Moser A.P., Folkman S. Buried Pipe Design
Подождите немного. Документ загружается.
Index
AASHTO (American Association of State
Highway and Transportation
Officials), 3, 272–273
abrasion resistance, 4
ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene)
pipe, 205, 505–507
AC (asbestos-cement) pipe, 78, 198–199,
247–257
accordion effect, 291
accuracy, installation, 568–569
acetone immersion testing, 425
ACPA (American Concrete Pipe
Association), 275
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS)
pipe, 205, 505–507
active direction control, 584
aggressive chemicals, 442–444
aging, of PVC pipe, 415, 444–459
aircraft loads, 38
AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute)
Handbook, 327–330
allowable thrust, 288
American Association of State Highway
and Transportation Officials
(AASHTO), 3, 272–273
American Concrete Pipe Association
(ACPA), 275
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
Handbook, 327–330
American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM)
ABS pipe standards, 205, 506
AC pipe standards, 248
CAB pipe standards, 508
clay pipe standards, 259
concrete pipe standards, 261
DI pipe standards, 337
PB pipe standards, 508
PE pipe standards, 205, 460
PVC pipe standards, 205, 391–392
American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) (Cont.):
RTR pipe standards, 225–226, 510
soil classification, 3, 65
SR pipe standards, 508
steel pipe standards, 331
American Water Works Association
(AWWA)
AC pipe standards, 248
AWWARF PVC pipe evaluation
aggressive chemicals, 442–444
aging, 444–459
length of time for problems to occur,
441–442
overview, 432–433
pressure surges, 434–435
procedure, 433
quality assurance, 433–434
tapping, 435–441
testing, 453–459
ultraviolet light, 442
water hammer, 453
concrete pipe standards, 261,
265–272
DI pipe standards, 337
PB pipe standards, 508
PE pipe standards, 460
plastic pipe standards, 207–209
PVC pipe standards, 391
RTR pipe standards, 510
steel pipe standards, 330–336
anchors, 58
angular opening/closing, 416
apparent ring compression stress, 294
arching, 25
asbestos-cement (AC) pipe, 78, 198–199,
247–257
assembling pipe, 526
ASTM. See American Society for Testing
and Materials
589
Copyright © 2008, 2001, 1990 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
augers, 565, 580
autogenous healing, 364
automated spoil transportation,
580–582
AWWA. See American Water Works
Association
AWWA Research Foundation (AWWARF)
PVC pipe evaluation. See American
Water Works Association
axial bending, 30
axial frozen-in stresses, 417
backfill, 527–528
balance loading test, 381–382
Barlow formula, 185
barricades, 530–531
basic dimensions (BDs), 49–50
beam action, 30
beam elements, 158
bedding
constant, 86–87
factors/classifications, 79, 273
material classifications, 68
overview, 71–72, 527–528
voids in, 77
bell cracking, 359–360
bell fractures, 47–49
belling, 389–390
bending stress/strain
in gravity flow pipes, 117–118
residual in buried pressurized flexible
pipe, 229
versus ring deflection, 404, 411
bentonite clays, 58
blasting, 523, 533–535
blocking pipe, 528–529
bore pits, 568
bore span, 567–568
boring process, 565–569
Boussinesq equation, 33–35, 123, 125
bracing, 529
broken casings, 538–540
buckling, 62, 111, 332–333
buried profile-wall HDPE pipe
performance limits and design
recommendations for, 501–504
structural performance of
dimpling, 497–498
full-scale testing, 470
hinging, 499
overview, 469–470
profile of pipe wall, 470–480
with steel rib, 480–483
buried profile-wall HDPE pipe, structural
performance of (Cont.):
test results for, 483–497
wall crushing, 499
Buried Structures Laboratory, 107, 129
Burns and Richard’s elastic solution, 137,
139–141, 146
bursting, 557
CAB (cellulose acetate butyrate) pipe,
507–508
Canadian Standards Association (CSA),
248
CANDE program, 147–148
casings, broken, 538–540
cast iron pipe, 198, 336
Castigliano’s equation, 45
cave-ins, 531
CCTV (closed-circuit television), 586
cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) pipe,
507–508
centrifuge testing, 139
cesspools, 2
chemical grouting, 559–560
chemicals, aggressive, 442–444
chlorine, 388
CIPP (cured-in-place pipe), 553
circumferential fractures, 46
clay, 3
clay pipe, 78, 257–260, 584
closed-circuit television (CCTV), 586
close-fit pipe, 558
cohesion coefficient, 22
combined loading
AC pressure pipe, 250
buried pressurized flexible pipe,
227–238
DI pipe, 222
overview, 193–195
combined sewers, 7
compaction
and gravity flow pipe design, 72–74
mechanical, 72
method of, 565–569
simulation of, 144–145
complete ditches, 17
complete projection condition, 17
compressibility, soil, 23–27, 128,
298, 301
compression, loss of, 360–361
computed stress, 288
concentrated loads, 161
concrete cores, 263
590 Index
concrete pipe
design strengths for, 278–280
nonreinforced, 78
pressure pipe, 198
prestressed cylinder, 260–263
pretensioned cylinder, 200, 265
reinforced cylinder
design of, 265–272
MT, 584
overview, 199–200, 263
reinforced noncylinder, 264–265
resin, 584
condensate pipe, 379–380
confined compression soil test, 51
confined spaces, 535–536
constant-deformation tests, 398
constrained compression test schematic,
93
constrained soil modulus, 91–95
cooling phase, 415
corrosion, 4, 337
corrugated steel pipe
overview, 285–291
reversal of curvature, 292–293
seam separation, 293–298
three-dimensional FEA modeling of,
298–301
wall crushing, 291–292
corrugated steel sheets, 328
corrugation height, 504–505
creep, 96
critical depth, 131
critical plane settlement, 20
critical time, 190
critical vacuum, 62
crystalline structure, 466–467
CSA (Canadian Standards Association),
248
cured-in-place pipe (CIPP), 553
cyclic pressure analysis, 226,
431–432
cyclic stresses/surges, 119, 186
dead loads, 41, 124
deadmen, 58
debris, 531
deflection. See also ring deflection
long-term data, 99–100
overview, 95–99
post evaluation of buried samples,
100–102
versus vertical soil pressure, 169, 171,
173, 175–176
deformation, 537
delamination, 119–120
dense soil, 292
dependent variables, 366
depth of cover, maximum, 355–356
derating PVC pipe, 427–430
design for value, 7–8
design properties
ABS pipe, 505
PE pipe, 460
PVC pipe, 391
RTR pipe, 510
dewatering, 525
DI pipe. See ductile iron pipe
diameter-thickness ratios, 344–345
differential settlement, 32
dimension ratio (DR), 186
dimensional analysis, 504
dimpling, 291, 497–498
distribution lines, 252
distribution piping systems, 6
ditches. See trenches
D-load strength, 539
DR (dimension ratio), 186
drawdown method, 558
ductile iron (DI) pipe
methods of design, 365–368
microtunneling, 584
overview, 336–342
pressure pipe, 222–223
testing of
bell cracking, 359–360
cement lining, 358–359
gasket, 360–361
instrumentation, 361
overview, 342–358
test results, 361–365
used in underground heating
distribution systems, 368–384
water hammer wave speed, 189
Duncan soil model, 147, 151, 156
earth loads, 222, 339–340
Earth pressure balance method, 580
edges of excavation, 530
effective closing time, 190–191
elastic buckling, 365
elasticity, modulus of, 23–27, 128,
298, 301
elastomeric seal joints, 526–527
elbow and thrust restraint, 379
embankment conditions, 15–21,
29, 279
Index 591
embedded-cylinder pipe, 263, 271–272
embedment
constant, 86–87
factors/classifications, 79, 273
material classifications, 68
overview, 71–72, 527–528
voids in, 77
empirical method of analysis, 106–109
environmental stress crack resistance
(ESCR) test, 467
epoxy resins, 553
equivalent orthotropic elements, 300
ESCR (environmental stress crack
resistance) test, 467
ethylene, 388
excavation, 134–136
exotherm, 508
expansion/contraction test, 383
expansive installation techniques, 565
expansive soils, 58
explosives, 523, 533–535
extensional elastic modulus, 298, 301
external loading
due to expansive soils, 58
due to temperature rise, 53–54
flotation, 58–62
frost loading, 57
longitudinal loading,
30–33
microtunneling, 576
pipe wall, 113–116, 192–193
PIPE5 analysis procedure, 159–161
seismic loads, 54–56
soil pressure
flexible pipes, 22–30
overview, 9–10
rigid pipes, 10–22
soil subsidence, 53
wheel loading
aircraft loads, 38
Boussinesq solution, 33–35
highway and railway loads, 35–38
minimum soil cover, 38–52
extruders, PVC pipe, 388–389
falling tools, 530
fatigue, 119
of plastic pipe, 209
FEA method. See finite element analysis
method
fiberglass pipes, 40
fiberglass-reinforced (FRP) pipe. See
reinforced thermosetting resin pipe
fiber-reinforced plastic pipes, 225–227
field strength, 79
fill height tables, 286
filled compounds, 398
finite element analysis (FEA) method
of buried pipe, 148–150
of corrugated steel pipe, 298–301
example applications
homogeneous installation, 168–172,
174–177
overview, 165–168
poor haunch installation, 172–174
results, 177
overview, 141, 146–148
PIPE5 analysis procedure, 150–165
rerounding, 228–229
fish-mouthed gaskets, 526
fixed-strain tests, 398
flaggers, 531
flat-plate loading, 23
flexibility factor, 461
flexible liners, 538
flexible pipes
analysis of
constrained soil modulus, 91–95
deflection, 95–103
empirical method, 106–109
installation design, 83–84, 137–138
long-term properties of plastic,
138–139
Spangler’s Iowa formula, 84–91
Watkins’s soil-strain theory,
103–106
combined loading, 194–195, 227–238
defined, 4–5
design factors, 9–10
embankment condition, 29
external loads, 192–193
FEA method, 147
load proportioning, 24
Marston load theory, 23
overview, 22–23
parallel, 124–128
pipe wall, 138
pressure-rated, 204–209
prism load theory, 27–28, 137–138
residual bending strain, 229
safety factors, 120–121
stiffness, 23–27, 138
thermoplastic, 201–204
trenches, 28–29, 75
tunnel loadings, 29–30
flexible springs, 24–25
flooding, 73
592 Index
flotation
internal vacuum, 62
liquefaction, 60–62
soil bearing, 62
soil cover, 46
soil wedges, 58–60
flowable fill, 74
flushing, 73–74
folded pipe, 555
freezing weather, 531
friction coefficient, 15
frost loading, 57
frozen-in stresses, 415–418
FRP (fiberglass-reinforced pipe). See
reinforced thermosetting resin pipe
full-scale testing, 139
fundamental variables (FVs), 49
fuses, 535
FVs (fundamental variables), 49
gages, 285–286
geometric nonlinear analysis, 159, 177
geotextile liners, 77
glassfiber reinforced polyester mortar
(GRP) pipe, 584
gravel, 3
gravity flow pipes
FEA method
buried pipes, 148–150
example applications, 165–177
overview, 146–148
PIPE5 analysis procedure, 150–165
flexible pipe analysis
constrained soil modulus, 91–95
deflection, 95–103
empirical method, 106–109
installation design, 83–84
overview, 137–139
Spangler’s Iowa formula, 84–91
Watkins’s soil-strain theory,
103–106
parallel
excavation, 134–136
flexible pipes, 124–128
parallel trenches, 129
rigid pipes, 128
safety factors, 129
sloped trench walls, 133
terminology, 121–124
vertical trench walls, 129–133
performance
limits of, 109–120
predicting, 139–146
gravity flow pipes (Cont.):
PVC, 390–397
rigid pipe analysis, 78–83
safety factors, 120–121
soils
classes of, 65–69
compacting techniques, 72–74
embedment, 71–72
soil-pipe interaction, 69–71
trench width, 74–77
gray cast iron pipe, 198, 336
greenware, 257
ground deformation, 56
ground disturbance, 568
ground movement, 32–33
grouting, 559–560
GRP (glassfiber reinforced polyester
mortar pipe), 584
HAB (horizontal auger boring), 565
half-ratio rule of thumb, 537
Handbook of Steel Drainage and Highway
Construction Products,38
handling equipment, 522
handling factor/stiffness, 461–464
hard hats, 530
haunches, 172–174, 231–232
Hazen-Williams equation, 6
HDB (hydrostatic design basis), 202–204,
467–468
HDD (horizontal directional drilling),
561–563
HDPE pipe. See high-density
polyethylene pipe
heat fusion joints, 527
heat reversion technique, 425–426
heavy equipment, 77
heavy rain, 531
HEB (horizontal earth boring), 570
height of cover, 305, 319
high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe
comparison of analytical methods for,
141
performance limits and design
recommendations for, 501–504
structural performance of,
469–499
high-velocity impact, 74
highway loads, 35–38
hinging, 45, 133, 292, 499
holddowns, 58
Hooke’s law, 94
hoop stress/strain, 117, 432
Index 593
horizontal auger boring (HAB), 565
horizontal directional drilling (HDD),
561–563
horizontal earth boring (HEB), 570
hot tapping, 435–436, 441
Howard, Amster K., 91, 106
hydraulics, 5–6
hydrostatic compression tests, 153
hydrostatic design basis (HDB), 202–204,
467–468
hydrostatic pressure, 183–186
hyperbolic soil model, 160
impact moling method, 565–566
incipient ring failure, 290
incremental element strains, 151
incremental load vectors, 150
incremental nodal displacements,
151
in-line replacement, 557
inserts, 536–537
insituform pipe, 540–549
installation design
flexible pipe analysis, 83–84,
137–138
rigid pipe analysis, 79–83
installation, pipe, 521–532
intermediate jacking stations, 583
internal pressure, 183
internal vacuum, 62
International Standards Organization
(ISO) equation, 186
Iowa formula
versus Burns and Richard’s elastic
solution, 146
overview, 84–91, 139
ISO (International Standards
Organization) equation, 186
jacking pipe, 576–578, 584–585
jetting, 73
joints
leakage, 371, 382–383
lockseam, 293
making, 526–527
microtunneling, 578
restrained, 242–243
Kerr, Logan, 191
ladders, 530
Lamé’s solution, 183–184
large-displacement theory, 159
lateral to vertical earth pressure ratio, 15
laying conditions, 341
laying shields, 524
legal liability for performance, 540
lifting, 530
linear finite element models, 147
linear springs, 24
linear variable differential transformer
(LVDT), 227
lined-cylinder pipe, 263, 270–271
liner pipe, 554
liners, 537–540
link sleeve method, 560–561
liquefaction, 60–62
live loads, 39, 43–46, 311. See also wheel
loading
load factor, 79
load proportioning, 24
load-deflection curves, 143, 317,
320–326
loading. See also external loading
combined
AC pressure pipe, 250
buried pressurized flexible pipe,
227–238
DI pipe, 222
overview, 193–195
flexible pipe design, 137–138
shear, 119
trenching machines, 533
local shear failures, 162
localized buckling, 294
lockseam joint, 293
longitudinal bending, 31
longitudinal fractures, 47
longitudinal loading, 30–33
longitudinal stresses, 53, 118–119,
195–198, 335
long-span arched sections, 285
long-term ductility, 465–467
long-term problems, 446–450
long-term service, 538
loose soil, 292
LVDT (linear variable differential
transformer), 227
machine safety, 532
Manning equation, 6
manual excavation, 571
Marston, Anson, 1, 10
Marston load theory, 10, 23
material nonlinearities, 299
mathematical models, 49
594 Index
mechanical compaction, 72
mechanical excavation, 571
mechanical in-line application methods,
560
Michell’s solution, 139–140
microtunnel boring machines (MTBMs),
573, 580–585
microtunneling (MT)
jacking forces, 576–578
joints, 578
MTBMs, 573, 580–585
overview, 572–576, 578–580
mini horizontal directional drilling
(Mini HDD) method, 563
model testing, 139
modulus (soil stiffness), 3–4, 83,
88–92, 138
modulus of elasticity, 23–27,
128, 298
modulus of passive resistance, 88
modulus of rupture (MR), 251
Mohr-Coulomb strength theory, 152
Mohr’s circle, 134–135, 157
MR (modulus of rupture), 251
MT. See microtunneling
MTBMs (microtunnel boring mach
ines),
573, 580–585
NASTRAN program, 298–300
NCTL (notched constant tensile load)
test, 468–469
nesting, 522
nominal factor of safety, 576–577
noncompactable soil, 72
nonlinear failure theories, 244
nonreinforced concrete pipe, 78
nonuniform bedding support, 30–32
notched constant tensile load (NCTL)
test, 468–469
Occupational Safety and Health Act
(OSHA), 528
open-channel flow, 5
operation, reliability and maintenance
(ORM) strategy, 552
organic soil, 3
ORM (operation, reliability and
maintenance) strategy, 552
OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health
Act), 528
overburden-dependent modulus,
140, 142–144
overdeflection, 115–116
overexcavation, 134
overhanging banks, 531
parallel pipes
excavation, 134–136
flexible pipe, 124–128
parallel trenches, 129
rigid pipe, 128
safety factors, 129
sloped trench walls, 133
terminology, 121–124
vertical trench walls, 129–133
parallel-drive microtunneling machines,
585
particle size, 527
PB (polybutylene) pipe, 208,
507–508
PCRs (postconsumer resins), 469
PE (prediction equation), 52
PE pipe. See polyethylene pipe
pea gravel, 4
percussion method, 565–569
percussion tools, 566
performance
limits of, 109–120, 289, 537
predicting, 139–146
pi terms, 50
pipe hydraulics, 5–6
pipe installation, 521–532
pipe jacking (PJ), 569–572, 583
pipe materials, see names of specific pipe
materials
pipe ramming method, 563
pipe removal, 557
pipe stiffness, 23–27, 138
pipe walls
buckling, 111–115
crushing
buried profile-wall HDPE pipe,
499
corrugated steel pipe, 291–292
gravity flow pipes, 110–111
flexible pipe design, 138
stresses and strains
combined loading, 193–195
external loads, 192–193
hydrostatic pressure, 183–186
longitudinal stresses, 195–198
surge pressure, 186–192
PIPE5 program, 148, 150–165
pipe-zone backfill, 65
PJ (pipe jacking), 569–572, 583
plane of equal settlement, 17
Index 595
plane-strain analysis, 157
plastic flexible pipe products. See also
polyethylene pipe; polyvinyl
chloride pipe
thermoplastic materials
ABS pipe, 205, 505–507
CAB pipe, 507–508
PB, 208, 507–508
SR, 507–508
thermoset plastic
overview, 508–509
RTR, 225–226, 509–517
plastic hinging, 133, 292
plastic pipe inserts, 536–539
plastic soil, 135
plastics. See also plastic flexible
pipe products
cyclic life of
fatigue, 209
pressures, 209–210
terminology, 210
testing competed at USU,
213–217
theories for, 210–213, 217–221
fiber-reinforced, 225–227
long-term properties of, 138–139
PLAXIS program, 147
point source repair, 558–561
Poisson’s circumferential strain, 118
Poisson’s effect, 196
Poisson’s ratio, 113, 155, 299, 301
polybutylene (PB) pipe, 208, 507–508
polyester resins, 553
polyethylene (PE) pipe
ASTM specifications for, 205
buried profile-wall HDPE pipe
comparison of analytical methods for,
141
performance limits and design
recommendations for, 501–505
structural performance of, 469–499
ESCR test, 467
handling factor, 461–464
HDB requirement for, 467–468
long-term ductility of, 465–467
NCTL test, 468–469
overview, 459–461
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe
aging of, 415
ASTM specifications for, 205
AWWARF evaluation of
aggressive chemicals, 442–444
aging, 444–459
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe, AWWARF
evaluation of (Cont.):
length of time for problems to occur,
441–442
overview, 432–433
pressure surges, 434–435
procedure, 433
quality assurance, 433–434
tapping, 435–441
testing, 453–459
ultraviolet light, 442
water hammer, 453
cyclic life, 217
frozen-in stresses, 415–418
gravity sewer pipe, 390–397
long-term deflection of, 108
microtunneling, 584
overview, 201–202
pressure pipe, 208, 418–432
versus steel, 102–103
strain limit testing of, 404–415
stress relaxation testing of, 397–404
water hammer wave speed, 190
ponding, 73
poor haunch installation, 172–174
“Positive/Negative Line,” 218–219
postconsumer resins (PCRs), 469
precompaction, 144
preconsolidation, 144
prediction equation (PE), 52
prequalification flattening test, 214–215
pressure controls schematic, 372
pressure flow, 5
pressure pipes
combined loading, 227–238
cyclic life of plastics
fatigue, 209
pressures, 209–210
terminology, 210
testing competed at USU, 213–217
theories for, 210–213, 217–221
design of, 224–225
DI, 222–223
fiber-reinforced plastic, 225–227
flexible
pressure-rated, 204–209
thermoplastic, 201–204
pipe wall stresses
combined loading, 193–195
external loads, 192–193
hydrostatic pressure, 183–186
longitudinal stresses, 195–198
surge pressure, 186–192
596 Index
pressure pipes (Cont.):
PVC, 418–432
rigid
AC, 198–199
reinforced concrete, 199–200
safety factors, 243–244
steel, 223, 330
thermoplastic materials for, 201–204
thrust restraint, 238–243
pressure surges, 434–435
prestressed concrete cylinder pipe, 260–263
pretensioned concrete cylinder pipe, 200,
265
prism load theory, 27–28, 137–138
profile-wall pipe
buried HDPE
comparison of analytical methods for,
141
performance limits and design
recommendations for, 501–504
structural performance of, 469–499
overview, 121
projection ratio, 18
protective clothing, 531–532
prototypes, 49
punch-throughs, 41–42
PVC pipe. See polyvinyl chloride pipe
pyramid/cone soil stress, 41–43
quarter symmetry, 300
questionnaires, 433–434
quick-burst strength, 209
radial tension, 119–120, 280
railway loads, 35–38
rain, 531
Rankine’s ratio, 11
rated working pressure, 355
reinforced concrete pipe (RCP)
cylinder, 263
microtunneling, 584
noncylinder, 264–265
overview, 199–200
reinforced plastic mortar (RPM) pipe, 509
reinforced thermosetting resin (RTR)
pipe, 225–226, 509–517
reinforced-steel cylinder pipe, 200
reinforcement phenomenon, 545–546
Reissner’s equation, 31–32
relining, 2
remote control system, 584
repair, defined, 551
rerounding coefficient, 229, 233–236
residual bending strain, 229
resin concrete pipe, 584
resistance to groundwater infiltration
test, 374–381
res
istance to water damage test, 381
restrained joints, 242–243
reversal of curvature
corrugated steel pipes, 292–293
gravity flow pipes, 116
rigid liners, 538
rigid pipe products. See also concrete pipe
AC pipe, 78, 198–199, 247–257
analysis, 78–83
AWWA design, 265–272
broken bells, 47–49
clay pipes, 257–260
combined loading, 193–194
defined, 4–5
design factors, 9
direct method, 275–278
embankment conditions, 15–21
external loads, 192
indirect methods, 272–273
longitudinal fractures, 47
Marston load theory, 10
parallel, 128
safety factors, 120
SPIDA, 281
three-edge bearing design criteria,
273–275
trench condition, 11–15
tunnel construction, 21–22
ring compression, 117, 288, 362
ring deflection
versus bending strain, 404,
411
buried corrugated steel pipes, 286–287
flexible pipe, 23
internal vacuum, 62
vertical trench walls, 129–130
ring stiffness, 461
robotic point repair, 559
rod elements, 158
rolldown system, 558
RPM (reinforced plastic mortar) pipe,
509
RTR (reinforced thermosetting resin)
pipe, 225–226, 509–517
saddles, 435–438, 441, 459
safety factors
gravity flow pipes, 120–121
parallel pipes, 129
safety procedures, 528–536
Index 597
sand, 3
Schlick, W. J., 20, 193–194
SDR (standard dimension ratio), 186, 206
seam separation, 293–298
segmental slip-lining method, 556
seismic loads, 54–56
select embedment, 72
semiflexible pipe, 115
semirigid pipe, 115
septic tanks, 2
service factor, 337
settlement ratio, 20
sewage flow, 6
sewer force mains, 7
sewer systems, 2
shear loadings, 119
shear modulus, 298, 301
sheeting, 524–525
shipping, 521–522
shoring, 529
SIDD design, 275–276
silt, 3
silty sand, 168
similitude, 49–52, 504
single point NCTL (SP-NCTL) test, 468–469
slings, 525–526
sliplining, 555–556
sloped trench walls, 133
slurry, 74, 580
small-displacement theory, 159
Smith, W. Harry, 57
S-N (stress versus number of cycles
to failure) curves, 210
soft-crown condition, 172
soil
and gravity flow pipe design
classes of, 65–69
compacting techniques, 72–74
embedment, 71–72
soil-pipe interaction, 69–71
mechanics, 2–4
and moisture, 32
particle migration, 76–77
subsidence, 53
unit weight, 15
soil bearing, 62
soil compression, 296
soil cover
dead loads, 41
flotation, 46
live loads, 43–46
pyramid/cone soil stress, 41–43
rigid pipes
soil cover (Cont.):
broken bells, 47–49
longitudinal fractures, 47
similitude, 49–52
soil envelope, 65
soil loading test cell, 370, 373–374
soil pressure
flexible pipes
embankment condition, 29
Marston load theory, 23
overview, 22–23
prism load, 27–28
stiffness versus soil compressibility,
23–27
trench condition, 28–29
tunnel loadings, 29–30
overview, 9–10
rigid pipes
embankment conditions, 15–21
Marston load theory, 10
trench condition, 11–15
tunnel construction, 21–22
soil stiffness (modulus), 3–4, 83, 88–92, 138
soil vaults, 543
soil wedges, 58–60
soil-pipe interaction, 7, 69–71, 281
solvent cement joints, 527
spalling of cement lining, 358–359
Spangler, M. G., 1, 84–85
Spangler’s Iowa formula, 84–91, 139, 146
spiral ribbed pipe tests
description of, 304–309
low stiffness, 309–327
overview, 302–304
spiral wound slip-lining method, 556
SP-NCTL (single point NCTL) test, 468–469
spray-on lining method, 560
springs, 24–25
SR (styrene-rubber) pipe, 507–508
SSTIPN program, 148
standard dimension ratio (SDR), 186, 206
static test method, 226
steel pipe
AISI Handbook, 327–330
AWWA M11, 330–336
corrugated
overview, 285–291
reversal of curvature, 292–293
seam separation, 293–298
three-dimensional FEA modeling of,
298–301
wall crushing, 291–292
microtunneling, 584
598 Index