Kissinger Henry. White House Years

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Hanoiansweredourwithdrawalannouncementbylaunchinganother

offensive,thistimeinthefarNorth,againstQuangTri.(Preparationsmusthave

beenwellunderwaylongbeforethespeech.)OnApril27,fivedaysbeforeIwas

tomeetwithLeDucTho,theNorthVietnameseattackedwiththeheaviest

artillerybarrageofthewarandlargenumbersoftanks.Inthenextfewdaysthe

SouthVietnameseThirdDivisionwasdestroyed.TheNorthVietnamesecaptured

theirfirstprovincialcapitalwhenQuangTricityfellonMay1,andmostofthe

provincewasdoomed.ManySouthVietnameseunitspanicked.Withoutplansfor

orderlyretreat,desertedbytheirofficers,SouthVietnamesesoldiersand

thousandsofciviliansheadedforHué.NorthVietnameseartillerypoundedthe

refugeecolumnmercilessly.Weestimated20,000casualties,alargepercentage

ofthemcivilians.OverathousandcivilianswerekilledwhenNorthVietnamese

troopsdeliberatelyshelledtherefugeesfleeingSouth.Indeed,thenumberof

refugeesthusambushedandkilledintheretreatfromQuangTriwasalmost

certainlymorethanthetotalcasualtiesclaimedbyNorthVietnamfromtheB‐52

bombingofHanoieightmonthslater,inDecember.[

HanoiRadioonJanuary4,1973,

citedapreliminaryfigureofaboutthirteenhundredpersonskilledaftertwelvedaysof

bombing.

]NopublicprotestsarerecordedaboutNorthVietnamesebrutality.



Nixongrewincreasinglyrestive.Wewerebombinguptothetwentieth

parallel,butrefrainedfromattackingHanoiandHaiphongpendingmyMay2

meetingwithLeDucTho.InthefaceofHanoi’srenewedoffensiveNixonwas

eagertodosomething.OnApril30hetoldmethathehad“decided”tocancel

thesummit“unlesswegetasettlement.”Asusual,itwaspartoftheAssistant’s

task—expectedbyNixon—towinnowoutthose“decisions”thathereallydidnot

meantohaveimplemented.AgoodruleofthumbwasthatthePresident’s

seriousnesswasininverseproportiontothefrequencyofhiscommandsandthe

emphasiswithwhichtheywereputforward.Haldeman’sindispensabilityderived

fromhisextraordinaryinstinctforfathomingwhathismerc urialbossreallyhadin

mind.Haldemanwaslaterdisgracedforordershecarriedout;hemustbegiven

hisduefo rthoseheignoredormitigated.InforeignpolicyIhadthis

responsibility.IurgedNixontosticktoourcourseofdeferringanyescalationuntil

aftertheMay2meeting.Wewouldknowwithinforty‐eighthourswhetherHanoi

wasseekingashowdownoranegotiation.



OnApril30Nixonsentmealongmemorandumor deringathree‐dayB‐52

strikeagainstHanoiandHaiphongforthefollowingweekend(May5‐7),

apparentlyregardlessoftheoutcomeofmymeetingwithLeDucTho.The

memorandumshowedthatNixonagainwasseizedbythesamefearasduringmy

Moscowtrip,thatsomehow,becauseofthescheduledsecretmeeting,theNorth

Vietnameseweregettingthebetterofus.Hewasdetermined,hesaidagain,to

cancelthesummitunlessthesituationimproved.

SpeakingtothepressatJohn

Connally’sranchinTexasthatevening,NixonwarnedthatHanoiwas“takinga

verygreatrisk”ifitcontinueditsoffensiveintheSouth.



OnMay1,BrezhnevwrotetoNixonsuggestingthatprospectsfor

negotiationswouldimproveifweexercisedrestraint.Thiswasdamaged

merchandise;itwasexactlythesameargumentusedtoobtainthebombinghalt

in1968,butabitshopwornafter147fruitle ssplenarysessions.Brezhnev,tryinga

littlelinkageinreverse,suggestedthatsuchacoursewouldalsoenhancethe

prospectsforthesummit.



Nixonsawintheletteraconfirmationofallhiss uspicionsthat Hanoiand

Moscowwereincollusion.

Tome,however,Brezhnev’sinterventionseemedno

morethanstandardrhetoric.Hislettermadenothreat;itspo keoftheimpactof

bombingonthe“atmosphere”ofthesummit;itmadenohintatcancellation.

SinceIwasleavingthateveningforParis,itwasidletospeculate.Ourcourse

wouldhavetoturnonLeDucTho’sattitude,notonwhattheSovietssaid.There

wasnodoubtthatifthemeetingfailed,somenew,fundamentaldecisionswere

inorder.Whateverhappened,wehadpreparedtheterrain.



<<Contents>>

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****



TheMay2SecretMeeting



ymeetingwithLeDucThowasbrutal.Contrarytothemythologyofthe

time,theNorthVietnamesewerenotpoormisunderstoodreformers.They

wereimplacablerevolutionaries,theterroroftheirneighbors,comingtoclaim

thewholeoftheFrenchcolonialinheritanceinIndochinabywhateverforcewas

necessary.Furthermore,inmyexperiencetheNorthVietnamesewerenever

moredifficultthanwhentheythoughttheyhadastrongmilitaryposition—and

nevermoreconciliatorythanwhenintroubleonthebattlefield.Unfortunatelyfor

ouremotionalbalance,Tuesday,May2,wasadayonwhichLeDucThowas

confidenthehadtheupperhand.QuangTrihadfallenthedaybefo re.Pleikuwas

inperil.AnLocwasnowsurrounded.(SurroundingAnLocturnedouttobea

NorthVietnamesemisjudgment;hadtheyleftopenarouteofretreatthe

defenderswouldprobablyhavefledasatQuangTri,andAnLocwouldhave

fallen.)ForallLeDucThoknew,acompleteSouthVietnamesecollapsewas

imminent.Hanoiwaspronetoinsistthatitwasimpervioustomilitarypressure;it

clearlydidnotbelievethatwewere.



LeDucThoimmediatelywentontheoffensive.Heopenedbyaccusingthe

UnitedStatesofhavinginterruptedtheprivatemeetings—anextraordinary

effronterygiventherecordofHanoi’scancelingtheNovember20meetingon

threedays’notice,notrespondingfortwomonthstoouroffertomeetonan

alternativedate,andthenpostponingseveralscheduledsessionstofitinwiththe

NorthVietnameseoffensive.Ourdecisiontoforceashowdown,combinedwith

mytensenessaftercomingdirectlytothemeetingfromanovernighttransatlantic 

flight,mademelosemytemper:“Idon’tknowwhatworldyoulivein,butI’m

undertheillusionthatyoupostponedtheprivatemeetings.Infact,amanwho

saysheisyourrepresentativewasgivingusnotes,sowehaveitinwriting.”



LeDucThowasnottobeputoff.Heresumedhisattackwiththeargument

thatHanoi’soffensivewasnotinfactanoffensivesinceithadbeenprovokedby

theUnitedStates,whichwastherealaggressor.Heproceededtoquote

statementsfromourAmericancriticstosupporthisargument,whichledtoa

testyexchange:



KISSINGER:Iwon’tlistentostatementsbyAmericandomesticfigures.Ihavetoldthisto

theSpecialAdviser.



LEDUCTHO:IwouldliketoquoteasentencefromSenatorFulbrighttoshowyouwhat

Americansthemselvesaresaying.



KISSINGER:Ourdomesticdiscussionsareofnoconcernofyours,andIunderstandwhat

theSenatorsaid.



LEDUCTHO:Iwouldliketogiveyoutheevidence.ItisanAmericansource,notour

source.SenatorFulbrightsaidonApril8thattheactsoftheliberationforcesinSouthVietnam

areindirectresponsetoyoursabotageoftheParisConference‐



KISSINGER:Ihavehearditbefore.Thereisnoneedtotranslate.Let’sgetontothe

discussion.



LEDUCTHO:Iwouldliketoquote‐



KISSINGER:Ihavehearditbefore.Pleasegoahead.



Whenwefinallygotdowntobusiness,Istatedourposition,hintingthatwe

haddiscusseditwiththeSoviets:



Wearemeetingwithyoutodayintheexpectationthatyouhavesomething

constructivetosay.Therearethreerequirementsforeffectivenegotiations.First,your

offensivemuststop.Second,the1968Understandingsmustberestored.Third,theremustbe

serious,concreteandconstructivenegotiationsleadingtoarapidconclusionoftheconflict.



Wearepreparedtomakeourcontributiontothislastpoint.Wearewillingtoworkwith

youtobringaboutahopefulopeningtowardsapeacefulsettlement.ButIdon’twantto

underratetheseriousnessofthepointatwhichwemeetandyourside,whichhaschosento

launchamajoroffensivewhilepretendingtoprepareforprivatemeetingswithus,nowhasthe

responsibilitytoputforwardconcretesuggestions.



ThatisallIhavetosayatthismoment.Besides,Iunderstandyourallieshavealready

toldyousomeoftheideaswehave.



ButLeDucThohadnosuggestions,concreteorotherwise.Hesimplywent

throughthemotions.HanoihadneverrespondedtoourproposalofOctober11,

1971,oritsmodificationinNixon’sspeechofJanuary25,1972.LeDucThotook

theoccasiontodropitwithoutfurtherdiscussion.Quotingastatementby

SecretaryRogersthatoureightpointswere“notanultimatum,”hesuggested

thatweshouldbeginthenegotiationswithourfallbackposition:“Nowshowus

whatflexibilityyouhaveandIampreparedtodiscussyournewflexibility,the

newpositionyouwillexpress.Weknowthattimeisnotonyourside.”



WehadneverbeengiventhecourtesyofanexplanationofwhatHanoi

foundinadequateinanAmericanproposalthatofferedacease‐fire,total

withdrawal,andtheresignationofanalliedheadofgovernmentamonthbefore

aninternationallysupervisedfreeelectioninwhichtheCommunistscould

participate.Weweregivennoexplanationnow.AllXuanThuywoulddowasto

readmethepublishedtextoftheir“two‐pointelaboration,”issuedthreemonths

before.Sincemajordecisionsflowedfromthismeetingitisimportanttocatchits

flavor:



KISSINGER:What’snewaboutthat?Ihavereadit.Iknowwhatitsays.Whatdowehave

toanswer?Wewentthroughthesevenandninepoints.Isthereanythingtherethatwedidnot

discusslastsummer?



XUANTHUY:Itsaysthat…[continuestoreadfromPointOneofthetwo‐point

elaboration].



KISSINGER:Ihavereadit.Thereisnoneedtoreaditagain.That’snotmyquestion.This

iswhatwediscussedlastsummer.Wegaveanexhaustiveanswerlastsummer.Whatadditional

answerisneeded?



XUANTHUY:Youdon’tsetaspecificdateforwithdrawalofyourforces.Youputonlya

six‐monthperiod.



KISSINGER:Iknowyouareaskingforthesamethingwerefusedtodolastsummer[a

deadlinethatwouldrunindependentofanyagreement].I’maskingwhetheryousaidanything

newthatrequiresanadditionalanswer.



XUANTHUY:Butsinceyourefused,wehavetocontinueourdemand.Themoreyou

refuse,themorewehavetocontinueourdemand.



Thesecondpointofthetwo‐pointelaborationdealswiththepoliticalprobleminSouth

Vietnam.[HereadsPointTwo.]“TheU.S.GovernmentshouldreallyrespecttheSouth

Vietnamesepeoples’righttoselfdetermination…”



KISSINGER:Ihavereadit.Iknowthewordsverywell.



XUANTHUY:Youdon’trespond.



KISSINGER:Werejecteditnotbecausewedon’tunderstanditbutbecausewe

understanditonlytoowell.



XUANTHUY:Sinceyoustillrefusetoanswer,itshowsyouhavenotunderstood.Soif

youwantustopresentitagain,Iwill.



KISSINGER:Youdon’thavetopresentitagain.



MyfirstsecretmeetingwiththeNorthVietnameseinnearlyeightmonths,

theobjectofsomanyweeksofeffort,thusconsistedofnothingmorethan

Hanoi’sreadingitspublicpositiontomewithoutexplanation,modification,or

attemptatnegotiation.Isuggestedthattherewasreallynothinglefttodiscuss.

LeDucThothoughtotherwise.InhisviewIhadbeendeprivedfortoolongofhis

epicpoemofAmericantreacheryandVietnameseheroismandhenowmadeup

forthisneglect.Isuggestedthatperhapsonewaytostartthediscussionswould

betoreturnto thesituationofMarch29,beforetheNorthVietnameseoffensive,

inwhichcasewewouldendourbombingandalsowithdrawourreinforcements.

LeDucThocontemptuouslydismissedthisastoourunilateraladvantage.I

summedupwherewenowstood:



Mr.SpecialAdviserandMr.Minister,muchasIenjoythisconversationaboutthe

historyofwar,Idon’tseethatyouarereadytotalkseriouslyaboutbringingaboutarapid

solutiontothewar.Sincethatisnotthecase,muchasIregretcomingalongdistanceforavery

briefmeeting,Iproposethatweadjournthemeetingandmeetagainwheneithersidehas

somethingnewtosay…



IwanttomakeitperfectlyclearthatwenotifiedyouinFebruarythatwewereprepared

todiscussoureightpointsandincludediscussionofyourpoints.Youhaverefusedtodiscuss

oureightpointsatall.Sinceyouarepreparedtodiscussonlyyourpoints,pointswhichwe

alreadyexploredlastsummer,thereisnobasisfordiscussion.Wehaveinvitedyoutomake

counter‐proposalstooursuggestions.Buttheyhavenotbeenmade.Wehaveaskedyou

whethertherewasanythingnewinyourproposalsandyousimplyreadmeyourproposal.We

toldyourSovietallieslastweekwhatwewantedtodiscussandtheysaidtheywouldtransmit

themtoyou.Ifinditdifficulttounderstandwhyyoumeetwithusatallsinceyouknewwhat

wewantedtodiscuss.



Iwanttomakeitabsolutelyclear,sothatthereisnomisunderstanding,weare

preparedtodiscussanypoliticalprocesswhichgenuinelyleavesthepoliticalfutureofSouth

Vietnamopen.Wearenotpreparedtodiscussproposalswhichhavethepracticalconsequence

ofsimplyinstallingyourversionofagovernmentinSaigon.Wetoldyouthislastsummer.We

tellyouthisagain.



Atthispoint,XuanThuy,evidentlythinkingtherecordwasnotyet

complete,respondedbyreiteratingthedemandfortheimmediatere signationof

Thieu—“thesoonerthebetter.If…tomorrow,itwouldbebetter…”Afterthat,the

remaining“SaigonAdministration”shou ldchangeitspolicy,abolishthesystemof

repression,abandonVietnamization.WhenIaskedhimtoexplainwhya

VietnamesegovernmentshouldabandonapolicyofVietnamization,hereverted

againtoHanoi’sunchangingdemandfor atripartitecoalitiongovernmentin

whichtheanti‐Communistgovernment,decapitatedanddeprivedofitspolice

andarmy,wassupposedtojoina coalitionwith“neutralists”(approvedbyHanoi)

andthefullyarmedCommunistsbackedbytheNorthVietnamesearmy,which

coalitionwouldthennegotiatewiththefullyarmedVietCong,backedbyHanoi’s

entirefieldarmy.ThatiswhatXuanThuycalled“therealsituationinSouth

Vietnam.”



XuanThuywassocarriedawaybythespiritoftheoccasionthathe

complainedaboutrestrictionsonfreedomofthepressinSaigon.Thisledto

anotherexchange:



KISSINGER:CananybodypublishapaperinNorthVietnam?Iaskjustformyown

education.



XUANTHUY:TheDemocraticRepublicofVietnamhasacompletelydifferentsystemand

wedonotimposethissystemonSouthVietnam.Ifnowtheyrequireustoapplyasystemlike

SouthVietnam,werefusethat.



LEDUCTHO:Inourviewthesocialdemocratic systemis,however,themostdemocratic

formofgovernment.



Sincemyinterlocutorswereinsuchafeistymood,Idecidedtousethe

occasiontonaildownonceandforallanissuethathadrentourpublicdebatefor

overayear.AllthattimeHanoihadgiveninpublictheimpressionthatthe

militaryandpoliticalissuescouldbeseparated,thatifwewithdrewourforces,

ourprisonerswouldbereleased,whilein allmeetingswithme,itconsistentlyand

totallyrejectedthenotion.AsIhavealreadypointedout,mediaand

Congressionalurgingsinthatdirectionwereunending. Thefollowingexchange

settlestheissue:



KISSINGER:Alllastsummer—youknowwell—therewasawholesuccessionof

journalistsandSenatorswhocametoseeyou.Theycameawaywiththeimpressionthatyou

werepreparedtodiscussamilitarysolutiononly.Itistruethatyouneversaidsoexplicitly,but

withgreatskillyouleftthatimpression…



Letmesumupwherewegofromhere.Wearepreparedtoreopenthesetalkseitheron

themilitaryissuesalone,thatisthecomplexofissuesonwithdrawalandprisonersofwar.But

myimpressionisthatatthismomentyouarenotpreparedtodiscussthis.IwanttomakesureI

learnedmylessonsproperly.



LEDUCTHO:SoyouhavecorrectlylearnedthislessonbecauseIneverseparatedthese

twoquestions.AndwhenItalkedtonewspapermenIdidnottellthemthis.Thenewspapers

werejustspeculating.



KISSINGER:Butyoudidn’tdomuchtodiscouragethem.



LEDUCTHO:Theyspeculatetoomuch.



Enoughhasbeensaidtomakeclearthattherewasnopointincontinuing

themeeting.ContrarytoNixon’sfears,LeDucTho wasnotevenstalling.Our

viewshadbecomeirrelevant;hewaslayingdownterms.Heactedasifevery

passingdaywouldmakeourpositionmoreuntenable.Hanoiwouldnotusethe

talkstotrytoforestallAmerica nretaliationbecauseitwantednoinhibitiononits

ownfreedomofaction.LeDucTho insistedthatboththefactandthesubstance

ofthemeetingbekeptsecret—presumablytodepriveourpublicofanyhopeof

progress.Hecompoundedhisinsolencebyhanding over“somedocumentsfor

yourinformation.”Theyturnedouttobepropagandamaterialofthekind

routinelydistributedbyNorthVietnamesepressofficersatthebriefingsfollowing

theplenarysessions.AsIgotupto leaveafteroneofthebriefestmeetingsever—

threehours—LeDucThotookmeasideandsaidinthetoneofafellow‐

conspiratorthathisside’sprospectswere“good.”



Thediewascast.Ihadadvocateddelayinganall‐outresponseuntilwehad

exploredeverydiplomaticavenue.Ihadthoughtitdesirabletomakesurethatwe

hadassembledenoughpowerforamassiveblow.Iwantedtobringaboutthe

greatestpossiblediplomaticisolationofHanoi.Anditwascrucialthatour

negotiatingrecordbeabovereproachtowithstandthedomesticfuryahead.Now

therewasnoquestionthatwewouldhavetohaveashowdown.Thebackofthe

NorthVietnameseoffensivehadtobebrokenmilitarily.WemightobtainSoviet

acquiescenceinwhatwasnecessary,butMoscowclearlyeithercouldnotor

wouldnotaffectHanoi’sdecisionsuntiltheoutcomeoftheoffensivewasclear.

Wehadnochoice.PerhapsMo scowwouldcancelthesummit,butthesummit

wasnotworthhavingifSaigoncollapsedundertheweightofSovietarms.The

pointofdecisionhadarrived.



<<Contents>>



****



TheMiningofNorthVietnam



NmywayhomefromParisonMay2,1cabledtheWhiteHouse andSaigon

tobeginpreparingforthecrucialchoices.Haig informedmethatthe

Presidenthadreceivedmypreliminaryreportcalmlyandwithresignation.Haig

hadpassedontohimmyreco mmendationthathewithholdanydecisionuntilwe

hadanalyzedtheimplicationsofthemeeting.Itseemedtomethatweneeded

notaspasmproducedbydisappointmentbutapreciseplanofaction.Haig’s

cablealsocarriedthedistressingnewsthataSouthVietnamesebaseonthe

perimeterofHuéhadbeenevacuatedunderheav yenemyassault.Iftheold

imperialcapitalfell,theroutmightwellbeon;SouthVietnamcouldbeonthe

vergeofdisintegration.

O



AlittlelateranotherreportarrivedfromHaig.Nixonwasadamantabout

orderingatwo‐dayB‐52strikeonHanoi,startingFriday,May5.(Earlier,ithad

beenathree‐daystrikeontheweekend.)Hethoughtthisessentialforpublic

opinion,forSouthVietnamesemorale,andasasignaltotheSovietsandNorth

Vietnamese.AgainNixonhadmusedaboutcancelingthesummit,refe rring toit

asa“political”question—meaningthatitwasoutsidemysphereofcompetence.

Haigknewmyviews;herepeatedthathehadtoldNixontobecarefulnotto

pursueacourse“whichwillcostusboththesummitandnotachievewhatweare

seekingwithrespecttoSoutheastAsia.”Haigurgedmetoreflectonouroptions

onthewayback.HeandahelicopterwouldmeetmeatAndrewsAirForceBase

andtakemetotheWashingtonNavyYardandthePresidentialyacht,Sequoia,

whereNixonwoulddiscussourstrategy.



TheSequoiahadclearlyseenbetterdays.Itslowerlevelhadacovereddeck

thatadjoinedaheavilypa neleddiningroom;upstairswasa sundeckwhereNixon

likedtoloungewithadrinkbeforedinner.Itsenginemadeaninfe rnalnoise,

inhibitingconversationinthediningroom.Thefurniturewassquatandheavyand

undistinguished;banalpicturesofnauticalscenesco veredthewalls.TheSequoia

couldmakeittoMountVernonandback;oneshudderedatwhatmighthappen

toitontheopensea.ButitservedausefulpurposeinenablingPresidentsto

escapetheclaustrophobictensionoftheWhiteHouse.FortheWhiteHouse

imprisonsaswellasexalts.Thecombinationoflivingquartersandofficeinthe

samebuildingmayproduceasenseofisolationasifthePresidentandhisaides

werealoneinthemidstofahurricane.TheWhiteHousehasatendencytoevoke

simultaneousoverconfidenceandparanoiainitsoccupants ;periodicreleasefrom

itspressuresisanecessity.TheSequoiaprovidedaquicksanctuary;itwashandier 

thanCampDavid,easierforcasual,informaldiscussions.Itisashamethatitwas

laterdispensedwith.Itwasmadetoorderforthefatefuldiscussionsnowtotake

place.



Nixon’sjourneyto adecisionwasoftentortuous.Ingeneral,hewouldput

forwardpropositionsdisguisedasordersthatheexpectedtobechallenged.Until

thelastpossiblemomenthewouldputforwardseveraloftencontradictory

options.Butwhenthefinalmomentofdecisionwasreached,thenervous

agitationwouldgivewaytoacalmdecisiveness.AtmomentsofrealcrisisNixon

wouldbecoldlyanalytical.Hemightshrinkhiscircleofadviserstoaveryfewwho

agreedwithhim;hewouldsurelywithdrawtohishideawayintheExecutive

OfficeBuilding.Hewouldsittherewithhisyellow pad,workingouthischoices.

Hewouldcallinhiscloseassociatesforendlessmeetings,goingoverthesame

questionsagainandagainuntilonealmostbegantohopethatsomecatastrophe

wouldprovideapretextforgoingbacktoone’sownofficetogettowork.But

oncelaunchedontheprocesshewould—inforeignpolicymatters—invariablyget

totheessenceoftheproblemandtakethecourageouscourse,evenifitseemed

toriskhisimmediatepoliticalinterest.



Soitwasonthisoccasion.IdescribedmymeetingwithLeDucTho tothe

PresidentandHaig,gatheredaroundtheSequoiawardroomtable.Itssignificance

wasnotthattheNorthVietnamesehadbeenunyielding,evenbloodyminded.

Thathadbeentrueofmanypreviousmeetings.WhattheMay2meetingrevealed

wasHanoi’sconvictionthatitwassoclosetovictorythatitnolongerneeded

eventhepretenseofanegotiation.ItwouldhavebeeneasyforLeDucThoto

soundconciliatory,toadvancesomeambiguousformulationthatwouldhaveput

usinthedilemma ofwhethertoescalatetheconflictinthefaceofapossible

diplomaticbreakthrough.Anofferofacease‐fireinplace,forexample—with

CommunistforcesattheoutskirtsofHué,encircling AnLoc,andthreatening

KontumandPleiku—wouldhavedemoralizedSaigonhadweacceptedit,and

shakenourdomesticsupportifwerefused.LeDucTho’sdisdainofanystratagem

indicatedthatinHanoi’sjudgm enttherouthadbegun,beyondoutcapacityto

reversebyretaliation.Ouractionhadtoprovideashockthatwouldgivethe

NorthpauseandrallytheSouth.



NixonwasstilleagerforB‐52strikesagainstHanoiandHaiphongstarting

Friday,May5.Ididnotbelieveaone‐shotoperationwouldmeetourneeds;I 