Стюарт Вильям Работа с образами и символами в психологическом консультировании

Подождите немного. Документ загружается.

ih[m`^Zxl i_j_b]jZlv kp_gm gZ wlhl jZa ^_eZy _]h j_Zdpbb [he__

ihablb\gufb qlh[u qm\kl\Z klZeb f_g__ kbevgufb LZf ]^_ \

kh[ulbb mqZkl\h\Ze ^jm]hc q_eh\_d beb ex^b deb_glZ ke_^m_l

ih[m^blvij_^klZ\eylvbok_[_ijbgbfZy[he__^jm`_kdh_hlghr_



gb_ Ihke_ k_jbb ijhb]ju\Zgbc ]^_ dZ`^uc jZa

ijbgbfZ_l[he__ ihablb\gZy ihabpby deb_gl ihqlb gZ\_jgydZ

bkiulZ_l ik j_f_gm qm\kl\Z dhlhjZy klZg_l ihdZau\Zlv hloh^ gZ

g_dhlhjh_ jZkklhygb_ hl gZqZevgh]h qm\kl\Z Ke_^mxsbc wlZi ²

aZklZ\blv deb kglZ \uau\Zlv ihablb\gu_ \hh[jZ`Z_fu_ kblmZpbb b

iulZlvkyi_j_`blvqm\kl\Zdhlhju_ hgbihjh`^ZxlIhke_^gbcwlZi

² jZafureylv h[ h^ghf ba ihablb\guo qm\kl\ b iha\heblv

kihglZgghfm \hh[jZ`_gbx mg_klb deb_glZ \ pZjkl\Z fuke_c b

qm\kl\ ^Ze_dbo hl g_]Zlb\gh]h ihexkZ dZd kZfZy ^Ze_dZy hl a_feb

a\_a^Z

Klhbl mihfygmlv qlh g_dhlhju_ ex^b bkiulu\Zxl aZf_lgh_

qm\kl\h\bgu_kebbol_ehbkihjq_gh[he_agvx_kebhgb\ugm`^_gu

ih^\_j]gmlvky objmj]bq_kdhfm \f_rZl_evkl\m  _keb hgb klZeb

`_jl\hc dZdhceb[h ljZ\fu _keb qm\kl\mxl de_cfh ikbobq_kdh]h

aZ[he_\Zgby Ih\b^bfhfm wlb qm\kl\Z ihjh`^Zxlky j_eb]bhagufb

\a]ey^Zfb gh gbdhbf h[jZahf g_evay kdZaZlv qlh bo bkiulu\Zxl

lhevdh y\gh j_eb]bhagu_ ex^b LZdb_ qm\kl\Z \hafh`gh bf_xl

dhjgb \b^__ qlh q_eh\_d kha^Zg ih h[jZam b ih^h[bx ;h]Z b

ke_^h\Zl_evghex[h_gZiZ^_gb_gZl_eh²wlhnhjfZ[h]homevkl\Z

G_dhlhju_ ex^b dhlhju_ kZfb g_ y\eyxlky `_jl\Zfb qm\kl\mxl

k_[yhkdhj[e_ggufbl_fqlh;h`v_fmkha^Zgbx\ha^Zxlf_gvr_b\

g_dhlhjuokemqZyoihij_^gZf_j_gghcg_[j_`ghklb

;hevb jZ[hl Zk h[jZaZfb

GZijhly`_gbb`bagb\k_fuih^\_j`_gu^Z\e_gbxjZaghcb

f_gyxs_cky kbeu Lh dZd fu h[mqZ_fky kijZ\eylvky k wlbf

^Z\e_gb_fagZqbl_evghf_gy_ldZq_kl\hgZr_c`bagb

Nbabq_kdZy[hev

;hev ² wlh qm\kl\h g_^hfh]Zgby kljZ^Zgby    qAq] ]

\Zggh_ klbfmeypb_c hij_^_e_gguo g_j\guo hd_ lh h q_f q_eh\_d

bkiulu\Zxsbc __ ]h\hj



hgZ ^_ckl\bl_evgh kms_kl\m_l dh]^Z

q_eh\_d UXQXSLLL qdr_kl\m_lBaaZ[hebg_dhlhju_ex^bklZgh\ylky

gZklheugmlufbqlhbkdexqZxl^jm]bobak\h_]hfbjZ;u\Z_l[hev

lhjmxg_\hafh`ghhibkZlv



<g_aZigZy beb kbevgZy [hev \uau\Z_l hl\_l

[hchlklmie_gb_ Ih\lhjyxsZyky [hev beb ^ebl_evgZy [hev

\uau\Z_lojhgbq_kdmxklj_kkh\mxj_Zdpbxijbdhlhjhck_jv_agh

gZjmrZ_lky ojmidh_ jZ\gh\_kb_ obfbb djh\b >hklh\_jguf

bg^bdZlhjhf \gmlj_ggbo khklhygbc [heb y\ey_lky \ujZ`_gb_ ebpZ

>\b`_gb_ beb _]h hlkmlkl\b_ qZklh kem`bl ^hklh\_jguf

bg^bdZlhjhff_klZ[heb

GZ lh dZd fu kijZ\ey_fky k [hevx \ebyxl dmevlmjgu_

h`b^ZgbyH[uqghdjbqZlvhl[hebkqblZ_lky[he__ijb_fe_fuf^ey

^_l_c q_f ^ey \ajhkeuo ih djZcg_c f_j_ \ g_dhlhjuo h[s_kl\Zo

Fufh`_fbkihevah\Zlv]g_\[_kkbeb_kljZob \bgmdZdkljZl_]bb

qlh[ukijZ\blvkyk kh[hxOjhgbq_kdZy[hevk\yaZgZk ^_ij_kkb_cb

[_kihfhsghklvxHkljZy[hev²k ijhy\e_gb_flj_\h]bHiul[heb

Zkkhpbbjm_lky k jZagh\b^ghklvx kf_jlb ;hev fh`_l \ua\Zlv

baf_g_gby\ h[jZa_l_eZY [hevr_g_kh\_jr_g_g

?keb fu bf__f dZdh_lh ij_^klZ\e_gb_ hlhf qlh fh`_f

k^_eZlv qlh[u h[e_]qblv qvxlh [hev ² eb[h \khxa_ k

h[_a[heb\Zxsbfe_dZjkl\hfeb[h[_ag_]h²wlhihfh]Z_lk\_klbd

fbgbfmfm gZr klj_kk Z lZd`_ klj_kk kljZ^ZevpZ QZklh qlh[u

fbgbfbabjh\Zlv [hev ^hklZlhqgh kdhgp_gljbjh\Zlvky gZ ihdh_ b

]Zjfhgbb b kha^Zlv \gmlj_ggb_ dZjlbgu ihdhy L_i_jv dhkg_fky

q_luj_oijbgpbih\h[e_]q_gby[heb

 JZa]h\hj <_jZ \lh hq_f q_eh\_d ]h\hjbl g_j_^dh

ihfh]Z_lmf_gvrblv[hevb k\yaZggmxkg_clj_\h]mIhfgblvhlhf

qlh gZ^h ihfh]Zlv ex^yf bkke_^h\Zlv lh qlh ^_eZ_l [hev \ gbo bk

gbfb Ihfhqv bf lhqgh h[gZjm`blv dh]^Z gZqbgZ_lky [hev dZd

hibkZlv__ __ ^ebl_evghklv bkbem Fu g_ fh`_f qm\kl\h\Zlv [hev

^jm]h]hq_eh\_dZL_fgkf_g__dh]^ZfukfhljbfgZqvxeb[h[hev

wlhfh`_l\ua\Zlvkbevgucklj_kkIhklZjZcl_kvg_hldZau\Zlvkyhl

jZa]h\hjZ h[heb mdehg_gb_ g_ ]h\hjblv gZ ^jm]b_ l_fu dh]^Z

kljZ^Zevpu y\gh ihdZau\Zxl qlh ohlyl ]h\hjblv h k\h_c [heb

hl\e_q_gb_gkijhklhiZkkb\ghkemrZlvhlqm`^_gb_

Qm\kl\_gguc kb]gZe Hl\e_q_gb_\gbfZgby²wlhfhsgh_

[he_mlheyxs__ ^_ckl\b_ Ijbdhkgh\_gb_ fZkkZ` ijbdeZ^u\Zgb_

]hjyq_]h beb oheh^gh]h ih ]jm`_gb_ [hevghc dhg_qghklb \l_iemx

\h^m beb \k_]h l_eZ \l_iemx \Zggm ² \k_ wlh wnn_dlb\gu_

[he_mlheyxsb_kj_^kl\Z

JZkkeZ[e_gb_ ;hevf_rZ_lhl^uombkgmZ g_^hklZlhdkgZ

qZklhy\ey_lkykbevgufihfhsgbdhfkljZ^ZgbyF_lh^uj_eZdkZpbb

\umq_ggu_ b hljZ[hlZggu_ dh]^Z [heb g_l ihfh]Zxl hkeZ[blv

nbabq_kdh_b mfkl\_ggh_gZijy`_gb_



 H[jZau KljZ^Zevpu dhlhju_ bkihevamxl \hh[jZ`_gb_

khq_lZy _]h k ]em[hdhc j_eZdkZpb_c ihemqZxl kbevgmx

^\mklhjhggxx kljZl_]bx dhgljhebjh\Zgby k\h_c [heb Dh]^Z fu

kha^Z_f\gmlj_ggxxdZjlbgm[heblZdbfh[jZahfh[t_dlb\bjmy__Z

aZl_fij_^klZ\ey_fk_[_dZdhgZfh`_l[ulvljZgknhjfbjh\ZgZfu

aZklZ\ey_fjZ[hlZlvfhsgu_p_ebl_evgu_kbeu

Ikbobq_kdZy[hev

Ikbobq_kdZy[hev²wlh[hevk_j^pZ jZamfZ b ^moZHgZ lZd

`_ j_ZevgZ b kbevgZ dZd ex[Zy nbabq_kdZy [hev Ih^Z\e_gb_

ikbobq_kdhc[hebhq_gvqZklh\_^_ld ikbobq_kdbfaZ[he_\Zgbyf

Ikbobq_kdmx[hevfh]m l\ua\ZlvlZdb_i_j_`b\ZgbydZd

ly`_eZymljZlZ

jZa\h^

\ugm`^_ggZybaheypby

[_kihfhsghklv

h^bghq_kl\h

[_^ghklv

ihl_jyp_eb

ihl_jykZfhm\Z`_gby

DZ`^hfmdlhbkiulu\Z_l[hevgm`ghqlh[ud _]hkbfilhfZf

hlghkbebkv k_jv_agh HljbpZlv bo dZd \hh[jZ`Z_fu_ ² wlh

ijhlb\hj_qb_ b hkdhj[e_gb_ ^ey q_eh\_dZ GZ h^ghf q_eh\_d_

iZ]m[gh kdZ`_lky _keb hg e_]dh i_j_klZg_l ^mfZlv h [heb ^jm]h]h

kqblZy __ g_agZqbl_evghc beb g_kms_kl\mxs_c ² \k_ \ ]heh\_

Dhg_qgh[hevfh`_l[ulvikboh]_gghc²bf_xs_cwfhpbhgZevgh_

beb ikboheh]bq_kdh_ ijhbkoh`^_gb_ ² dZd hij_^_e_ggZy nhjfZ

[hebijbqbgZ\hagbdgh\_gbydhlhjhcbf__lhj]Zgbq_kdbcoZjZdl_j

>\_ebqgu_bklhjbbbeexkljbjmxljZagu_Zki_dluwlh]hy\e_gby

>\_beexkljZpbb

< ]dh]^Zfgh]b_\h_gghkem`Zsb__s_\ua^hjZ\eb\Zeb

hl klj_kkZ \hcgu y moZ`b\Ze aZ hnbp_jhf Dhjhe_\kdh]h nehlZ

dhlhjuckljZ^Zehlhkljh]hkhklhygbylj_\h]bMg_]hjZa\bebkv



kbevgu_ [heb \ `b\hl_ b ijhy\eyebkv \k_ ijbagZdb hkljh]h

Zii_g^bpblZ ;hev dhlhjmxhgbkiulu\Ze [ueZ hq_\b^gh kbevghc

?]h ijhhi_jbjh\Zeb gh gbdZdbo \gmlj_ggbo ijbagZdh\ \hkiZe_gby

g_ h[gZjm`behkv ;]h Zii_g^bpbl b[hev k\yaZggZy k gbf [ueb

ikboh]_gghc ijbjh^u _]h lj_\h]Z ihf_klbeZkv \_]h [jxrghc

ihehklbGh^eyg_]h[hev[ueZj_Zevghc hgqm\kl\h\Ze__ bhl\_qZe

gZ g__ dZd [m^lh [u hgZ ijhbkoh^beZ hl hj]Zgbq_kdh]h baf_g_gby

J_Zevghklvx[hebgbdh]^Zg_ke_^m_lij_g_[j_]Zlv

Ijhlb\hiheh`ghklv fhjkdhfm hnbp_jm khklZ\eyeZ >`bebZg

^_\hqdZ  e_l kljZ^Z\rZy e_cd_fb_c HgZ g_ ihemqZeZ e_q_gby \

l_q_gb_ ]h^Z ihke_ lh]h dZd gZqZeZ `Zeh\Zlvky gZ [hev \ `b\hl_

<jZqb g_ kfh]eb gZclb dZdmxeb[h h[tykgbfmx ijbqbgm [heb b

hlijZ\beb __ d ikbobZljm dhlhjuc e_qbe __ hl ikboh]_gghc [heb

>\Z f_kypZ kimkly >`bebZg [ueZ kgh\Z ijbgylZ \ debgbdm \

khklhygbbkbevgh]hj_pb^b\Zk fZkkb\ghc\kiurdhc< dhgp_dhgph\

hgZmf_jeZ

Wlb ^\Z kemqZy beexkljbjmxl hiZkghklv gZde_b\Zgby

yjeudZ gZ [hev hij_^_eyy lhl bebbghc k_ lbi < i_j\hf ijbf_j_

[hev ghkbeZ ikboh]_gguc oZjZdl_j b [jxrgZy ihehklv klZeZ

kj_^hlhqb_fqm\kl\Zlj_\h]biZpb_glZ< kemqZ_>`bebZg[hevbf_eZ

nbabq_kdb_dhjgbghihkdhevdmg_evay[uehhij_^_eblvnbabq_kdmx

ijbqbgmgZ[hev[uegZde__gg_\_jgucyjeudikboh]_gghc

<u^_j`dZ ba bklhjbb Lhgb beexkljbjm_l bkihevah\Zgb_

h[jZah\\h\gmlj_gg_fbkp_e_gbb

< l_q_gb_ q_luj_o f_kyp_\ y dhgkmevlbjh\Zeky kiylvx

\jZqZfb ih ih\h^mg_\jZe]bb ljhcgbqgh]h g_j\Zfmqbl_evgZy [hev

ebpZbe[Z@<i_j\u_\ `bagbfg_gm`gh[ueh_`_^g_\ghijbgbfZlv

e_dZjkl\Z [he__ beb f_g__ ls_lgh iulZykv dhgljhebjh\Zlv

fmqbl_evgmx[hev

Dh]^Z y ij br_e ^ey e_q_gby ihegZy j_eZdkZpby gZ ^Zgghf

wlZi_[ueZg_\hafh`ghcbaaZkhklhygbyfh_]hmfZ[heb^_ij_kkbb

]g_\Zg_gZ^_`ghklbb h[s_]hhsms_gbyqlhyg_y\eyxkvklhysbf

q_eh\_dhf

Y iheghklvx khagZ\Ze \k_ qlh f_gy hdjm`Zeh bqlh fg_

]h\hjbebZ lZd`_`Zj b^msbc hl jmd \jZqZd fh_c ]heh\_Bebrv

ke_]dZhkhagZ\Ze\j_fyFh_kZfh_yjdh_\hkihfbgZgb_aZdexqZehkv

\ ke_^mxs_f fg_ \_e_eb ijh]ehlblv fhx [hev L_fgu_ lmqb hq_gv

[ukljhijh



\Zebebkv \fh_ ]hjeh hgb g_ bf_eb \dmkZ gh mf_gy [ueh

hsms_gb_qlhy ]ehlZxdZdmxlh`_eqv

Ij_`^_q_fk_ZgkaZdhgqbekyy ihgyeqlh[hevmf_gvrbeZkv

ZddhgpmhgZiheghklvxbkq_aeZKg_cmrebfgh]b_fhbg_]Zlb\gu_

qm\kl\ZhgbhklZ\bebf_gyk hsms_gb_f[hevrh]hihdhy

Y gZ^_yekyqlhhk\h[h^b\rbkvhl[hebLhgbhldjh_l\ fhj_

k\hbo l_fguo qm\kl\ hkljh\ gZ dhlhjhf hg kfh`_l ihklhylv

hl^hogmlv gZ[jZlvky kbe Z aZl_f gZqg_l ih^gbfZlvky ba k\h_c

^_ij_kkbb

WebaZ[_lBamq_gb_kemqZy

KhpbZevgZybklhjby

WebaZ[_l  e_l ihke_^gb_  e_l jZ[hlZeZ gZqZevgbp_c

bgnhjfZpbhggh]h hl^_eZ \ djmighc ijhfure_gghc [b[ebhl_d_ gZ

x]h\hklhd_ :g]ebb <rlZl_ __ hl^_eZ gZoh^behkv r_klv q_eh\_d

HgZihemqbeZhkgh\gmxkl_i_gvih kh\j_f_gguf yaudZf\ Hdknhj^_

\lhjZy kl_i_gv ² ih bgnhjfZpbhgguf gZmdZf ² [ueZ ihemq_gZ \

;jbklhe_ < l_q_gb_ g_kdhevdbo e_l hgZ jZ[hlZeZ \ jZaguo kljZgZo

?\jhiu

WebaZ[_l `beZ k^\mfy k\hbfb dhrdZfb \ ijhklhjghf

hl^_evghf ^hf_ \ hq_gv ij_klb`ghf jZchg_ ]hjh^Z ?_ ^hf g_ [ue

aZeh`_gbmg__ih eghklvxhlkmlkl\h\ZebnbgZgkh\u_ijh[e_fu?_

jZ[hlZreZohjhrhbhgZgZkeZ`^ZeZkvdhfnhjlZ[_evghc`bagvx?_

jh^bl_ebmf_jebhdhehe_llhfmgZaZ^__ k_kljub [jZldhlhjuf

k_cqZkaZ\hk_fv^_kyl`beb\ jZaguoqZklyo:g]ebbgbdh]hg_[ueh

jy^hf kg_c WebaZ[_l gZ[h`gZy dZlhebqdZ mqZkl\h\ZeZ \

^_yl_evghklb f_klghc p_jdh\ghc h[sbgu HgZ bkihev ah\ZeZ k\hb

agZqbl_evgu_ kihkh[ghklb d yaudZf jZ[hlZy \g_rlZl guf

i_j_\h^qbdhf Z lZd`_ j_i_lblhjhf d wdaZf_gm gZ mjh\_gv : ih

kh\j_f_ggufyaudZf<oh^y\ j_^dhee_]bxijhkeZ\e_ggh]hgZmqgh]h

`mjgZeZ WebaZ[_l ibkZeZ fgh]h klZl_c \b^_hijh]jZff b dgb]m ?_

qZklh ijb]eZrZeb \uklmiZlv k ^hdeZ^Zfb gZ gZpbhgZevguo b

f_`^mgZjh^guo dhgn_j_gpbyo HgZ ex[beZ hl^uoZlv\h NjZgpbbb

[u\ZeZlZfg_kdhevdhjZa\]h^



Debgbq_kdZybklhjby

WebaZ[_l\ughkeb\ZyZdlb\gZy^ZfZhgZ[ueZ hq_gva^hjh\hc

^hgZqZeZ[he_agbdhlhjZyijb\_eZ__ dk_jv_aghfmobjmj]bq_kdhfm

\f_rZl_evkl\m \ k_gly[j_  ] HgZ hlghkbl gZqZeh k\hbo [_^ d

 ] <_kghc lh]h ]h^Z WebaZ[_l aZgyeZ k\hb gug _rgbc ihkl Z

hk_gvxdmibeZ^hfbf_yl\_j^u_ieZguqlhhgbk k_kljhcdhlhjZy

[ueZgZe_l klZjr_[m^ml `blv \f_kl_?^\Z hgb\t_oZeb \^hf

k_kljZmf_jeZWebaZ[_l\ wlhlfhf_gl[ueZgZjZ[hl_

<  ] __ ex[bfuc dhl Lhikb mf_j ihke_^he]hb [he_agb

WebaZ[_l [ukljh \ayeZ dhrdm ba Dhjhe_\kdh]h h[s_kl\Z aZsblu

`b\hlguo <lm `_ g_^_ex Exkb jh^beZ q_luj_o dhlyl WebaZ[_l

hklZ\beZ ^\mo ba q_luj_o >wg^b b Jhab Dh]^Z [ebag_pZf [ueh ih

k_fvf_kyp_\WebaZ[_lh^gZ`^u\_q_jhf\ ghy[j_ijbreZk jZ[hlub

magZeZqlh>wg^bih]b[ih^fZrbghc

WebaZ[_l iehoh j_Z]bjh\ZeZ gZ kf_jlv ^\mo k\hbo dhr_d

<hkdj_keb \k_ qm\kl\Z k\yaZggu_ kh kf_jlvx k_klju Mg__ hq_gv

[ukljhjZa\bekyhihyku\ZxsbcebrZb<jZqdhlhjh]hhgZihk_lbeZ

ih\b^bfhfm g_ ihgye]em[bgu__ ]hj_klghc j_Zdpbb b \_e_e \aylv

k_[y \jmdb ² bgZq_ \u iheghklvx jZajmrbl_ k\h_ a^hjh\v_

WebaZ[_l\ayeZk_[y\jmdbb hq_gv[ukljhklZeZ\gh\vmqZkl\h\Zlv

\ jZaebqghc^_yl_evghklbHgZ\ayeZ\lhjmxdhrdm\ dhfiZgbxJhab

<fZ_]dh]^ZhgZqblZeZe_dpbb\ KljZk[mj]_mg__gZqZebkv

[heb \`b\hl_ ;hev ijh^he`ZeZkv dh]^Z hgZ \_jgmeZkv \ :g]ebx

L_i_jvhgZ[m^beZ__ ihghqZf<jZqh[s_cijZdlbdbkdZaZeWlh\k_

\ ]heh\_ <u hkljh j_Z]bjm_l_ ih ih\h^m \Zrbo dhr_d M_a`Zcl_ \

hlimkdImklvgZ\Zr_fghqghfklhebd_klhblklZdZgfhehdZ

HgZih\_jbeZ\jZqmb^mfZyqlh\k_^he`gh[ulv\]heh\_

m_oZeZ \hlimkd gh [hev ih_oZeZ \f_kl_ kg_c ?c g_ ij_^eh`beb

gbdZdbo e_dZjkl\ G_^_ex aZ g_^_e_c [hev mkbeb\ZeZkv WebaZ[_l

gZqZeZ bkiulu\Zlv lhrghlm ihy\bebkv ijbagZdb djh\hl_q_gby ba

ijyfhc dbrdb HgZ kljZ^ZeZ hl hlkmlkl\by kgZ ^_ij_kkbb b

khfg_gbb\ k_[_Y gZqZeZ\_jblv lhfmqlhwlhg_\jhaY ijhklhg_

fh]eZ^_j`Zlvk_[y\jmdZo

< i_j\u_g_^_eb]m WebaZ[_l[ueZ^bZ]ghklbjh\ZgZya\Z

^\_gZ^pZlbi_jklghc dbrdb ;ue gZqZl ^_kylbg_^_evgub dmjk

e_q_gby Ihqlb g_f_^e_ggh ihke_ lh]h dZd e_q_gb_ aZdhgqbehkv M

g__kemqbekydjbabkk ihemijh[h^_gb_f< j_amevlZl___ aZ[jZ



eb \ [hevgbpm b \hah[gh\beb e_q_gb_ K wlh]h fhf_glZ 

gZqZehkv`Zedh_kms_kl\h\Zgb_Fg_ijboh^behkvba[_]Zlvibsbhl

dhlhjhcy ^_ckl\bl_evghihemqZeZm^h\hevkl\b_

< k_gly[j_  ] \ha\jZsZykv gZ fZrbg_ ba hlimkdZ k

k_\_jZ hgZ [ueZ ZlZdh\ZgZ fmqbl_evghc [hevx WebaZ[_l gZ

ke_^mxsbc ^_gv ihdZaZeZkv objmj]mdhgkmevlZglm dhlhjuc

mqZkl\h\Ze \__ e_q_gbb k kZfh]h gZqZeZ Hg gZagZqbe kjhqgmx

hi_jZpbx

\u[hjhqguc jZaj_a [em`^Zxs_]h g_j\Z b m^Ze_gb_ qZklb

`_em^dZ

=h\hjblWebaZ[_l

<hijhku j\Zebkv ba f_gy gh g_dhlhju_ ba gbo a\mqZeb lZd

]emih bih^_lkdb <hl \k_ qlh y kijhkbeZ DZdhc [m^_l wnn_dl"

<jZq kdZaZe qlh y[m^m qm\kl\h\Zlv k_[y gZfgh]h gZfgh]h em qr_

[hevr_g_[m^_l[hebyhiylvkfh]mgh jfZevgh_klvHgkdZaZeqlh

\ky hi_jZpby aZdexqZ_lky \ jZaj_aZgbb g_dhlhjuo \hehdhg

[em`^Zxs_]h g_j\Z qlh[u dhgljhebjh\Zlv dbkehlgmx k_dj_pbx Y

ihqm\kl\h\ZeZ h[e_]q_gb_ Ylh \hh[jZ`ZeZ qlh wlh [m^_l

^_ckl\bl_evghk_jv_agZyhi_jZpbyMf_gygbdh]^Z\ `bagbg_[ueh

hi_jZpbcH ^Zy\k_`_kijhkbeZ_]h_klvebjbkdGZkZfhf ^_e_

wlh[ue\hijhkYmfjm"Yg_ kfh]eZkijhkblvKdhevdh\j_f_gb

f_gy g_ [m^_l ^hfZ" Kms_kl\h\Ze fhc ^hf fhb dhrdb kZ^ b

dhg_qghfhbkhljm^gbdb;uehlZdfgh]hlj_\h]dhlhjufby ohl_eZ

ih^_eblvky b hklZ\Zehkv lZd fZeh \j_f_gb qlh[u dZdgb[m^v \k_

mkljhblvLZddZdy`beZh^gZobjmj]kdZaZeqlhhj]Zgbam_l^eyf_gy

\ua^hjh\e_gb_Yg_ihgbfZeZqlhihke_hi_jZpbbfg_ihgZ^h[blky

bgl_gkb\gucmoh^f_^k_kljuY[ueZlZdgZb\gZ

Y ^mfZeZqlhmfbjZxQlhlhijhrehg_ijZ\bevghbyhq_gv

iehoh j_Z]bjh\ZeZ gZ Zg_kl_abx Y ijh\_eZ ljb ^gy \ hl^_e_gbb

bgl_gkb\ghc l_jZibb Wlh [ue rhd hkh[_ggh ihlhfm qlh objmj]

ihh[_sZe fg_ y \_jgmkv \k\hx dhfgZlm q_j_a dZdb_lh qZku

Dhg_qgh qZku gh bo [ueh k_fv^_kyl ^\Z Qlh y qm\kl\h\ZeZ" Wlh

g_hibkm_fhKhojZgbehkvkfmlgh_\hkihfbgZgb_qlhf_gyaZklZ\beb

\u[jZlvkybaihkl_eb^_j`Zr\uh^ghcjmdhcZ ^j_gZ`bb \_sb²

^jm]hcH^Zl_i_jvy fh]mkf_ylvkygZ^wlbfghlh]^Zy qm\kl\h\ZeZ

k_[y mgb`_gghc ij_^Zgghc b kh\_jr_ggh g_ ]hlh\hc dh \k_f wlbf

fmq_gbyfY hsmsZeZk\hc`_em^hddZd]b]Zglkdbc



nml[hevguc fyq gZiheg_gguc \_ljhf dhlhjuc g_

i_j_f_gblkygbdZdbfh[jZahflZdqlhhgqmlv^hehiZeky

Y kijhkbeZobjmj]Zfgh]heb\j_f_gbijhc^_lij_`^_q_fy

ihqm\kl\mx k_[y emqr_ Hg kdZaZe qlh ih ke_^kl\by hi_jZpbb

ijhc^ml q_j_a q_luj_²r_klv f_kyp_\ gh fh`_l ijhclb ^\Z²ljb

]h^Z ij_`^_ q_f y[m^m ^_ckl\bl_evgh nbabq_kdb a^hjh\hc

Ikboheh]bq_kdb wlh p_ebdhf aZ\bkbl hl \Zk Y[u k jZ^hklvx

m^ZjbeZ_]hY[ueZlZdk_j^blZ?]hwlhih\b^bfhfmg_\hegh\Zeh

DZd b \k_o hklZevguo beb lZd dZaZehkv Y ijh\_eZ \ [hevgbp_

^\_gZ^pZlv^g_c>\_gZ^pZlv^g_cBy^mfZeZHijhklhi_j_j_aZlv

g_kdhevdh \hehdhg iZjZ ^g_c <k_ lZd ijhklh" Yg_ fh]eZ _klv

]ehlZlv [ueh hq_gv ljm^gh b \_l_j ihij_`g_fm ]jhabe aZ^mrblv

f_gy Q_klgh ]h\hjy y[ueZ gZim]ZgZ Y ijh\_eZ hq_gv fgh]h

\j_f_gb\ ke_aZoFhb^gbhk\_sZebkvp\_lZfbb ih^ZjdZfbhlfhbo

dhee_]b ^jma_cF_^k_kljudZaZebkvfg_hq_gvjZa^jZ`_ggufb<ky

wlZ[hevgbqgZybklhjbyaZklZ\eyeZf_gyqm\kl\h\Zlvk_[ymgb`_gghc

Y [hevr_g_[ueZebqghklvx

AZl_fy ih_oZeZ\^hf^ey\ua^hjZ\eb\Zxsbo]^_m f_gy[ueZ

khfgbl_evgZyijb\be_]by\\b^_fZe_gvdhckh[kl\_gghcd\Zjlbju

<_ebdhe_iguc \b^ k\_jom ² e_klgbpZ ba khjhdZ lj_o klmi_g_d Y

[ueZdZd<_ebdbcKlZjuc]_jph]Chjddh]^Zy gZoh^beZkvgZ\_jom

fg_ [uehohjhrhZ dh]^Z y gZoh^beZkv\gbamy[ueZ ih ^Z\e_gZ :

ih^Z\e_gZydhg_qgh [ueZ>_ij_kkby ih^Z\beZf_gy Wlh dhg_qgh

g_ \gmrZeh i_jkhgZem ex[h\v dh fg_ DZdZy \u \_amqZy M\Zk

keZ\gZyd\ZjlbjZfZkkZihk_lbl_e_cblZd^Ze__Ihq_fm`_\ulZdZy

`ZedZy" IheZ]Zx y[ueZ \_amq_c Fgh]b_ ^jm]b_ iZpb_glu [ueb

`_jl\Zfb jZdZ b dZ`^uc ^_gv oh^beb gZ e_q_gb_ Gh dZaZehkv

Z[khexlgh g_ \ fh_c \eZklb qlhgb[m^v k^_eZlv ih ih\h^m fhbo

kljZ^Zgbc

Khfghch[jZsZebkvdZd k lj_oe_lg_cY g_gZ\b^_eZ^hf^ey

\ua^hjZ\eb\Zxsbo F_gy \ugm`^Zeb klZgh\blvky aZ\bkbfhc <k_

Z\lhfZlbq_kdb aZ[bjZeb ba fhbo jmd Ijbf_j" <ui_cl_ \hl wlh

ihfhsgbd f_^k_klju Qlh wlh" ² G_ bf__l agZq_gby ijhklh

\ui_cl_Wlh[ueZZ[khexlghgbdm^urgZyg_^_eyIj_^iheZ]Zehkv

qlh y ijh\_^m lZf ^\_ g_^_eb gh gbdhbf h[jZahf yg_ kfh]eZ [u

hklZlvkygZ\lhjmx>ZiheZ]Zxy[ueZljm^ghciZpb_gldhcFg_g_

[ueh gZagZq_gh _`_^g_\gh_ e_q_gb_ Yg_ mfbjZeZ ohly fg_ qZklh

ohl_ehkv mf_j_lv by klZeZ gZklZb\Zlv gZ lhf qlh[u mclb ^hfhc

Iheghklvx hlkmlkl\h\Zeh ihgbfZgb_ fh_]h nbabq_kdh]h b

ikboheh]bq_kdh]hkhklhygbyDlhlhba^jma_cohl_ehl\_alb



f_gy \ \hkdj_k_gv_ d f_kk_ gh i_jkhgZe hldZaZe fg_ \ wlhf

Ijbr_e k\ys_ggbd gh y[ueZ g_ \ khklhygbb bkih\_^Zlvky Hg

jZa]h\Zjb\Ze kh fghc b dh]^Z hg ]h\hjbe ijbreh bkp_e_gb_ Y

^mfZxhg\_jgmefg_fh_ghjfZevgh_ikbobq_kdh_khklhygb_

Ijbrehkv\u^_j`Zlv[hcdh]^Zy kdZaZeZbfqlhmc^m^hfhc

Dh]^Zhgbm\b^_ebqlhy gZkljh_gZj_rbl_evghf_gykijhkbeb

<ufh`_l_moZ`b\ZlvaZkh[hc"Y kdZaZeZqlhfh]mb ^_eZeZ

wlh G_ [ueh ijb]hlh\e_gbc d fh_fm moh^m ^hfhc g_ [ueh

j_dhf_g^Zpbc g_ [ueh mdZaZgbc hlhf qlh fg_ ke_^m_l b q_]h g_

ke_^m_l ^_eZlv J_Z[beblZpby" Yg_ ^mfZx qlh wlh dh]^Zeb[h

ijboh^behbf\]heh\m

>jm] ijb_oZe aZ fghc AZl_f ^_ckl\bl_evgh gZqZebkv

g_ijbylghklbY[ueZkh\_jr_gghg_ ih^]hlh\e_gZd lhfmdZ`_lkyy

\hh[s_ [ueZ g_ ih^]hlh\e_gZ dh fgh`_kl\m \_s_c g_ lZd eb

gZklhevdh keZ[hc yk_[y qm\kl\h\ZeZ Yg_ fh]eZ ^_eZlv gbq_]h g_

[ueh gbdZdbo kbe ^Z`_ ^ey lh]h qlh[u \ufulv ihkm^m beb m[jZlv

ihkl_evIheZ]Zxy ijhklhdZlbeZkvihgZdehgghciehkdhklbH^Zy

[ueZ ih^Z\e_gZ Y gbdh]^Z g_ \hajZ`ZeZ ijhlb\ lh]h qlh[u kZfhc

aZ[hlblvkyh k_[_ghh^bghq_kl\h\ khq_lZgbbk ]hjhckljZoZk^_eZeh

fhx`bagvkh\k_fg_\ughkbfhcDZd^_ckl\h\ZeZgZf_gy^_ij_kkby"

Y qm\kl\h\ZeZ qlh ^hklb]eZ ihke_^g_c q_jlu y[m^m \ugm`^_gZ

mclb Fhy iZfylv iheghklvx hldZaZeZ lh lZdhc kl_i_gb qlh yg_

fh]eZ \kihfgblv ghf_j l_e_nhgZ k\h_c k_klju Yg_ fh]eZ

khkj_^hlhqblvky qlh[u qblZlv beb ibkZlv y kemrZeZ fmaudm b

kdeZ^u\ZeZ ba dmkhqdh\ ]heh\hehfdm aZ ]heh\hehfdhc LZdh\ [ue

mjh\_gv fh_c khkj_^hlhq_gghklb WfhpbhgZevgh y qm\kl\h\ZeZ k_[y

[j_^ms_cih[_kdhg_qghcimklug_

H^Z[ueZ:ggZ`_eZxsZyfg_^h[jZghlZdh[fZgu\ZxsZy

fh_ ^h\_jb_ GZijbf_j h^gZ`^u y ijhklh f_qlZeZ h \bgghc

`_\Zl_evghcj_abgd_Dh]^ZhgZijbreZbafZ]ZabgZagZ_l_qlhhgZ

dmibeZ" Dhgn_lu Y ih^mfZeZ qlh wlh [m^_l emqr_ ^ey l_[y ²

kdZaZeZhgZ Y[ueZ m`Zkgh jZkkljh_gZ l_f qlh fh_fmmfm [jhkZxl

ih^h[guc\uah\

Ih\hjhlgZy lhqdZ gZklmibeZ \fhc ^_gv jh`^_gby dh]^Z !

lhf \j_f_gb y ijh[ueZ ^hfZm`_ k_fv g_^_evY^mfZx qlh ^h ^h

dZf_gbklh]h^gZMf_gy\]heh\_\hagbdeZdZ

aZi_jlZ\^hf_m



 L q qlp LQQ fbfhebgZf_gyg]

ihbgl_j_kh\ZeZkv kfh]m eb ykgh\Z \h^blv __ Ihke_ wlh]h

^_eZ gZqZeb memqrZlvky L_i_jv y\k_ `_ qm\kl\mx k_[y gZfgh]h

emqr_

Gh agZ_l_ ex^b fh]ml [ulv lZdbfb [_ki_qgufb Dh]^Z

ijbreZiZljhgZ`gZyk_kljZhgZkdZaZeZH\uba[Z\bl_kvhlwlh]h

q_j_a f_kyp Wlh \iheg_ h[uqgh ijb \Zr_c hi_jZpbb G_

ba[Z\b\rbkv hl wlh]h y ki_pbZevgh kijhkbeZ __ k q_f wlh k\yaZgh

;em`^Zxsbcg_j\"Q_klgh]h\hjym f_gyg_lhl]Z^dbY gZihfgbeZ

_c h__ ij_^u^ms_f \ukdZau\Zgbb H wlh ijhklh qlh[u \gmrblv

\Zf g_dhlhjmx \_jm Y gbdh]^Z jZgvr_ g_ \klj_qZeZkv k \Zr_c

hi_jZpb_c ² khh[sbeZ k_kljZ Fh_ ^h\_jb_ dg_c g_f_^e_ggh

bkq_aeh >h\_klb fh_ \ua^hjh\e_gb_ ^h dhgpZ" Gbdlh g_ kfh`_l

wlh]hk^_eZlvGb\jZqbba]hkiblZeygb fhce_qZsbc\jZqM f_gy

[ueZ dZjlbgZ fh_]h l_eZ bagmljb hgh dZaZehkv fg_ we_dljbq_kdbf

ijh\h^hf jZahj\Zgguf \ g_kdhevdbo f_klZo wg_j]by iulZeZkv

ijhclbihg_fmghg_fh]eZFhygb`gyyiheh\bgZqm\kl\h\ZeZk_[y

kh\_jr_ggh hl^_evghc hl \_jog_c Y ijhklh agZeZ qlh g_ [m^m

qm\kl\h\Zlvk_[yohjhrhihdZg_ kfh]mihqm\kl\h\ZlvqlhfhbqZklb

\hkkh_^bg_gu

WebaZ[_l jZkkdZau\ZeZ k\hx bklhjbx k fy]dbf xfhjhf

dhlhjuc ljm^gh i_j_^Zlv bdh \j_f_gb dh]^Z wlZ bklhjby [ueZ

^h\_^_gZ ^h dhgpZ agZqbl_evgh_ bkp_e_gb_ ² nbabq_kdh_ b

wfhpbhgZevgh_ ² m`_ ijhbahreh Gh jZkkdZaZggh_ _x ijheb\Z_l

k\_lgZfgh]b_fhf_glum`_hlf_q_ggu_jZg__WebaZ[_l[ueZiehoh

ih^]hlh\e_gZ dlhfmqlh^he`gh[uehijhbahclbOhlyb ijZ\^Zqlh

__ hi_jZpby [ueZ kjhqghc objmj] ^Z\Ze ihykg_gby ih ih\h^m

ihke_^kl\bcHgg_mihfygmekbevguc^bkdhfnhjlblhqlhijhc^_l

g_kdhevdh f_kyp_\ ij_`^_ q_f hgZ gZqg_l qm\kl\h\Zlv k_[y emqr_

;hev [ueZ kbevghc gh hiylvlZdb wlh g_ [ueh mihfygmlh dZd

\hafh`ghklv

Q_j_ag_kdhevdhg_^_evihke_lh]hdZdWebaZ[_l\_jgmeZkvgZ

jZ[hlmhgZkgh\ZaZ[he_eZkhk_^\jZqagZydZdfZehj_Z[beblZpbb

hgZihemqbeZb ke_^h\Zl_evghg_[hykvgZklmiblvgZgh]m^jm]hfm

ijhn_kkbhgZem^bZ]ghklbjh\Ze^_fibg]kbg^jhf?]hh[tykg_gb_

qlh ih^h[gh_ qZklh kemqZ_lky ijb lZdbo objmj]bq_kdbo

\f_rZl_evkl\Zob mkihdhbehWebaZ[_lb jZa^jZ`beh__Mkihdh_gb_

gZklmibeh ihlhfm qlh hgZ g_ kljZ^ZeZ hl q_]hlh gZklhevdh

m`Zkgh]h qlh h[ wlhf g_evaymihfbgZlvJZa^jZ`_gb_ kf_rZggh_ k

^he_c g_]h^h\Zgby \hagbdeh baaZ lh]h qlh gZ kZfhf ^_e_

kms_kl\h\ZeZbgnhjfZpbydhlhjmx_cfh]eb[u^ZlvbhgZ[ueZ[u

ba[Z\e_gZhlfgh]bo[_kihdhckl\

?keb [u objmj] h[tykgbe WebaZ[_l qlh ^_fibg]kbg^jhf ²

wlh lhrghlZ keZ[hklv ihleb\hklv b hsms_gb_ \yehklb ihke_ _^u

qlhkbfilhfuihoh`bgZfy]dmx]bih]ebd_fbxy \iheg_m\_j_ghgZ

ihgyeZ [u < [hevrbgkl\_ kemqZ_\ qZklbqguo j_a_dpbc `_em^dZ b

k\yaZgguok gbfbhi_jZpbc kljZob ^bkdhfnhjl^_fibg]kbg^jh fZ

fh`gh ij_h^he_lv k ihfhsvx ijZ\bevgh]h ih ke_hi_jZpbhggh]h

moh^Z Wlhl kh\_l gk gh\ bg_ j_\hexpbhg_g hg him[ebdh\Zg ` aZ

^\Z^pZlv^hlh]hdZdWebaZ[_li_j_g_keZhi_jZpbx

GZ \ua^hjh\e_gb_ WebaZ[_l dhg_qgh ih\ebyeh lh dZd f _c

jZkkdZaZebi_j_^hi_jZpb_cbihke_g__Kmlvbamq_gby^lkemqZyg_

\lhfqlh[udjblbdh\Zlvobjmj]Zk_kljbgkdbc QHSLgZebebdh]hlh

 







_s_gh\lhfqlh[uijb\e_qv\gbfZgb_dlh dZdklj_kkfh`_l\ebylv

gZ [he_agv b\ lh `_ \j_fy khimlkl\h\ objmj]bq_kdhfm

\f_rZl_evkl\m p_ev dhlhjh]h khklhbl \mf_gu gbb ijbqbgyxsbo

kljZ^Zgbykbfilhfh\WebaZ[_li_j_`beZly`_eu_mljZlu²k_klju

b^\mok\hbofhogZluo^jma_cKmskklxly\gu_ijbagZdblh]hqlh

j_Zdpbbi_qZl L  PLLL b ZLL

+,,&0

RLFL+LL \dexqZygZjmr_gby

fbhdZj^

HR?



Z aZl_f deZ^m fhx jmdm gZ k_ QZs_ ijb [heb ]^_gb[m^v \

iha\hghqgbd_ y e_]dh dZkZxkv jmdhc ]heh\u deb_glZ LZdh_

gZeh`_gb_jmdbf__ly\gh_j_eb]bhagh_agZq_gb_ohlyy ^_eZxwlh

kh\k_fg_ihwlhfmKdhj__wlhbkoh^blbahiulZ\ dhlhjhf]heh\Z²

dhjhgZl_eZb nhdmkgZylhqdZ\k_og_j\h\l_eZ

Ihke_lh]hdZdWebaZ[_ljZkkeZ[beZkviheh`b\fhbjmdbgZ

k\hbgZ^h[eZklvxr\h\y kgZqZeZihijhkbek_ ij_^klZ\blvk_[_dZd

\u]ey^bl [hev Wlh ijbf_j h[t_dlb\Zpbb qm\kl\Z m`_

h[km`^Z\rbcky \ h[jZa_ F_glhjZ \ ^_\ylhf iml_r_kl\bb QZklh

\uihegyyijhkv[mk^_eZlvwlhdeb_gluij_^klZ\eyxlk_[_[hevq_f

lhly`_eufdZddZf_gvbebhkljufdZdrZjmludZgguc]\ha^yfbb

ij_^klZ\ey_fuch[t_dlg_j_^dhhebp_l\hjy_llbi[hebhldhlhjhc

kljZ^Zxl

WebaZ[_l ihgZ^h[behkv g_dhlhjh_ \j_fy qlh[u ij_^klZ\blv

k_[_ qlhgb[m^v G_ fh_ kbevgh_ f_klh ² ijh[hjfhlZeZ hgZ ²

Ohly \hl qlh y\b`m g_kmsZyky \boj_f fZkkZ k\_lZ dZd \

dZe_c^hkdhi_ gh ^\b`_lky hgZ hq_gv [ukljh dZd dhfivxl_jguc

h[jZaG_fgh]hihfhsbba\bgbl_Y kdZaZeqlh\k_ij_djZkgh^ey

f_gy wlh y\behkv aZf_qZl_evguf hebp_l\hj_gb_f oZhkZ Yg_ ^_eZe

ihiulhdZgZebabjh\Zlvp\_lZbebk\yau\Zlvk gbfbqm\kl\Zy lZd`_

g_ ij_^eh`be WebaZ[_l jZajZ[hlZlv wlhl h[jZa ^Zevr_ Y kijhkbe

?keb \u ij_^klZ\bl_ qlh kfhljbl_ gZ kib^hf_lj b khhlghkbl_

^\b`_gb_p\_lh\k gbfgZdZdhc[ukdhjhklbhgb\jZsZebkv"

H ;h`_ ^Zcl_ ih^mfZlv >Z gZfgh]h \ur_ ij_^_eZ

kdhjhklb ijbf_jgh ^_\yghklh Y ^_ckl\bl_evgh \ [ukljhf jy^m gZ

rhkk_ ² hl\_lbeZ hgZ ?_ k\yav \gmlj_gg_c kdhjhklb k \h`^_gb_f

fZrbgu hdZaZeZkv ihe_aghc Y ihijhkbe Ohjhrh ^_j`bl_ h^bg

]eZa gZ kib^hf_lj_ Z \lhjhc gZ p\_lZo l_i_jv f_^e_ggh hq_gv

f_^e_gghmf_gvrZcl_^Z\e_gb_gZ^jhkk_evGZdZ`^uckq_l^_kylv

m[Z\eycl__s_g_fgh`dh Ijhklh kemrZcl_ fhc kq_l AZl_f y gZqZe

f_^e_ggh kqblZlv hl h^gh]h ^h ^_kylb M[Z\eycl_ _s_ g_fgh`dh

h^bg ^\Z ljb blZd ^Ze__ AZl_f y ih\lhjye mdZaZgb_ m [Z\blv _s_

g_fgh`dh K^_eZ\ iylv ih \lhj_gbc y kijhkbe __ qlh l_i_jv

ihdZau\Z_l kib^hf_lj Hg kgbabeky ^h r_klb^_kylb ² hl\_lbeZ

WebaZ[_l Y ijh^he`Ze kijZrb\Zlv : dZd \u k_[y qm\kl\m_l_" ²