Стюарт Вильям Работа с образами и символами в психологическом консультировании

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

wlh" DZdb_ keh\Z \u k\yau\Z_l_ kwlbf" >Zevr_ \ dgb]_ fu

ijbf_gbfh[sb_ijbgpbiuwlhcqZklbd jZ[hl_k deb_glZfb

J_axf_

:eobfby ohly __ j_^dh bamqZxl k_]h^gy dZd gZmdm b]jZ_l

\Z`gmxjhev\ h[s_fihgbfZgbbkbf\heh\b kbf\hebafZXg]b _]h

mq_gbdb ^hihegbeb hkgh\m ij_^hklZ\e_ggmx ^j_\gbfb WlZiu

Zeobfbq_kdh]h ijhp_kkZ ² wlh kbf\heu wlZih\ ebqgh]h jhklZ b

jZa\blbybg^b\b^mZevghklb



Xg] bNj_c^ kfhlj_eb gZ kbf\heu ihjZaghfm Nj_c^

bkihevah\Ze gZfgh]h [he__ kljmdlmjbjh\Zggmx fh^_ev Xg] [ue

f_g__ `_kldbf b ^_eZe Zdp_gl gZ \ebygbb dhee_dlb\gh]h

[_kkhagZl_evgh]h gZ ebqgh_ agZq_gb_ kbf\heZ Kgh\b^_gby

bkihevamxlkbf\heub kms_kl\_gghijbagZ\ZlvqlhqZklhh^gbbl_

`_kbf\heubkihevamxlky\ kgh\b^_gbyodZdjZagu_nhjfuh[jZah\

Fbnu \her_[gu_ kdZadb b e_]_g^u aZgbfZxl p_gljZevgh_

f_klh \ dhee_dlb\ghf [_kkhagZl_evghf Z lZd`_ \ ebqghf khagZgbb

LZd qlh bamq_gb_ fbnh\ ² wlh \ ^_ckl\bl_evghklb bamq_gb_

kbf\heh\dhlhju_kimklbebkvdgZfbafgh]bo\_dh\

G_\k_]^Ze_]dhb ijhklh\kihfgblvfbnbebe_]_g^mohly\u

fh`_l_bgklbgdlb\ghagZlvqlhhgfh`_l[ulvmf_klgufbeb[ue[u

ih^oh^ysbf bf_ggh \wlh \j_fy H^gZdh _keb \u khagZ_l_ qlh \

jZ[hl_bkihevamxlkykbf\heu wlh]hqZklh[u\Z_l^hklZlhqghqlh[u

ih[m^blvb\Zkb deb_glZijh^he`ZlvjZ[hlm

Bf__lky^hims_gb_qlh\u^hklZlhqghagZdhfuk g_dhlhjufb

fbnZfbqlh[u[ulvkihkh[guf\hclb\ gbo<lhjh_^hims_gb_

bklhjby deb_glZ ijh[m^bl \\Zk g_qlh qlh \uah\_l

hij_^_e_gguc fbn Lj_lv_ ^hims_gb_ \u bgl_j_km_l_kv

bkihevah\Zgb_fh[jZah\Yfh][u^himklblvqlhjZa\um`_qblZ_l_

dgb]magZqblm\Zk_klvlZdhcbgl_j_kWlhllhfg_fh`_lkh^_j`Zlv

\k_ [h]Zlkl\h fZl_jbZeZ ^hklmigh]h \Zf Y gZ^_xkv qlh [m^_l

hldjulZ ^\_jv dlhfm qlh y\ey_lky hq_gv rbjhdbf b \hegmxsbf

eZg^rZnlhf

Y m\_j_g \ h^ghf dh]^Z \u gZqg_l_ jZ[hlZlv k h[jZaZfb b

bkihevah\Zlv fbnu \her_[gu_ kdZadb b e_]_g^u \u baf_gbl_kv

Ihlhfm qlh jZ[hlZy k deb_glZfb b ihfh]Zy bf hldju\Zlv fbnu \

gbo \u lZd`_ [m^_l_ hldju\Zlv fbnu \ kZfhf k_[_ Iml_r_kl\by

dhlhju_ \u kh\_jrZ_l_ k dZ`^uf deb_glhf ij_\jZlylky \

iml_r_kl\by ]^_ \u hldjh_l_ k_[y b \Zr_ kh^_ckl\b_ hldjulbx

deb_glZ [m^_l hkgh\u\Zlvky gZ h[sghklb ihkdhevdm \Zrb

iml_r_kl\by klZgml k\yaZggufb Fu g_ fh`_f ihfh]Zlv deb_glZf

hldju\Zlv g_qlh dZkZxs__ky bo kZfbo _keb fu g_ ]hlh\u d

\hafh`ghklbhldjulvlh`_kZfh_bebqlhlhih^h[gh_\ kZfbok_[_

Klhevfgh]h_fh`gh \h[jZlv\ k_[ybamqZyfbnub e_]_g^u

qlhgZwlh ihlj_[h\ZeZkv[u \ky `bagv H^gZdh qblZy jZagu_ qZklb

wlhcdgb]b\u[m^_l_f_^e_gghih]jm`Zlvky\yaudb Zlfhkn_jmLh

qlhihgZqZemfh`_ldZaZlvkykljZgguf f_^e_ggh gZqg_l jZ[hlZlv\

\Zr_f dhee_dlb\ghf [_kkhagZl_evghf b\u klZg_l_ mklZgZ\eb\Zlv

k\yab f_`^m \Zrbf kh[kl\_gguf \gmlj_ggbf fbjhf bl_f qlh

qblZ_l_

<hkvfh_ iml_r_kl\b_ BKKE?>H<:GB? ><?G:>P:LB

A:>:GBC=?J:DE:

<\_^_gb_

<gZr_f ebqghf ihbkd_ ^ey hldjulby kZfbo k_[y fu klZex

gZ_fky k fgh`_kl\hf \uah\h\ b ohly \hafh`gh hgb g_ m]jhA xl

`bagb gh fh]ml m]jh`Zlv gZr_fm \gmlj_gg_fm jZ\g h\__l H^gZdh

lhevdh jZah[jZ\rbkv kwlbfb \uah\Zfb fu kihkh[ \hkklZgh\blv

jZ\gh\_kb_b ^\b]Zlvkyd ke_^mxs_fm\uah\m

Kbf\heu dZd b kgh\b^_gby wlh ^hjh]Z \ [_kkhagZl_evgh_ 

>Zgl_hgbfh]mlbf_lvq_luj_agZq_gby

;md\Zevgh_ hq_\b^gh_ih\k_^g_\gh_h[uqgh_

BKIHE;AH



gb_

 :ee_]hjbq_kdh_ agZq_gb_ dhlhjh_ kdjulh ih^ ihdjhb

fbnh\ Dh]^Z ]h\hjblky qlh Hjn_c k\h_c exlg_c k^_eZe ^x a\_j_c

jmqgufb b aZklZ\be ^_j_\vy b dZfgb ke_^h\Zlv aZ gbf hagZqZ_l

fm^jh]h fm`qbgm beb `_gsbgm \eZ^_xsbo bgkljmf lhf ]hehkZ

dhlhjuc fh`_l aZklZ\blv `_klhdb_ k_j^pZ klZlv k j_ggufb b

djhldbfb DZfgb b ^_j_\vy b^msb_ ke_^hf hebb \hjyxl l_o dlh

ke_^m_laZmq_gb_ffm^jhcebqghklb

 GjZ\kl\_ggh_ ebqgZy gjZ\kl\_gghklv q_eh\_dZ \eby_l gZ

bgl_jij_lZpbxkbf\heh\

 Fbklbq_kdh_ lh qlh g_evay h[tykgblv dZdbfeb[h ba i

qm\kl\lhqlhk\yaZgh k h[jZs_gb_fd ^moh\ghfm[h`_kl\_g fm<

[h`_kl\Zofufh`_fgZclbiZjZee_ebgZr_fmkh[kl\_gfm ihbkdm

Imlv e_`bl hl [md\Zevgh]h \g_rg_]h d fbklbq_kdhfm \A

j_gg_fm ihlhfm qlh lhevdh ijb iheghf ihgbfZgbb lh]h qd

ijhbahrehjZgvr_fh`ghjZah[jZlvkyqlhijhbkoh^bliha`_



Gh`gbpugZijbf_jbkihevamxl qlh[u jZaj_aZlv ijb^Z\Zlv

nhjfm kljbqv gh hgb lZd`_ h ebp_l\hjyxl b wfhpbhgZevgh_

hlqm`^_gb_ m]jham \hafh`gmx dZkljZpbx beb dZdh_lh bgh_

jZg_gb_ AgZq_gb_ h[jZaZ f_gy_lky hl lh]h hldjulu gh`gbpu beb

aZdjulu Dh]^ZfuhklZgZ\eb\Z_fkygZ [md\ZevghfagZq_gbb h[jZaZ

beb ^Z`_ gZ _]h i_j\hf kbf\hebq_kdhf agZq_gbb fu jbkdm_f

ijhkdhevablvlhevdhihih\_joghklb

BeexkljZpbx fh`gh \aylv ba mijZ`g_gby k khdjh\_gguf

h[t_dlhf DZ`^uc mqZklgbd k_fbgZjZ ijbg_k dZdhclh ij_^f_l

qlh[u bkihevah\Zlv _]h \ qZjmxs_f k_Zgk_ Fwjb ijbg_keZ

kl_deyggh_ij_kkiZiv_ ²ij_djZkgh_fgh]hp\_lgh_\ nhjf_dhgmkZ

k aZdjm]e_gguf \_johf KgZqZeZ fu bkke_^h\Zeb \g_rgbc \b^

ij_^f_lZ b jZkkfZljb\Zeb _]h ih^ fgh]bfb m]eZfb hsmsZeb _]h

]eZ^dhklv b dZdh_ hgh oheh^gh_ Wlh bkke_^h\Zgb_ hj]ZgZfb qm\kl\

ijb\_eh d bkke_^h\Zgbx p\_lZ _]h agZq_gby \hh[s_ b^ey Fwjb \

qZklghklb

<hl\_l gZ fhc \hijhk =^_ hgh h[uqgh klhbl" hgZ

ihdhe_[ZeZkv aZl_f hl\_lbeZ k \eZ`gufb ]eZaZfb GZ fh_f

ibkvf_gghf klhe_ jy^hf k nhlh]jZnb_c Y ih^gye ij_kkiZiv_

ih^_j`Ze _]h \ jmdZo keh`_gguodh\rbdhf ihkfhlj_ekd\havg_]h

gZ Fwjb aZl_f kdZaZe Wlh \b^bfh qlhlh hq_gv ^hjh]h_

Hq_\b^gh_ ml\_j`^_gb_ fh]eh ihdZaZlvky g_gm`guf gh lh qlh y

^_eZe [ueh ijbagZgb_f qm\kl\ <lh `_ \j_fy g_aZ\_jr_gghklv

ml\_j`^_gby iha\heyeZ _c \u[jZlv gZijZ\e_gb_ k\h_]h hl\_lZ Y

hl^Ze_cij_kkiZiv_hgZ\ayeZ_]hb kdZaZeZ>Zfgh]he_lgZaZ^_]h

^Ze fg_ g_dlh hq_gv ^hjh]hc HgZ dhe_[ZeZkv KhagZ\Zy

s_dhleb\hklv iheh`_gby b ihfgy qlh fu \ ]jmii_ y hklhjh`gh

kdZaZeNhlh]jZnby"HgZdb\gmeZke_]dZijbdhkgm\rbkvd ]eZaZf

<u ohlbl_ ijh^he`Zlv beb hklZgh\bfky a^_kv" ² kijhkbe y HgZ

j_rb LD hklZgh\blvky

GZ k_Zgk_ h^bg gZ h^bg h^gZdh mf_gy g_ hklZehkv

khfg_gbb qlh Fwjb ijh^he`beZ [u bkke_^h\Zlv \hkihfbgZgby

\ua\Zggu_ __ ^jZ]hp_gguf h[t_dlhf Ke_^h\Zl_evgh fh`gh

^\b]Zlvky hl [md\Zevgh]h d [he__ ]em[hdhfm agZq_gbx kbf\heZ \

^ZgghfkemqZ_ hldmkhqdZkl_deZ ohlywlh qbklh_ ij_^iheh`_gb_d

bkke_^h\Zgbx[hebb i_qZeb

Yj_rbe bkihevah\Zlv ZgZeh]bx k =_jZdehf qlh[u

ijh^_fhgkljbjh\Zlv ebqguc ihbkd ;h]bgy =_jZ ^\b`bfZy

g_gZ\bklvx d A_\km dhlhjuc [ue _c g_\_j_g b ijhba\_e gZ k\_l

=_jZdeZgZ

keZeZ gZ =_jZdeZ ijbklmi [_amfby \ dhlhjhf hg m[be k\hx

`_gm b ^_l_c HgZ ijb^mfZeZ ^\_gZ^pZlv ljm^guo aZ^Zgbc ²

Ih^\b]b =_jZdeZ ² dZd ihdZygb_ Wlh \h\e_deh _]h \h fgh]b_

\hegmxsb_ iheh`_gby b ijb kh\_jr_gbb dZ`^h]h ih^\b]Z _fm

ijboh^behkv ij_h^he_\Zlv g_qlh ]jhays__ _]h mgbqlh`blv

Ke_^mxsb_  aZ^Zgbc hebp_l\hjyxl iml_r_kl\ b_ ebqghklb d

p_ehklghklb b bgl_]jZpbb dhlhjh_ kdeZ^u\Z_lky \ jZ\gh\_kbb ²

p_ebex[h]hdhgkmevlbjh\Zgby

Y aZdhgqm \\_^_gb_ pblZlhc ba IjhjhdZ =b[jZgZ 

Lh]^ZkdZaZemqbl_ev=h\hjbkgZfbh[Mq_gbb²bhgIjhjhd

kdZaZeGbh^bgq_eh\_dg_fh`_lhldjulvl_[_gbq_]hdjhf_lh]h









qlhm`_^j_fe_l\ ijh[e_kdZol\h_]hagZgby?kebhg^_ckl\bl_evgh

fm^j hg g_ ijbdZau\Z_l l_[_ \hclb \ ^hf _]h fm^jhklb gh kdhj__

\_^_ll_[yd ihjh]ml\h_]hkh[kl\_ggh]hjZamfZ

Y gZ^_xkv qlh jZ[hlZy kwlhc dgb]hc \u lh`_ ihqm\kl\m_l_

\heg_gb_b aZbgl_j_km_l_kv\hafh`ghklyfbhldju\Zxsbfbkyi_j_^

\Zfb dh]^Z kZfb i_j_klmibl_ ihjh] fm^jhklb kh[kl\_ggh]h

\gmlj_gg_]hfbjZ

AZ^Zgb_i_j\h_²bkke_^h\Zgb_\gmlj_gg_]h

I_j\h_aZ^Zgb_²h[gZjm`blvgZrp_gljbqlh[uk^_eZlv

fu^he`guh[jZlblvky\gmljvbebgZaZ^d kZfbfk_[_<g_r`bagv

^he`gZ [ulv mjZ\gh\_r_gZ Z^_d\Zlghc \gmlj_gg_c `bar Qlh[u

k^_eZlvwlhfu^he`gu[ulv]hlh\uhldZaZlvkyhl_\mdhj_gb\rboky

ihabpbc fg_gbc \_jh\Zgbc ij_^jZkkm^d fhlb\h\ b bfimevkh\

;eZ]hl\hjghihfgblvqlhq_f[hevr_ihfh]Z_f^jm]bfbkke_^h\Zlv

bo \gmlj_ggbc fbj l_f [hevr_ \ugm`^_gu bkke_^h\Zlv k\hc

kh[kl\_gguc Fhf_gl dh]^Z fu hldZau\Z_fky wlh ^_eZlv ² \j_fy

dh]^Z fu i_j_klZ_f jZklb ?keb fu dhgkmevlZglu \uihegbf

kh[kl\_ggh_ bkke_^h\Zgb_ \gmlj_gg_]h fbjZ ohly hgh gbdh]^Z g_

aZdhgqblky lh [m^_f emqr_ wdbibjh\Zgu qlh[u kh\_jrZlv k

deb_glZfbbo\gmlj_ggb_iml_r_kl\by

Ki_rm^h[Z\blviml_r_kl\b_d kh[kl\_gghfmp_gljmgbdh]^Z

g_ b^_l ih ijyfhc ebgbb b p_glj gbdh]^Z g_ [u\Z_l f_klhf

dhlhjh]h q_eh\_d ^hklb]Z_l b hklZ_lky lZf Fh`gh ijh\_klb

iZjZee_evk =hjhcIj_h[jZ`_gbyBbkmkih^gyekygZ]hjmk lj_fy



k\hbfb mq_gbdZfb ]^_ mq_gbdb i_j_`beb lh qlh fu fh`_f

gZa\Zlvhiulhf\_jrbgu²lZdhcij_djZkgucqlhhgbg_ohl_eb

kimkdZlvky\gbagh BbkmkgZihfgbebf\gbambo`^_ljZ[hlZLh

`_dZkZ_lkygZr_]h\j_f_gb\ p_glj_Fufh`_f^hklbqv_]he_qvb

hl^hogmlv lZf iblv _]h \_ebq_kl\_gguc fbj b ihdhc b `_eZlv

hklZlvky a^_kv ]^_ \k_ djbklZevgh qbklh b ihegh k\_lZ Gh _klv

jZ[hlZdhlhjZy^he`gZ[ulvk^_eZgZ\ j_Zevghffbj_bfu^he`gu

b^lbagZyqlh\_jg_fky

AZ^Zgb_\lhjh_²bkke_^h\Zgb_\ukhl

Hq_\b^gmx mgb\_jkZevghklv kbf\hebafZ \ukhl fh`gh

gZ[ex^Zlv\ ojZfZo b fhgZklujyoihkljh_gguogZ \_jrbgZo]hjb

\h fgh]bo e_]_g^Zo k\yaZgguo k ]hjZfb dhlhju_ kqblZxl

k\ys_ggufb Bbkmk \ahr_e gZ G_[_kZ k FZkebqghc =h ju <_jrbgZ

]hju ² wlh lhqdZ [eb`ZcrZy d G_[_kZf lhqdZ \ukr_]h

\^hogh\_gbyf_klh\klj_qb[h]h\f_klhdm^Zijbr_e;h]]h\hjbek

Fhbk__fb^Ze_fmaZih\_^bf_klh[eZ]h]h\_gbyb lZcgu

JZkkfhljbf q_luj_ Zki_dlZ bkke_^h\Zgby \ukhl bglmbpby

\heyfure_gb_b qm\kl\h

 JZa\blb_ bglmbpbb hlghkblky lZd`_ d I_j\hfm

iml_r_kl\bx

Bglmbpby ² wlh agZgb_ dhgp_ipbb ijZ\^u beb j_r_gby

ijh[e_fu dhlhjh_ ijbreh ih\b^bfhfm kihglZggh [_a

khagZl_evguorZ]h\h[hkgh\Zgbybeb\hijhkZH[tykg_gb_bglmbpbb

lZdh\hqlh hgZy\ey_lkyj_amevlZlhfhkh[h]h^ZjZkihkh[ghklbbeb

hkh[hc h[sghklb k ba\_klguf h[t_dlhf G_dhlhju_ nbehkhnu b

ikboheh]b aZy\eyxl qlh q_eh\_q_kdb_ n_ghf_gu fh`gh ihgylv

lhevdh k ihfhsvx hkh[hc bglmbpbb h^gZdh fgh]b_ ikboheh]b

hlghkyl bglmbpbx d fukebl_evghfm ijhp_kkm ijhbkoh^ys_fm

kebrdhf [ukljh qlh[u q_eh\_d hkhagZ\Ze _]h GZijbf_j

fgh]hqbke_ggu_ fbgbfZevgu_ gZf_db fh]ml [ulv [ukljh

bgl_]jbjh\Zgu ^_eZy \hafh`ghc b^_glbnbdZpbx gug_rg_]h hiulZ

ih hlghr_gbx d ijhrehfm hiulm KZfhh[fZg \hafh`_g aZ kq_l

km[t_dlb\ghklbbglmbpbb

[

JZa\blb_\heb

< ikboheh]bb\hey²wlhkihkh[ghklv\u[jZlvbabf_xsboky

Zevl_jgZlb\ ebgbx ^_ckl\by b ^_ckl\h\Zlv \ khhl\_lkl\bb kh

k^_eZgguf \u[hjhf hkh[_ggh dh]^Z ^_ckl\b_ gZijZ\e_gh d

hij_^_e_gghc p_eb beb mijZ\ey_lky hij_^_e_ggufb b^_ZeZfb b

ijbgpbiZfb ih\_^_gby <he_\h_ ih\_^_gb_ dhgljZklbjm_l k

ih\_^_gb_f ijhbkoh^ysbf ba bgklbgdlZ bfimevkZ j_ne_dkZ beb

ijb\uqdb dhlhju_ g_ \dexqZxl \k_[y khagZl_evguc \u[hj f_`^m

Zevl_jgZlb\ZfbKh\j_f_ggu_ikboheh]bkdehgguhlghkblvkyd\he_

kdhj__ dZd d Zki_dlm beb dZq_kl\m ih\_^_gby q_f dZd d hl^_evghc

kihkh[ghklbBf_gghq_eh\_d\p_ehfijhy\ey_l\hex

:dl\he_baty\e_gbyijhy\ey_lky\

 nbdkZpbb \gbfZgby gZ hlghkbl_evgh ^Zevgbo p_eyo b

hlghkbl_evghZ[kljZdlguoghjfZob ijbgpbiZoih\_^_gby

 \a\_rb\Zgbb Zevl_jgZlb\guo ebgbc ^_ckl\by b ijbgylbb

h[^mfZggh]h ^_ckl\by dhlhjh_ dZ`_lky gZbemqrbf h[jZahf jZk

kqblZggufqlh[ukem`blvhij_^_e_ggufp_eyfb ijbgpbiZf

 aZf_^e_gbb bfimevkh\ b ijb\uq_d dhlhju_ fh]ml hl\e_q

\gbfZgb_hlp_ebbebijbgpbiZbebdhgnebdlh\Zlvk gbfb

klhcdhklbijhlb\ij_iylkl\bcb jZahqZjh\Zgbc \ ke_^h\Zgbb

p_ebbebijb\_j`_gghklbijbgpbiZf

Kj_^bh[uqguog_^hklZldh\dhlhju_fh]mlijb\_klbdhkeZ[

e_gbx\hebjZaebqZxlkyke_^mxsb_

hlkmlkl\b_p_e_c^hklhcguoklj_fe_gbybebb^_Zeh\b ghjf

ih\_^_gby^hklhcguom\Z`_gbydhe_[exs__ky\gbfZgb_

 g_kihkh[ghklv khijhlb\eylvky bfimevkZf beb hldZau\Zlvky

hlijb\uq_d

 g_kihkh[ghklv ^_eZlv \u[hj f_`^m Zevl_jgZlb\Zfb beb

ijb^_j`b\Zlvkyh^gZ`^uijbgylh]hj_r_gby

JZa\blb_fure_gby

<ukhlu hebp_l\hjyxlky\_jrbghc]hju g_[hfbeb gk fb

B^_b \_jrbggh]h hiulZ fu m`_ dZkZebkv \ur_ Bkkek gb_ \ukhl

fh`_lhagZqZlvahg^bjh\Zgb_jZaebqbcf_`^mhkghb





wfhpbyfbb \ukrbfbqm\kl\ZfbZ lZd`_ijbgylb_lh]hqlhb

l_ b ^jm]b_ nhjfbjmxl kms_kl\_ggmx qZklv gZr_c

bg^b\b^mZevghklb Hgh lZd`_ \dexqZ_l \k_[y mjZ\gh\_rb\Zgb_

fure_gby f_`^m l_f qlh dhgdj_lgh b \ukrbf bgl_ee_dlmZevguf

jZkkm`^_gb_f Fure_gb_ ² wlh gZklhevdh `bag_ggh \Z`gZy

nmgdpby qlh ij_`^_ q_f b^lb ^Zevr_ gm`gh ihljZlblv gZ g_]h

g_dhlhjh_\j_fy

H^bgbaZki_dlh\fure_gbydhlhjucke_^m_ljZkkfhlj_lv²

lh qlh fu ^mfZ_f G_dhlhju_ ba gZrbo fuke_c \_kvfZ wnn_dlgu

^Z`_ ijbqm^eb\u Fukeb bf_xl ijb\uqdm \e_lZlv \ khagZgb_ b

\ue_lZlv ba g_]h k bamfeyxs _c kdhjhklvx Hgb fh]ml aZ^_j`Zlvky

bebaZk_klv\ gZr_fmf_gZklhevdhqlhklZgml^hdmqZlv_fmFukeb

fh]ml gZoh^blvky ih^ gZrbf dhgljhe_f beb \uoh^blv baih^ g_]h

hgbfh]ml[ulv[em`^Zxsbfh]hgvdhf\_^msbfgZk\_k_ehlZgpmy

\ hiZkgu_ f_klZ Hgb fh]ml [ulv fheqZeb\ufb dZd fh]beZ beb

rmfgufb dZd Z\lh[mk gZ[bluc [helZxsbfb ^_lvfb ih ^hjh]_ \

rdhemFukeblZdbaf_gqb\ub l_fg_f_g__hgbfh]ml[ulvlZdbfb

gZklhcqb\ufb hdZau\Zy kbevgh_ \ebygb_ gZ gZr_ ih\_^_gb_ Hgb

fh]ml ih^gbfZlv gZk d \_ebq_kl\_gguf \ukhlZf beb ih]jm`Zlv \

]em[bguhlqZygbyb mgb`_gbyFukebdhlhju_\ hkgh\ghfaZgbfZxl

jZamf q_eh\_dZ h[ty\eyxl hldjuluf l_dklhf qlh wlh aZ ebqghklv

AgZqbl \k\h_f ihbkd_ kZfhkhagZgby gZf gm`gh \gbfZl_evgh

hagZdhfblvkykgZr_cfukebl_evghc`bagvxb l_fdZdhgZ\eby_lgZ

gZr_ih\_^_gb_

Dh]^Z fu jZkkfZljb\Z_f gZijbf_j kbfiZlbx \ dZdhf

gZijZ\e_gbb \_^ml gZk gZrb fukeb" B dZdh\h gZijZ\e_gb_ dh]^Z

jZkkfZljb\Z_lky__ ijhlb\hiheh`ghklvZglbiZlby" <_kvfZ\_jhylgh

qlh dh]^Zwlhlhiul[m^_l\uiheg_g hdZ`_lky ihqlb g_\hafh`guf

hl^_eblv fukev hl qm\kl\Z Kblm Zpbb b kh[ulby dhlhju_ fu

\kihfbgZ_fijbg_kmlk kh[hcqm\kl\ZghaZl_ffukebfh]mlm\_klb

gZkaZ ij_^_eulh]hqlhfu ^_ckl\bl_evgh bkiulZebFukevfh`_l

[ulv b bklhjbq_kdhc b nmlmjbklbq_kdhc Nmlmjbklbq_kdZy fukev

]jZgbqbl k \hh[jZ`_gb_f DZd b wfhpbb fukeb fh`gh

deZkkbnbpbjh\Zlv gZ ihablb\gu_ b g_]Zlb\gu_gh a^_kv hiylvlZdb

\ghkblkywfhpbhgZevgh_kh^_j`Zgb_Lhqlhfu^mfZ_f²hk_[_h

^jm]bo ex^yo h kblmZpbyo b h[klhyl_evkl\Zo ² \eby_l gZ wfhpbb

dhlhju_\k\hxhq_j_^v\ebyxlgZgZr_ih\_^_gb_

Fu fh`_f hijZ\^u\Zlvky Y gbq_]h g_ fh]m ih^_eZlv k

fukeyfb ijboh^ysbfb fg_ \ ]heh\m Wlh lZd gh  ebrv ^h

g_dhlhjhfkl_i_gbFufh`_fij_^ijbgbfZlvZdlb\gu_rZ]bqlh[u



ihf_rZlvfukeyfaZk_klvmgZkb ]heh\_L_fgu_g_]Zlb\gu_

fukeb fh]ml [ulv jZkk_ygu k\_leufb ihablb\gufb FqZsb_ky

fukebfh]ml[ulvaZf_^e_gu k ihfhsvxj_eZdkZpbb b f_^blZpbba

mijZ`g_gby\heb²qlh_s_jZaih^q_jdb\Z_ljh^kl\hf_`^ml_ehf

wfhpbyfbb jZamfhfM fgh]boex^_clZylky\j_^gu_\hkihfbgZgby

^Ze_dh]h beb g_^Z\g_]h ijhbkoh`^_gby h kh[ulbyo beb ex^yo b

fukebqZklh\jZsZxlky\hdjm]wlbo\hkihfbgZgbc

<ua\Zggu_ \hkihfbgZgby qZklh ijbghkyl k kh[hc [hev

khhl\_lkl\mxs_]hfhf_glZgh\ jZ\ghckl_i_gb\Z`gub k\yaZggu_k

gbfb qm\kl\Z dhlhju_ \ughkylky gZ ih\_joghklv >\Z qm\kl\Z

h[uqgh hdZau\Zxsb_ky gZ ih\_joghklb wlh g_]h^h\Zgb_ b ]hj_qv

;hevrbgkl\h ba gZk \j_fy hl \j_f_gb ihl\hjkl\m_l g_]Zlb\ghfm

fure_gbx gh ex^b dhlhju_ ih^jh[gh b gZ^he]h hklZgZ\eb\Zxlky

gZ g_]Zlb\guo \_sZo bkiulu\Zxl lZd`_ qm\kl\Z gZoh^ysb_ky gZ

l_fghc klhjhg_ wfhpbhgZevgh]h ki_dljZ LZd `_ dZd fh`gh

aZf_^eblv fqZsb_ky fukeb j_eZdkZpb_c b f_^blZpb_c bkihevamy

\hh[jZ`_gb_ q_eh\_d bf__l \hafh`ghklv hlh^\bgmlvky hl

qj_a\uqZcghg_]Zlb\guoqm\kl\d ijhlb\hiheh`ghfmihexkm

 I

JbkDhe_kh wfhpbhgZevgh]hhkhagZgby

qm\kl\Zh[uqghihfh]ZxlgZfeZ^blvk ^jm]bfbex^vfblh]^Z

dZdg_]Zlb\gu_qm\kl\Zbf_xlijhlb\hiheh`gucj_amevlZl

Dhe_kh hkhagZgby fh`gh bkihevah\Zlv fgh]bfb kihkh[Zfb

gZijbf_j

 gZ _]h [Zah\hf mjh\g_ kihkh[kl\mxs_f ijyfhfm

ihgbfZgbxkeh\

 jZkkfZljb\Zy ih hq_j_^b dZ`^mx wfhpbx ² hl ex[\b ^h

wdklZaZ ² bjZafureyy h[ h[klhyl_evkl\Zo kblmZpbyo kh[ulbyo b

\j_f_gbdh]^Z\ubkiulu\Zebbo

 jZkkfZljb\Zy keh\Z \ iZjZo b wfhpbhgZevgh_ \ha^_ckl\b_

dhlhjh_hgbhdZau\Zxl

 iZj keh\ ijhgmf_jh\Zgu ^ey e_]dhklb kkuehd bhgb

hj]Zgbah\Zgu lZd qlh gZqbgZy k ghf_jZ h^bg ² ex[\b ²

ijhbkoh^bl ihkl_i_ggh_ kgb`_gb_ wfhpbhgZevgh]h lhgZ d

g_\bgghklb dhlhjZy hlf_qZ_l dhg_p i_j\hc q_l\_jlb <lhjZy

q_l\_jlv²ihkl_i_ggh_ih\ur_gb_l_fguowfhpbhgZevguolhgh\^h

kZfh]h kbevgh]h g_gZ\bklb Lj_lvy q_l\_jlv ² kgb`_gb_lhgZ^h

hilbfba



fZ Q_l\_jlZy q_l\_jlv ² wlh ih\ur_gb_ lhgZ hl

m^h\hevkl\by^hwdklZaZH i_j\hcq_l\_jlbfh`gh^mfZlvdZdh[

Hk_gb h \lhjhc ² dZd h Abf_ lj_lv_c ² dZd h <_kg_ b

q_l\_jlhc²dZdh E_l_Ij_^klZ\eyyex[mxfh^_evq_eh\_db^_l

gZ jbkd ihgylv qlheb[h ba gbo  g_ kh\k_f \_jgh <hafh`gh

g_dhlhju_ iZju keh\ g_ y\eyxlky k_fZglbq_kdbfb ZglhgbfZfb

Bf_xlky \\b^m bf_ggh wfhpbhgZevgu_ ijhlb\hiheh`ghklb GZ

ijZdlbd_ f_`^m ex[ufb ^\mfy ihexkZfb kms_kl\m_l fgh]h

]jZ^Zpbc

JZ[hlZ k h[jZaZfb ² wlh ihe_agZy ihfhsv qlh[u \hclb \

dhglZdl k wfhpbyfb ij_^klZ\eyy k_[_ dZjlbgm hebp_l\hjyxsmx

dZ`^mx wfhpbx <gmlj_ggyy dZjlbgZ kgZqZeZ fh`_l ihdZaZlvky

kljZgghc b g_ih^oh^ys_c h^gZdh _keb bkke_^h\Zlv dZ`^uc __

Zki_dl gZ\_jgydZ jZkdjh_lky __ [he__ ]em[hdbc kfuke DZ`^uc

q_eh\_dihqlbgZ\_jgydZbf__ljZaebqgu_\gmlj_ggb_ij_^klZ\e_gby

h^ghc blhc `_ wfhpbb ih lhfm qlh dZ`^Zy wfhpby \ha^_ckl\m_l gZ

ex^_cihjZaghfmFh`_l[ulv^hklZlhqghijb\_klbijbf_j

M Wg^jxkeh\h[_afyl_`ghklv\uau\Z_ldZjlbgmkihdhcgh]h

ha_jZ g_ lh]h dhlhjh_ hg agZe ih ha_jm ieu\_l k_fvy e_[_^_c

Dh]^Z hg bkke_^m_l kp_gm lh ^mfZ_l h agZq_gbb \h^u b hsms_gbb

qlh l_[y ih^^_j`b\Zxl Dh]^Z hg ieu\_l ih \h^_ _]h qm\kl\Z

ih^gbfZxlky \\_jo d h[eZdZf lZgpmxsbf gZ g_[_ Wg^jx

klZgh\blky h^gbf ba h[eZdh\ lhevdh qlh[u ihgylv qlh hgh

hebp_l\hjy_lhkh[h_[_kihdhckl\hdhlhjh_g_dhlhjh_\j_fy\eZ^__l

_]h jZamfhfHg ^mfZ_l _kebhggZmqblky [hevr_jZkkeZ[eylvkylh

kfh`_lih ^gylvkygZ^k\hbfbljm^ghklyfb<ha\jZsZykvd ha_jmhg

^mfZ_l h \h^_ __ ]em[bg_ p\_l_ b `bagb kh^_j`Zs_cky \g_c Hg

ihgbfZ_lqlh\h^ZhljZ`Z_l_]hjZaebqgu_gZkljh_gby

L _   l  d LA  Q  QLO , @ H   ! ,, LH DD

KLKj@BRKLKY :

LE6

gh gh \k_ `_ bf__l ]em[bgm dhlhjZy _keb __ bkke_^h\Zlv

hldjh_lhij_^_e_ggu_klhjhgu_]hebqghklbdhlhju_\hafh`ghg_

\k_]^Z _fm ijbylgu K ^jm]hc klhjhgu ba ]em[bg \ujZklZ_l g_qlh

[eZ]hl\hjgh_ Gh ih  f_j_ lh]h dZd Wg^jx ijh^he`Z_l kfhlj_lv

ih\_joghklv ha_jZ klZgh\blky g_kihdhcghc \hegmxs_cky ?]h

\hh[jZ`_gb_ gZqZeh \_klb _]h q_j_a iZjZf_lju d \heg_gbx Fh`_l

[ulvdh]^ZAb[m^vWg^jxaZohq_lbkke_^h\Zlvb wlhkeh\h

Bkihevamy Dhe_kh hkhagZgby fh`gh h[gZjm`blv qlh m

q_eh\_dZ bf__lky \ukhdZy kdehgghklv d ihbkdm bkiulZgbc

fZdkbfZevguo qm\kl\ WdklZa b \hklhj] ² lhevdh ^\Z ijbf_jZ

HiZkghklv qZklh ijbghkbl k kh[hc qm\kl\h \hklhj]Z gh \ke_^ aZ

fZdkbfZevgufb i_j_`b\Zgbyfb qZklh ijboh^bl ijhlb\hiheh`gh_

qm\kl\h G_dhlhju_ ba gZk klj_fylky bkiulZlv fZdkbfZevgmx

wfhpbx qlh[u hlkjhqblv iZjgmx _c IulZykv \ua\Zlv kh[ulby b

kblmZpbb dh]^Z wlb qm\kl\Z [ueb bkiulZgu ij_`^_ fu fh`_f

ihgylv qlh hgb [u\Zxl qZs_ q_f fu ^mfZeb kgZqZeZ AZl_f gZf

gm`ghhij_^_eblvqlhfuqm\kl\m_fdh]^Zwlhhij_^_e_ggh_qm\kl\h

ijhrehbqlhfu^_eZ_fqlh[uhlj_]mebjh\Zlvk\h_wfhpbhgZevgh_

khklhygb_

Ohly g_dhlhju_ ex^b Zdlb\gh bsml fZdkbfZevguo

i_j_`b\Zgbc b qm\kl\ ^jm]b_ dZ`_lky `b\ml gZ g_]Zlb\guo

qm\kl\Zo b i_j_`b\Zgbyo Ihfhqv lZdhfm q_eh\_dm

b^_glbnbpbjh\Zlv kblmZpbb b kh[ulby \ua\Z\rb_ g_]Zlb\gu_

qm\kl\Z fh`_l lZd`_ hagZqZlv ih[m`^Zlv _]h b^_glbnbpbjh\Zlv

ex^_c ijh[m^b\rbo wlb qm\kl\Z Q_eh\_d fh`_l gm`^Zlvky \

ihfhsb qlh[u [ulv kihkh[guf ^\b]Zlvky hl hkljh g_]Zlb\gh]h

Zki_dlZ\^heviZjZf_ljh\d ihablb\ghfmFh`ghij h^ \bgmlvky\k_]h

gZ g_kdhevdh ]jZ^Zpbc gh baf_g_gb_ k^_eZ_l _]h wfhpbhgZevgh_

jZ\gh\_kb_kh\k_fbguf=em[hdb_qm\kl\Zbkke_^h\Zggu_\ jZfdZo

[_ahiZkguo hlghr_gbc dhgkmevlbjh\Zgby bf_xl l_jZi_\lbq_kdbc

ihl_gpbZeh]jhfghc\Z`ghklbHq_gvqZklh^\b`_gb_d ihablb\guf

qm\kl\ZfaZljm^g_ghihlhfmqlhlZbebbgZybagZrbokm[ebqghkl_c

k\yau\Z_lgZkDhgkmevlbjh\Zgb_fh`_l klZlvdexqhfhldju\Zxsbf

aZfhd

AZ^Zgb_lj_lv_²bkke_^h\Z gb_]em[bg

Bkke_^h\Zgb_ ]em[bg beb kimkd [ueh ihklZ\e_gh ihke_

bkke_^h\Zgby \ukhl ih^t_fZ lZd dZd h[uqgh kqblZ_lky qlh

bkke_^h\Zgb_ \ukhl f_g__ m]jh`Zxs_ q_f bkke_^h\Zgb_ ]em[bg

[_kkha



\j_f_gZfbb g_eh]bqghd p_ehklgZ

Kimkd\dexqZ_l\k_[y hkhagZgl_gb[he__gbadhc klhjhgu

gZr_c bg^b\b^mZevghklb [_k_ gZl_evgh]h Bkke_^h\Zgb_

[_kkhagZl_evgh]hh[uqghijbgbfZ\dZdkimkd\gbaohly^eywlh]h

g_l j_Zevguo ijbqbg \h \kyd kemqZ_ g_ [he__ q_f ^ey fukeb qlh

G_[_kZ gZoh^ylky gZ\_jom Hgh ZgZeh]bqgh bkke_^h\Zgbx l_fguo

lZcgbdh\ ih^a_fgh]h fbjZ Ikbo__c Ijbf_ju ih^h[gh]h kimkdZ

fh`ghba\e_qvbaWg_b^u<_j]beby]^_Wg_ckimkdZ_lky\Z^E_]hd

imlv \gba \ ih^a_fguc fbj ghqvx b ^g_f ^\_jv l_fgh]h Z^Z

hldjulZ gh ijhclb gZaZ^ ih qvbfeb[h ke_^Zf b ijh^_eZlv imlv

hllm^Z gZ\_jo ² wlh aZ ^ZqZ wlh ljm^ Wg_b^Z dgb]Z   

Fh`gh \kihfgblv hibkZgb_ iml_r_kl\by q_j_a Z^ \jZc \

;h`_kl\_gghc dhf_^bb >Zgl_ Ihwlu nbehkhnu b fbklbdb

]h\hjbebh imqbg_^mrbWlhg_kh\iZ^_gb_qlhfulZd`_]h\hjbf

h ]em[bg_ikboheh]bb

Qlh[u bkke_^h\Zlv ]em[bgu fu ^he`gu bf_lv fm`_kl\h \

k\h_f k_j^p_ b j_rbfhklv kh\k_f dZd bkke_^h\Zl_eb l_fghlu ih^

a_fguo i_s_j :gZeh]by k ih^a_fgufb bkke_^h\Zgbyfb mf_klgZ

ihlhfm qlh lZf iml_r_kl\_ggbd \klj_lbl fgh]h g_ba\_klgh]h

Fm^juc bkke_^h\Zl_ev [m^_l ih^kljZoh\Zg gZ^_`ghc \_j_\dhc

bkke_^my[_kkhagZl_evgh_fulZd`_^he`gu[ulvm\_j_guqlhdlh

lhgZoh^blkygZ^jm]hfdhgp_gZ^_`ghc\_j_\db

Ba \k_o p_e_c ^Zggh]h bkke_^h\Zgby fh`gh \u^_eblv h^gm

]eZ\gmx Wlh ijhlb\hklhygb_ l_gb b__ ijbkh_^bg_gb_ dgZr_c kh

agZl_evghc bg^b\b^mZevghklb :jlmjZ lj_\h`beb qm\kl\Z ]g_\Z ik

hlghr_gbx d_]h hlpm Hg agZe qlh hg g_aZdhgghjh`^_gguc agZe

k\h_]hhlpZb h[klhyl_evkl\Zk\h_]hjh`^_gbygh wlhgkmf_gvrbeh

qm\kl\hg_gZ\bklbdhlhjh_qZklhh\eZ^_\Zehbfohlyhgqm\kl\h\Ze

qlh gbq_]h g_ ih^_eZ_rv lZd dZd _]h hl_p mf_j aZ^he]h ^h wlh]h

JZ[hlZyk h[jZaZfbhg\hh[jZabekZfh]hk_[yjupZj_fkdZqmsbfgZ

[_ehf dhg_ >hjh]Z ijb\_eZ _]h q_j_a e_k gZ iheygm ]^_ hg

ih\klj_qZe jupZjy h^_lh]h \ q_jgh_ gZ q_jghf dhg_ jupZjy

dhlhjuc\ua\Ze_]hgZih_^bghd



Dlh wlhl jupZjv"²kijhkbe y:jlmjZ Hgg_ kdZ`_l fg_

Hg ]h\hjbl qlh y_]h agZx ² hl\_lbe :jlmj Hgb ZlZdh\Zeb ^jm]

^jm]Z bdhiv_ :jlmjZ ijhldgmeh jmdm \lhjh]h jupZjy :jlmj

ko\ZlbekyaZk\hxjmdmb kh^jh]gmekyWlhijhbahrehg_kdhevdhjZa

ihdZ :jlmj g_ kdZaZe Hg hklZgh\e_g b ]h\hjbl <k_ ls_lgh y ²

wlh lu Zlu ² wlh y Yl\hb hl_p l\hy l_gv K wlbfb keh\Zfb

Q_jgubjupZjvbkq_ahklZ\b\ihljyk_ggh]h:jlmjZ\ ke_aZo

Dh]^Z fu bkke_^h\Zeb wlhl kljZgguc kemqZb fu f_^e_ggh

ih^hreb d ihgbfZgbx qlh g_gZ\bklv dhlhjmx :jlmj qm\kl\h\Ze d

k\h_fmhlpmgkiha\heyeZ_fmbgl_]jbjh\Zlvkh[kl\_ggmxl_gvJZgu

hl dhivy ih emq_ggu_ Q_jguf jupZj_f gZ kZfhf ^_e_ [ueb

ih\j_`^_gbyfb dhlhju_ :jlmj gZghkbe kZf k_[_ Wlh [ueb

kha^Zggu_ Q_jguf jupZj_f qm\kl\Z dhlhju_ hg iblZe ih

hlghr_gbxd k\h_fmhlpmG_[uehhkh[hcgm`^udhiZlvky\ wlhf

:jlmj [ukljh mklZgh\be k\yab bagZe qlh i_j\uc rZ] d

bgl_]jZpbbkhklhbl\lhfqlh[uijhlygmlvjmdm\agZdijhs_gbyY