Tsoulos George (ред.) MIMO System Technology for Wireless Communications
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374 MIMO System Technology for Wireless Communications
rectangular cavity, 82–84
rectangular waveguide, 77–82
with Rice channels, 41–45, 50–51
singular values of channel matrix H, 51–52
spatial, 61–66
spatial fading correlation, 45–47
spatial sampling and, 66–75
truncation error effects on, 71–75
of waveguide channels, 75–77
MIMO channels
capacity of, See MIMO capacity
extended capacity formula for, 31–35
measurements, 191–194
multi-user
capacity of, 181–183
in channels derived from
measurements, 197–201
description of, 178–181
inter-user separation, 198–200
linear processing, multi-antenna
receivers, 187–191
linear processing, single-antenna
receivers, 183–187
non-linear processing methods, 191
in randomly generated channels,
195–197
transmission schemes for, 183–191
user motion effects, 200–201
normalization of, 194
quality of, 304–306
transformation of, into n SISO
subchannels, 32–34
waveguide
description of, 75–77
rectangular, 77–82
spatial capacity of, 84–85
MIMO propagation modeling
deterministic, with ray tracing, 13–17
overview of, 12
stochastic, 17–23
MIMO systems
adaptability of, 251
closed-loop, 116
decoding algorithms for, 275
deployment of
cost-effective, 362
description of, 364
description of, 147–148, 149–150, 176–178
diversity, 92–93, 218–219
drawbacks of, 92–93
information, 209, 219–220
load equations for, 223–225
multi-user
description of, 177
resolvability of, 251
network planning
advanced planning, 359–360
coverage and capacity enhancement,
360–363
description of, 353–357
introduction to, 357–358
optimization methods, 359–360
notation associated with, 150–151
open-loop, 116
performance of, 250
resolvability of, 251
signal distribution, 280–281
SIMO systems vs., 148
smart antenna planning example for,
364–368
with space–time coding, 256–257
in universal terrestrial radio access
frequency division duplex downlink
algorithms with 3GPP
standardization, 234–237
difficulties associated with, 245
enhancements to, 237–238
multiuser, 233–234
multiuser beamforming, 239–244
overview of, 229–230
practical considerations for, 237–239
single-user, 230–233
in universal terrestrial radio access
frequency division duplex uplink
advanced receiver techniques,
220–221
description of, 217–218
diversity, 218–219
information, 219–220
MIMO-OFDM
description of, 118
development of, 316–317
digital signal processors, 317
interpolated beamforming in, 136–137
interpolated precoding in, 138
limited feedback and, 135–136
phase noise in, 288–289
prototype for, 317
radiofrequency front ends, 349–350
real-time signal processing
adaptation to time-variant channel,
330–332
channel coding, 335–337
channel estimation, 324–330, 348–349
code-multiplexed preamble, 322–324
complexity, 337–340
conclusion, 346–347
data reconstruction, 332–335
framing, 335–337
implementation, 318–322, 337–340
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Index 375
mapping, 335–337
overview of, 315–318
real-time data interface, 335–337
summary of, 347–348
system integration, 337–340
transmission experiments, 340–345
Minimum mean square error receiver, 130,
164–165
Minimum mean squared error, 184
Minimum singular value, 130
MISO channels, 39
Moore-Penrose pseudo-inverse, 106
Multi-Element Transmit and Receive
Antennas Project, 133–134
Multifunctional reconfigurable antenna
advantages of, 253
array, 252, 255
description of, 250–254
fabrication of, 257–258
polarization antenna, 256
propagation environment, 254–257
properties of, 254–257
spatial diversity of, 256
transmission algorithms, 254–257
Multifunctional reconfigurable spiral
antenna
architecture for, 264
microfabrication of, 266–269
operational mechanism of, 263–266
structure of, 263–266
Multiple access channel, 177
Multiple access interference, 220–221
Multiple antenna element, 33–34
Multiple-access interference, 177
Multiple-input-multiple-output propagation
modeling, See MIMO propagation
modeling
Multiple-user detection, 177
Multiuser beamforming, 239–244
Multi-user MIMO channels
capacity of, 181–183
in channels derived from measurements,
197–201
description of, 178–181
inter-user separation, 198–200
linear processing, multi-antenna
receivers, 187–191
linear processing, single-antenna
receivers, 183–187
non-linear processing methods, 191
in randomly generated channels, 195–197
transmission schemes for, 183–191
user motion effects, 200–201
N
n SISO subchannels, MIMO channels
transformed into, 32–34
Network planning
advanced planning, 359–360
coverage and capacity enhancement,
360–363
description of, 353–357
introduction to, 357–358
optimization methods, 359–360
Non-line-of-sight environment, 102
Nyquist sampling theorem, 58
O
Open-loop MIMO systems, 116
OpEx, 360
Optimal beamforming vector, 120
Orthogonal channels, 38
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
bandwidth of, 179
description of, 109, 113–114, 118
Orthogonal space–time block codes
description of, 96–98, 157–159
precoded, 123–127
Outage capacity, 41
Oversampling, 70
P
Parallel interference cancellation receivers, 221
Per-antenna rate control, 235
Perfect channel knowledge assumption, 166
Per-user unitary rate control, 237
Phase locked loop, 286
Phase noise
cancellation of, in demodulator by signal
processing, 288–289
discrete-time simulation model for, 289–290
local oscillators, 286–288
overview of, 285–286
Polarization antenna, 256
Power azimuth spectrum, 11
Power delay spectrum, 11
Precoded spatial multiplexing, 127–133
Precoding
interpolated, in MIMO-OFDM systems,
138
Tomlinson-Harashima, 118
Primary common pilot channel, 212, 217
Printed circuit boards, 257
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376 MIMO System Technology for Wireless Communications
Q
Quadrature amplitude modulation, 109
Quadrature phase shift keying, 95
Quantized signal adaptation
algorithms, 121–133
description of, 120–121
Quasi real-time feedback, 303
R
Radio receiver distortion, 293–295
Radiofrequency microelectromechanical
systems
description of, 250
integrated antennas, 258–268
microwave laminates for MRA
fabrication, 257–258
three-element selection diversity antenna,
258–263
Random access channel, 216
Rate-control multipaths diversity, 236–237
Ray launching technique, 14
Ray tracing, 13–17
Rayleigh channels, MIMO capacity with
description of, 42–43
with spatial fading correlation, 49–50
without spatial fading correlation, 48–49
Real-time MIMO-OFDM signal processing
adaptation to time-variant channel,
330–332
channel coding, 335–337
channel estimation, 324–330, 348–349
code-multiplexed preamble, 322–324
complexity, 337–340
conclusion, 346–347
data reconstruction, 332–335
framing, 335–337
implementation, 318–322, 337–340
mapping, 335–337
overview of, 315–318
real-time data interface, 335–337
summary of, 347–348
system integration, 337–340
transmission experiments, 340–345
Receive antenna selection, 148
Receivers
frequency response calibration of, 299
linear, 164–165
linear processing, multi-antenna, 187–191
linear processing, single-antenna, 183–187
minimum mean square error, 130, 164–165
serial interference cancellation, 221
zero-forcing, 164–165
Rectangular cavity capacity, 82–84
Rectangular waveguide capacity, 77–82
Regularized channel inversion, 184, 186
Ring of scatterers, 4
S
Saleh-Valenzuela model, 10
Scatterers
base station, 2
elliptical model with dense discrete, 7
mobile station, 2
ring of, 4
Scattering, 2–3
Secant square power azimuth spectrum
model, 11
Secondary common pilot channel, 212
Selective per-antenna rate control, 237
Selective transmit diversity, 235
Semi-elliptical geometrical model, 11
Serial interference cancellation receivers, 221
Shadow fading, 11–12
Shannon's capacity formula
description of, 30
extended, 36–39
Signal-to-noise ratio, 327
SIMO systems
channels, 39
description of, 90, 148, 159
MIMO system vs., 148
performance of, 228
Single stream closed-loop MIMO, 237
Singular vale decomposition, 108
Smart antenna planning, 364–368
Space-division multiple access, 316
Space–frequency coding, 93
Space–time block codes
Alamouti's transmit technique, 94–96
antenna selection, 165–166
description of, 94
diversity provided by, 217
orthogonal, 96–98, 123–127, 157–159
Space–time block coding based transmit
diversity, 363
Space–time coding
channel impact on, 308–312
with channel state information at the
transmitter, 107–109
description of, 90, 93, 250
inner codes, 110
MIMO with, 256–257
outer codes, 110
schemes for, 110
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Index 377
Space–time encoder, 90
Space–time transmit diversity, 216
Space–time trellis code encoder, 98–99
Space–time trellis codes
decoding, 98–101
description of, 98, 110, 155–157
design of, 101–103
encoding, 98–101
performance analysis, 101–103
purpose of, 155
Space–time–frequency coding, 93
Spatial capacity
correlation and, 61–66
definition of, 61
waveguide channels, 84–85
Spatial correlation
antenna selection with, 167–170
description of, 133–135
Spatial diversity, 92
Spatial multiplexing
advantages of, 104
capacity-achieving, 162–165
codebook design for, 131–133
definition of, 176
description of, 93, 103–105, 151
encoding techniques, 104
precoded, 127–133
V-BLAST algorithm, 105–107
Spatial sampling, 66–75
Specific beamforming, 215
Steering vector, 8
Stochastic channels, 40–41
Stochastic propagation modeling, 17–23
Stochastic spatio-temporal propagation
model, 8–10
Sum capacity, 185
T
Testbeds
automated, 300–303
automated test mechanics, 279–280
calibration of
description of, 278–279
design tradeoffs that affect, 280–281
characteristics of, 278–280
classification of, 276–278
configurability of, 279
digital-intermediate frequency, 280
field testing of
administration, 299–304
channel impact on space–time coding,
308–312
effective degrees of freedom, 306
measurements, 306–308
results, 304–312
5.25 GHz 2 x 2 MIMO, benchtop
calibration of, 290–292
frequency offset calibration, 295–297
frequency response calibration
description of, 297–298
receivers, 299
transmitters, 298–299
graphical user interface design of,
303–304
hardware calibration, 280–281
indications for, 274
interfacing with simulation or emulation
platform, 279
I/Q mismatch
description of, 282–284
simulation model for, 284
at transmitter, 283
overview of, 274–276
phase noise
cancellation of, in demodulator by
signal processing, 288–289
discrete-time simulation model for,
289–290
local oscillators, 286–288
overview of, 285–286
properties of, 276
radio receiver distortion, 293–295
representation of design tradeoffs, 280
signal distribution, 280–281
software-based, non-real-time system,
276–277
zero-intermediate frequency, 280
Three-element selection diversity antenna,
258–263
3G CDMA networks, 357–359
3GPP MIMO algorithms, 234–237
3GPP MIMO channel model, 18–23
Time division duplexing, 117
Time-variant channel, 330–332
Tomlinson-Harashima precoding, 118
Transmit and receive antenna selection, 148
Transmit antenna selection
description of, 148
optimum signaling with, 151–152
Transmit diversity
description of, 355
downlink, 362–363
space–time block coding based, 363
Transmit format combination indicator,
211–212
Transmit power control, 211
Transmit selection diversity, 109
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378 MIMO System Technology for Wireless Communications
Transmitters
channel estimation at, 35–36
channel state information at, 34–35
frequency response calibration of,
298–299
Truncation error
bounds of, in sampling series, 69–71
capacity affected by, 71–75
Tx power ratio control for code domain
successive interference cancellation,
237
U
Uniform geometrical theory of diffraction, 13
Universal terrestrial radio access
description of, 208
framework for, 210–214
Universal terrestrial radio access frequency
division duplex
history of, 209
multiantenna methods in
beamforming, 215–216
description of, 214–215
signal processing, 214
transmit diversity, 216–217
primary common pilot channels, 217
user data rates, 211
Universal terrestrial radio access frequency
division duplex downlink
description of, 211–212, 229–230
high speed packet access, 212–214
MIMO in
algorithms with 3GPP
standardization, 234–237
enhancements to, 237–238
multiuser, 233–234
multiuser beamforming, 239–244
overview of, 229–230
practical considerations for, 237–239
single-user, 230–233
summary of, 245
Universal terrestrial radio access frequency
division duplex uplink
beamforming in, 216
description of, 214
load equations
basic, 221–223
MIMO, 223–225
MIMO algorithms
advanced receiver techniques,
220–221
description of, 217–218
diversity, 218–219
information, 219–220
performance comparisons for, 225–229
summary of, 244–245
V
V-BLAST algorithm, 90, 105–107, 230–231
Vertical encoding, 230
Virtual channel, 187
Viterbi algorithm, 100–102
W
Waveguide channels
description of, 75–77
rectangular, 77–82
spatial capacity of, 84–85
Wideband code division multiple access,
208–210
Wideband directional channel model, 17
Z
Zero-forcing receiver, 164–165
Zero-intermediate frequency, 280
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