refusedtopromisethattheguerrillaswouldrefrainfrominterferingwithrelief

supplies.Thethreatsofwarwerebecomingevermoreexplicit.Jhatoldmeon

October8thatIndiawouldactbytheendoftheyearifitstermswerenotmet;

similarstatementsweremadetoAmericandiplomatsinNewDelhibytheForeign

MinisterandtheForeignSecretary.Indiadeliberatelysetadeadlinesoshortthat

itwasboundtoshaketheconstitutionalstructureofPakistan.

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