Kissinger Henry. White House Years

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TheSoviets,however,werequicktotakeadvantageofthecompetitiveness

ofourgraincompanies.Theygaveusalessoninthehandicapsamarketeconomy

hasinnegotiatingwithastatetradingenterprise.Eachofourgraincompanies,

tryingtostealamarchonitscompetitors,soldthelargestamountpossibleand

keptitssaleutterlysecret,evenfromtheUSgovernment.Notforseveralweeks

didwerealizethattheSovietshad,byaseriesofseparatetransactions,bought

upnearlyonebilliondollars’worthofgraininoneyear—nearlyourentirestored

surplus.AndwehadsubsidizedthedealsatatimewhentheSovietUnionquite

literallyhadnootherchoicethantobuyourgrainatmarketpricesorfacemass

starvation.



Itwaspainfultorealizethatwehadbeenoutmaneuvered,evenmore

difficulttoadmitthatthemethodswhichgainedthatedgewerethoseofasharp

traderskillfullyusingourfreemarketsystem.Wehadnoonetoblamebut

ourselves.OurintelligenceaboutSovietneedswasappalling.Ourknowledgeof

whatwashappeninginourma rketswasskimpy.TheUSgovernmentwassimply

notorganizedatthattimetosuperviseorevenmonitorprivategrainsalesasa

foreignpolicymatter.TheSovietsbeatusatourowngame.



Atfirstthesalewashailedasapoliticalmasterstroke.Itledtotheusual

maneuveringastowhoshouldgetcredit.IheldabriefinginSanClementeforthe

WhiteHousetogetsomecreditforNixon,butwasneatlyscoopedbyEarlButzat

Agriculture,fulfillingthetraditionoftheNixonCabinetoflettingthePresident

shareonlyinthebadnews.Soon,however,noonewantedanycredit;thegrain

salerapidlybecameapoliticalscandal:Nixonwasaccusedofsellingatbargain

ratestoouradversariesanddrivingupthepriceforAmericanconsumers.[

Partof

thescandalwasthatthegovernmentpaidasubsidytoAmericanfarmerstomakeupthe

differencebetweenthedomesticpriceandtheworldprice.Whenbothpricesskyrocketed

(becauseofworldwidecropshortagesandtheincreaseindemandduetodevaluationofthe

dollar,aswellasSovietpurchases),these“hardship”paymentscontinuedtobemadelongafter

theywerewarranted.This,ofcourse,wasoutsidethepurviewoftheforeignpolicyagencies.

Butitjustifiablyfueledpublicresentmentagainstthegrainsale.

]Thechargewaslargely

unfair.Nixonfavoreda grainsaleandwasnotoblivioustoitspoliticaladvantages

inaPresidentia lelectionyear.Buthehadnothingtodowiththeterms orthesize

ofthesale.Indeed,theSovietsgotawaywithitbecausenoseniorofficial—except

possiblyButz—understoodwhattheyweredoing.Atbest,itcanbesaidthatwe

learnedfromtheexperience.Fromthen on,allsuchtransactionsweretreatedas

foreignpolicymattersandsubjectedtointeragencymonitoring.By1975,in

PresidentFord’sAdministration,afive‐yearagreementwassignedwiththeSoviet

Unionregulatingitspurchasesandguardingagainstanynewdisruptionofour

market.Butbythen,ofcourse,thepolitical,economic,andpsychologicaldamage

oftheearlierdealwasdone.



Wemaderapid,andonthewholesatisfactory,progresswiththeSoviet

Uniononanumberofothereconomicissues.InJuly,SecretaryofCommerce

PeterPetersonvisitedMoscowtoreviewanumberofthem:thesettlementof

Lend‐Leasedebts,theextensionofMostFavoredNationstatus,thepossibilityof

credits,andtheestablishmentofcommercialfacilitiesineachother’scapitals.

ThesenegotiationswentsowellthatPetersonandhisstaffdraftedabasic

agreement,leavingopenonlythefinalfiguresontheLend‐Leasedebt.



IsettledthesewithBrezhnevduringavisittoMoscowfromSeptember10

to13,thepurposeofwhichwasageneral reviewofallaspectsofUS‐Soviet

relations.FamiliarnowwithSoviettactics,westartedatafigureonLend‐Lease

repaymentsconsiderablyhigherthanwhatweexpectedtogetandspentseveral

eveningsconsentingtoreduceitbyincrementsof$10million,toafinal$722

million—or$25millionmorethanourformalfallbackposition;Brezhnevquit

beforewedid.(Itwasnotafamousvictory,amountingtolessthan$1milliona

yearoverthedurationoftheagreements.)AsintheAzoreswithPompidou,my

ignoranceofthesubjectmatterturnedintoanegotiatingassetbecauseitmadeit

impossibleformetobeflexible.Nothingsoencourag esfirmnessaslackofan

alternative.JamesLynn,UnderSecretaryofCommerce,whohadjoinedour

delegation,providedtheimpetuswithendlesslyingeniousformulas.



Inthelightofthisprogress,NixonandIweredumbfoundedwhen,in

August,theSovietssuddenlyplacedanexittaxonJewishemigration.Startingin

1969,wehadbeguntomakeoverturestoMoscowtoeaseJewishemigration,

emphasizingthatsuchapolicywouldimprovetheatmosphereofUS‐Soviet

relations.Wedidsoprivately,believingthatpublicconfrontationwoulddefeat

ourends.Wehadnogreathopesofsuccess.Somewhattooursurprise,Jewish

emigrationincreasedfrom400ayearin1968to35,000in1973,parallelwiththe

improvementinUS‐Sovietrelations.AsthetotalfiguresincreasedIturnedalsoto

hardshipcases—individualsdeniedvisasorarreste dorharassedforvarious

offensesthattheWestwouldconsiderpolitical.IprivatelyhandedDobryninfrom

timetotimelonglistsofSovietJewish“refuseniks,”orprisonersofconscience,

giventomebyAmericanJewishgroupscoordinatingthepubliceffort.Igave

thesetohim“unofficially”;Ineveraskedforaformalreply.Inthelastyearfor

whichIhavefigures(whichwas1973),some550outof800ha rdshipcaseswere

thenquietlyreleasedbythesemethods.ThePanovs,forexample,werereleased

somewhatlaterwhenImadeaspecialappealtoDobrynin.



The1972exittaxwasinexplicableinthiscontext;itthreatenedtoreversea

hopefultrend,andfornoself‐evidentpurpose.Ihaveneverheardasatisfactory

explanation.Themostplausibleisthatpanickedbytheexpulsionoftheiradvisers

fromEgypt,theSovietsdecidedtotakenofurtherchanceswiththeirrelations

withtheArabs.DobryninclaimedthatthedecisionwasmadenotinthePolitburo

butbytherelevantministryonitsown.Itseemsunlikelybutisnottotally

impossible;foreigngovernments,particularlytotalitarianones,alwaysappear

morehomogeneousthanone’s ownbutmaynotbe.



Whateverthemotive,theexittaxprovokedoutragethatfocusedonthe

Administration’sdecisiontoopenupEast‐Westtrade.OnOctober4,Senator

HenryM.Jacksonandseventy‐onecosponsorsintroducedanamendmentmaking

thegrantingofMFNstatusdependentonincreasedemigration.Three‐quartersof

bothhousesendorsedit.



Butoldhabitsdiehard.OnOctober21,threedaysafterthetradepackage

withtheUSSR—theLend‐LeasesettlementandtheMFNclause—wassigned,the

WashingtonPostwasstillgrousingaboutourtendencytousetradeasaleveron

Vietnam.ThePostmaintaineditsoppositiontolinkage:“Regardless,thetrade

agreementcanstandbyitself.WesaluteMr.NixonandMr.Brezhnevforacting

totheircountries’mutualbenefit.”TheWallStreetJournalwroteinanOctober

20editorialthat“theprincipleofexpandedtradebetweenthetwocountriesand

ofexpandedtradeandcontactbetweentheUnitedStatesandotherCommunist

nationsisnonethelessaworthyprinciple.”



Almostimperceptibly,howev er,attitudeswerebeginningtochange.Now

thatNixonhadembracedEast‐Westtrade,someofitsformeracolytesdeveloped

secondthoughts,apparentlyonthetheorythatifNixonwentalongwithanidea it

neededreexamination.ForfouryearstheNewYorkTimeshadcastigatedthe

AdministrationformakingtradewiththeSovietsdependonchangesintheir

internationalconduct. AslateasSeptember13,1972,theTimesthoughtthat

expandedtrade“issufficientlybeneficialtobothsidesthatitoughttobe

considered…onitsownmerits,independentofparticularsecondarydisputesin

otherareas.”Lessthanamonthlater,however,itwasedginguptothe

propositionthatweshouldseektolinktradewithchangesintheSovietdomestic

structure—afarmoreambitiousformoflinkage.OnOctober6itseditorialistwas

stilldubiousabouttheprospectsofusingeconomicpressurefordomesticchange,

butwarnedthe“realistsintheKremlin”totakeheedofAmericanpublicopinion.

ButbyNovember25theTimeshadvirtuallyreverseditsposition:“itwillbea 

seriousmistakeifAmericanbusiness,theNixonAdministrationor,forthat

matter,Sovietofficials,becomesoeagertoexpandSoviet‐Americantradeasto

forgetthecontinuingsensitivityoftheAmericanpeople—andofCongress—to

SovietpoliticalbehaviorbothinsideandoutsidetheU.S.S.R.’sborders.”The

WashingtonPost,whichhadoncedenouncedtradediscriminationagainst

Communistcountriesasa“costlyanachronism” and“cold‐warthinking,”now

praisedtheJacksonamendmentandwassoontourgethatMFNstatusbe

detachedfromthetradebilluntiltheSovietspermittedJewishemigration.



In1972thesewerestilldistantsquallsonanotherwiseserenehorizon.On

thewhole,US‐Sovietrelationswereattheirbestinmanyyears.TheBerlin

settlement,theSALTagreement,SovietrestraintintheMideastandinVietnam,

andthewiderangeofcooperativetechnicalagreementsandongoing

negotiationsauguredwell.Yet theNixonAdministration’scarefullycalculated

approachtoEast‐Westtradewastorunintoincreasinglystridentoppositionfrom

therightoverthenextfewyears,justasithadbeenattackedbytheleftinthe

previousperiod.Andmostironicallytheright’straditionalanti‐Communismfound

anallyintheleft’santipathytoNixonandgrowingconcernwithhumanrights.



<<Contents>>

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****



EuropeanAttitudes



T

herewasyetanotherconstituencytobeheardfromaftertheMoscow

summit:ourEuropeanallies.Foroverthreeyears,ateverymeetingwith

everyEuropeanleader,theyhadpressedustowardnegotiationwiththeSoviets.

Theyhadbeenluke warmaboutlinkage,faraheadofusinEast‐Westtrade,eager

fortheEuropeanSecurityConference,increasinglyimpatienttostartnegotiations

withrespectto mutualandbalancedforcereductions.Tactfully—butalso

publicly—theyhadletitbeknownthattheythoughtweweretooslowin

improvingourrelationswithMoscowandthatwewererunning needlessrisksof

war.



Suddenly,nowthatwehadfollowedtheiradvice,theEuropeansrevealed

theirschizophrenia.WeheardthatsomeEuropeanscomplainedaboutthe“Basic

PrinciplesofUS‐SovietRelations”becauseoftheuseofthephrase“peaceful

coexistence”—anastonishingcriticismconsideringthatthesimilardeclaration

signedbyFranceandintheGermantreatieswentfarbeyondourformulations.

Therewasdisquietthatsomeofourprinciplesofrestraintpreemptedthe

EuropeanSecurityConference—thatis,thatwehadagreedtowhatourallies

wantedtogiveawayintheirownname.



Thesecriticismsdidnotcomefromheadsofgovernment,allofwhom

wrotewarmlycongratulatoryletters(whichmayormaynothaveaccordedwith

theirprivateviews).Buttherewasaninfluentialstratumofmiddle‐levelofficials

andpublicistswhogaveventtoalingeringuneasiness,whichreflectedinpart

Europe’sinabilitytoarticulateitsownobjectives.At atimewhentheUnited

StateswasfocusingondevisingnewrelationshipswithMoscowandPeking,the

Europeanswereunabletoreachaconsensusonhowtoorganizea new

Community.Insuchcircumstancesitwasunderstandable,ifuncha ritable,that

theyshouldfindaconvenientgroundforunityincomplainingofouralleged

collusionwiththeSovietUnion.Apprehensionsaboutournewcooperationin

severaltechnicalfieldswiththeSovietscombinedwithfearsaboutourgeneral

propensitytoreduceoverseascommitments,atendencymoreevidentthanever

inanelectionyearinwhichthechallengerwasGeorgeMcGovern.



OnAugust21IwroteNixonthatthesituationwasremediable:



ThemediaandEuropeanpublicsareunawareofyourcontinuousconfidential

exchangeswithHeath,Brandt,andPompidou.Intheirrepliestoyourpost‐Summitmessages,

theyallhaveshownconfidenceinyourEuropeanpoliciesandinthebenefitsfortheircountries

fromamorecooperativerelationshipbetweenusandtheSoviets.Thiswecannotadvertise,of

course.Butourproblemislesswiththeseleadersthanwiththelowerofficialsandpolitical

observersinEurope…



Therequirementtoconvincethesepeoplethatwearenotgoingtowithdrawfrom

Europeisacontinuingone…Wewillhavetopayunusuallycloseattentiontotheviewsofour

majoralliesanddeveloppositionsforthesenegotiationswhichtheyfeelwillnotdamagetheir

security.



Equallyimportant,wewillneedtoexplainourdecisions.Atsomepointyoumaywantto

consideranotherroundofpersonaldiscussionstoaccomplishthis.



Therootdilemmawasthatwhatevercoursewechose,whether

confrontationorconciliation,wouldrunupagainsttherealitythatAtlantic

relationshadreachedaplateau.Thepostwargeneration’sgoalsofsecurityand

prosperityhadsubstantiallybeenmet.Remainingwasaresidueoftactical

problemsimposedbyevents;therewaslackinganagreedstrategyforeither

confrontationorconciliation,foreitherlong‐termsecurityortheattainmentof

otherlong‐rangepurposes.Thesewouldnowhavetogrowout ofadialoguewith

alliesmuchbetterabletoinsistontheirownperceptionsthaneverbefore.



Inthesummerof1972wecoulddonomorethanmaintainthedialogueon

thetacticallevel.IhadextensivemeetingswithHelmutSchmidt(thenGerman

FinanceMinister),SirBurkeTrend,theBritishCabinetSecretary,andMichel

DebréandMauriceSchumann,FrenchDefenseandForeignMinisterrespectively.

Weachievedunderstandingforourcurrentpolicies,butallalliedvisitorsto

WashingtonagreedthattheAtlanticrelationshipneededafreshimpetus.And

NixonaswellasIbelieveddeeplythatwhateverweachievedinnego tiationswith

adversaries,ourprioritywastodevoteourselvestostrengtheningthecohesion

andadvancingthecommonpurposesofthefreepeoples.Itwasanotherreason

togetVietnamfinallybehindus.Anewgenerationhadcometotakesecurityfor

grantedandsaweconomicprogressasinevitable.Itwastimetomatchour1972

summitswithCommunistleaderswithdemonstrativereaffirmatio nofour

AlliancecommitmentsandaredefinitionofAlliancepurposes.Onlythuswould

webeabletojudgeindividua lnegotiationswiththeEastandreestablish

confidenceineachother’sultimategoals.Itwouldprovideasenseofdirection

andprideforthecommunityoffreepeoples.SuchwastheoriginoftheYearof

Europethatweundertookin1973.



<<Contents>>



****

XXX



SadatExpelstheSoviets



heMoscowsummithadonefurtherimportantconsequence:AnwarSadat’s

expulsionoftheSovietUnionfromEgyptinJuly1972.



enbeforethesummit,Nixon,likeme,wasawareofSadat’smounting

disillusionmentwiththeSovietUnion.ForallEgypt’sdependenceonSoviet

militarysupport,theUSSRhadfailedtobringaboutanyprogresstowarda

settlementorIsraeliwithdrawalfromArabterritory.Sadathimselfhadbeenin

MoscowinFebruaryandApril.Betweenthosetwovisits,Cairohadopeneda

secretchanneltous.Thiswasoneofthefactorsinourdeterminationtoensure

thattheMoscowsummitcommuniquéremainedinsipidontheMiddleEast,to

seewhatotherresultsourstrategymightproduce.Wewerenottoknowuntil

laterhowwellourstrategyhadworked.Totracethismomentouschangeinthe

MiddleEast,itisnecessarytogobackalmosttwoyears.

T



<<Contents>>



****



TheDeathofNasser



heendof1970wasinawayaturningpointintheMiddleEast,thoughwedid

notknowitthen.TheJordancrisisandeventhetensionsalongtheSuezCanal

werestagesintheevolutionofArabperceptionthatthekeytoaMiddleEast

settlementlayinWashington,notinMoscow.Butperhapsthemostdecisive

eventwasthedeathofGamalAbdelNasserandtheaccessiontopowerofAnwar

Sadat.

T



Anwarel‐Sadatwasthenlittleknowntous.Hewasoneoftheoriginalband

ofarmyofficerswhooverthrewKingFaroukin1952;butthroughtheyearshe

wasnotconsideredamajorfigurebyourexperts.Atfirst,itwasnotevenclear

thathewouldbemadethePresidentofEgyptinhisownright.Anyone

succeedingafterthedeathofsotoweringapersonalityasNasserwouldhave a

hardtimefillinghisshoes;inaddition,inthecaseofSadattheoutsideworld

misjudgedhimbecauseofhisinformaloratoricalstyleandhisvillageorigin,as

wellashisrelativelyminorroleinEgyptianpoliticsunderNasser.Nasserdiedon

September28,1970,whenIwaswiththePresidentonhisMediterraneantrip.A

daylater,ajournalistaskedmeaboutSadat.IsaidIthoughthewasaninterim

figurewhowouldnotlastmorethanafewweeks.Thatwasamongmywildest

misjudgments!Overthecourseof1971Sadatwouldgraduallyoutmaneuverhis

opponents,accomplishinginMayastunningpurgeofaformidablegroupofpro‐

Sovietrivalswhohadbeenplotting toeliminatehim.Graduallyheestablishedhis

domesticpositionandhisinternationalfreedomofaction.Fewoutsiderseven

then(certainlynotI)understoodwithwhatcourage,vision,anddeterminationhe

wouldlatermovehiscountryandhisregiontowardarevolutionininternational

affairs,andthusemergeasoneofthegreatleadersofourperiod.(Anotherless

noticedthoughsignificantresultoftheautumnofcriseswastheaccessionof

HafezAsadtopowerinSyriainNovember1970.LessvisionarythanSa dat,he

neverthelessgaveSyriaunprecedentedstabilityand,againstthebackgroundof

theturbulenthistoryofhispeople,emergedasaleaderofcourageandrelative

moderation.)



Policieswellestablishedinourgovernmenttendtoappear(andsometimes

tobe)impervioustochange.Typicallyenough,thechangeofleadersinEgypt

seemedtobringnoalterationintheStateDepartment’sdesireto pushthe

diplomaticinitiativeithadearlierdevised.TheDepartment’seffortshad

stalematedin1969;theyhadbeenrevivedinJune1970withtheUSproposalofa

standstillcease‐firealongtheSuezCanal,onlytobeimmediatelysubmerged

againbyNasser’sviolationsofthestandstillagreementandtheJordancrisis.At

theendof1970,theinitiativewaspickedupagainasifnothinghadhappenedin

theinterval.Thatpositionshadprobablyhardenedandthatnonewelementhad

beenaddedwerenotregarded asreasonstoforgotheeagerdiplomacy.



BytheendofDecember1970,theStateDepartment—buttressedbya

reassuringletterofDecember3to Mrs.Meir,urgedonNixonbyRogers—finally

managedtopersuadetheIsraelistoreturntotheJarringnegotiations,fromwhich

theyhadbowedoutinSeptemberbecauseofEgypt’sviolationsofthestandstill

cease‐fire.ButevenbeforeIsraeliagreementhadbeensecured,JoeSiscowas

alreadysendinginstructions—withoutWhiteHouseclearance—thaturgedJarring

torenewhismediatingmissionalongthelinesofourproposalsof1969onfinal

bordersandpeaceterms(theRogersPlan).Siscohadnoreasontobelievethat

thepartieswereabouttocompromisetheirheretoforeirreconcilablepositions,

but,ashetoldmeinearlyJanuary,notmuchwouldbelostifJarringatleastmade

atry.Adiplomatshouldnotbefaultedforleavingroomforthemiraculous.



Pacifiedbyanew$90millionAmericanarmspackageapprovedbyNixonin

October,theIsraelisseizedtheinitiativeinearly1971byinvitingJarringtobegin

hismissionwithajourneytoIsrael.Immediately,Jarringfacedtheproblemthat

hadstalematednegotiationstheyearbefore:Israelinsistedon“peace”;Egypton

withdrawal.TheIsraelishandedtheSwedishmediatoronJanuary8apaperlisting

the“essentialsofpeace”—includingtheendingofbelligerency,terrorism,

economicblockade,andboycott,andestablishmentof“goodneighborlyrelations

andcooperation.”Inreturn,Israelsought“secure,recognized,andagreed

boundaries”withsuitablesecurityprovisions—inotherwords,Israelproposedto

acquireEgyptianterritoryaspartofthepeaceprocess.Nothing,inshort,had

changedinthestandardIsraeliposition.



JarringpassedtheIsraelidocumenttotheEgyptiansonJanuary13.Cairo

respondedafewdayslaterwithadocumentreiteratingthestandardEgyptian

position,whichcalledforafullIsraeliwithdrawaltothe1967boundariesandfor

Israeltorepudiatethepolicyof“territorialexpansion.“ Inadesperatemaneuver

toreconciletheincompatiblebyproceduralgimmick,Jarring“softened”the

EgyptianpaperbeforepassingittotheIsraelisfortheircomment;heomitted

someofCairo’smoreoffensivepreambularlanguage,whichhaddismissedthe

Israelipaperasadding“nonewelement”topreviousIsraelipositions.Jarringwas

attemptingtocalmsuspicions;histacticsachievedtheoppositeresult.Aspartof

thepropagandawarthatEgyptandIsraelwerewagingagainsteachother,each

sideeventuallyleakeditspositiontothepress.Itcouldnothavehelpedthe

Israelis’confidencewhentheysawinthepressadifferentversionoftheEgyptian

paperfromwhattheyhadofficiallyreceivedfromJarring.



AsIhadpredicted,theresultofthefirstroundofJarringtalkswasa

deadlock.JoeSiscotoldmeonJanuary21thathehadnotexpectedmuchmore;

thepurposeoftheeffort,henowsaid,wastoencouragetheEgyptianstorenew

thecease‐firewhenitexpiredatthebeginningofFebruary.Itdidachievethis

purpose,butwithintwoweeksJarring,withStateDepartmentencouragement,

wasputtingforwardsubstantiveideasofhisowninanefforttobreakthe

deadlock.



Thescenariowewerewitnessingwasanexactreplayof1969—activityfor

itsownsakeamidself‐generateddeadlinesthatcouldbemetonlybypapering

overirreconcilabledifferencesthat,inturn,madeablowupallthemore

inevitable.DrawingonthepaperstradedinJanuary,Jarringpresentedanew

proposaltobothpartiesonFebruary8,askingIsraeltowithdrawtothe1967

borderwithEgypt(subjecttopracticalsecurityarrangements)andEgypttosigna

peaceagreementwithIsrael.TheIsraeliswerefurious;theysawJarring’spaper

(withgoodreason)asbasedontheRogersPlanof1969,whichtheyhadrejected

then;theyalsochallengedJarring’smandatetoputforwardideasofhisown

ratherthanserveasacourierandconfinehimselftoaskingquestions.ToIsrael,

theJarringpaperwasnotonlyobjectionableinsubstance;themerefactofits

presentationobviated,inIsraeliminds,anyneedforSadattorespondtothe

Israelipositionthathadfocusedonthe“peace”provisions.



Allthisdiplomacywasconductedwithoutanyrealcoordinationwiththe

WhiteHouse.Forexample,Jarringpresentedhisownpapertothetwopartieson

theverydayofaSeniorReviewGroupmeetingthatIhadconvenedpresumably

todiscussfuturestrategy.Also,aseriesofimportantcommunicationsinJanuary

betweenSecretaryRogersandEgyptianForeignMinisterMahmoudRiadwere

notshowntotheWhiteHouseuntilafterthefact—aproceduremyablestaff

expertHalSaundersdidhisbestto monitor.Thesecommunicationsincluded

Rogers’sassurancetoRiadthattheUnitedStateswouldmake“anall‐outeffort”

tosecureasettlementin1971—forwhichtherewasnoWhiteHousesupportat

all—onthebasisoftheRogersPlan.IftheIsraeliswereinflamedbythesubstance

ofJarring’spresentations,theEgyptianswouldsoongrowdisillusionedwhenthe

proposalswehadencouragedJarringtoofferreceivedlittleUSsupport.Both

sideswerenowangryatus,asthedeadlo ckof1969repeateditself.Inlate

February,Jarring’sexplorationsfounderedontheIsraelirefusaltoaccept the

principleofreturntothe1967bordersandtheEgyptianinsistenceonsucha

principle.Jarringhadmadesomeprogress,however;Egypthadagreedtoapeace

agreement,ratherthanameredeclarationofnonbelligerency,ifIsraelreturned

tothe1967borders.Butsincethatwasadamantlyrefused,theJarringmission

wasineffectover.