Mona Baker & Gabriela Saldanha. Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (2nd edition)

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isamonographseriesinDanishontranslationstudies.Subjectsrangefrom

generaltranslationtheorytosubtitlingandmachinetranslationonPCs.The

seriesisissuedbytheCentreforTranslationStudiesatCopenhagenUniversity,

whichalsoeditsamonographseriesinEnglish,CopenhagenStudiesin

Translation,andaninternationaljournal,PerspectivesinTranslatology.

ARK,issuedbytheCopenhagenBusinessSchool,isamonographseries,

severalvolumesofwhichhavedealtwithtranslation.CEBAL,likewisefromthe

CopenhagenBusinessSchool,wastheforerunnerofthesameinstitution’s

CopenhagenStudiesinLanguage.Underbothnamesthispublicationhas

printedmanyarticlesontranslation.Hermesisaperiodicalonlinguisticsfrom

theÅarhusBusinessSchool,oftenwitharticlesontranslationandlexicography.

ThesituationinNorway

Evenbefore1814,independentNorwegiantranslationshadbeguntoappear.

ThustranslationsofShakespearebeganin1782,NilsRosenfeldt’stranslationin

1790comprisingsevencentralworks,andJohanStormMunchtranslated

Schiller’sDonCarlosin1812.TranslationsfromRacine,JeanPaul,Goethe,

MadamedeStaël,VictorHugoandothersfollowedrapidly.However,many

worksofGerman,FrenchorEnglishoriginwerestillreadinDanishtranslation,

whereasindependenttranslationsoftheOldIcelandicsagasbeganwithJacob

Aall’sLaxdølasaga(1816–20).

Thefirsttranslationinto‘ruralNorwegian’wasHansHansen’stranslationof

Horace(1797–1800).However,itwasthepioneerofNorwegianasan

independentlanguage,IvarAasen,whoreallydrewattentiontothepossibilities

ofthismediumwithhis1853translationofpoemsandproseextractsfrom

Shakespeare,Cervantes,Luther,SchillerandByronintolandsmål,the

forerunnerofNynorsk.AasenalsoplannedaBibleinNynorsk,andtheNew

Testament,translatedbyEliasBlix,appearedin1889.ThecompleteBible,

however,onlyappearedin1921,whereastheSamiansofNorthernNorway

hadhadtheirownNewTestament,translatedbyNielsStockfleth,since1834

(andtheGreenlandInuitstheirBible,translatedbyPaulEgede,since1766).

TheadherentsofNynorskdeliberatelytriedtoenrichthenewlanguageandto

giveitprestigethroughtranslationsfromtheclassics.Thisisthebackgroundfor

translationsofShakespearesuchasArneGarborgandOlavMadshus’s

(Macbethin1901andKaupmanneniVenetiain1905).

Thefirstdecadesofthetwentiethcenturywerecharacterizedbymany

translationsfromEnglish,FrenchandGerman,sothatmostmajorwriterswere

representedinNorwegianbeforeWorldWarII.Mentionmustbemadeof

NielsKjærandMagnusGrønvold’stranslationofDonQixote(1918)and

translationsoftheclassics:afreeversionoftheOdysseybyArneGarborgin

1918,followedbyP.Østbye’sIliad(1920)andOdyssey(1922).Østbyealso

translatedGreektragediesbySophocles(1924),Aeschylus(1926)and

Euripides(1928).

TheseriesKlassiskebokværk,24titlesinallandcontainingtranslationsofthe

classics,appearedinthe1920s,followedinthe1930sbyBokverkfrå

millomalderenwithmedievalclassicsliketheRolandskvadet(Chansonde

Roland),translatedbyA.Dahle.The1930salsosawanewtranslationof

twentythreeShakespeareanplaysbyHenrikRytter(1932–3),andtwomore

playsfollowedin1934.ShakespearewasalsotranslatedintotheRiksmål,with

twentyoneworksbyvarioustranslatorsduring1923–42,andanewcollection

ofplaystranslatedbyA.Bjerke(1958–80).Mostrenownedinthiscategory,

however,areHartvigKiran’sMacbeth(1962)andHamlet(1967).

ManytranslationsfromRussianappearedthroughoutthetwentiethcentury.

ThusCrimeandPunishmenthasappearedinnolessthansixdifferent

translations,andacompleteneweditionofDostoyevskywaspublishedin

1994.

EnglishisthedominantlanguagefortranslationsintoNorwegian,followedby

German,Swedish,French,Danish,RussianandSpanish.Thealltimebest

sellingtranslationisanAstridLindgrenchildren’sbook(66,000copies),

followedbyfivedetectivestoriesbyIanMacLean(40–45,000copies).

AlthoughEnglishisthedominantlanguage,thisislesssothaninDenmarkand

Sweden.

WellknowntranslatorsincludeAnnaLisaAmadou,famousforhertranslation

ofProust(1963–94),OleMichaelSelberg,whotranslatedMusil(1990–94),

OlavAngell,whotranslatedJoyce’sUlysses(1993),andKariandKjellRisvik,