Woodward D. Lloyd George and the Generals
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348 LLOYD GEORGE AND THE GENERALS
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 349
Index
Abbeville:
Robertson-Foch conference at, 170 n.
50;
S.W.C. at, 295–96
Aitken, Sir Max (later first Baron
Beaverbrook), 99–101, 131, 181, 275;
on L G’s exploitation of “shells
scandal,” 51 n. 13;
and “soldiers’ party,” 100;
plots with L G to reorganize
government, 121, 123 n. 37, 126–27;
appointed minister in charge of
propaganda, 269;
his error, 300 n. 89;
on “lost box,” 302
Allanson, Lieut.-Col. C.J. L.:
on retention of general reserve in
Britain, 238
Allenby, Gen. Sir Edmund H. (later first
Viscount), 223, 231, 316, 318;
in collusion with Robertson, 199, 206,
211, 231 n. 51, 241–42;
thinks Smuts’s offensive plan
workable, 245 n. 110;
offensive approved by War Cabinet,
283;
his number of white divisions, 292 n.
49, 296, 299;
Amery wants his forces reinforced, 305;
overwhelming victory, 332
Allied general reserve. See Unity of
command;
General reserve, interAllied
American Expeditionary Force (A.E.F.),
171–72, 177, 210, 235, 328;
British high command’s view of
offensive capacity of 238–39, 245–46,
333;
suggestion to brigade with British
forces, 236 n. 74, 257–58, 293–95;
L G looks to for decisive blows in West,
283, 315–16, 336;
British request greater help from, 288;
Pershing’s desire for independent force,
289–90, 323, 330 n. 87;
Pershing-Milner agreement, 295–96,
318;
L G wants to substitute American for
British soldiers in the West, 318, 322,
324, 330, 333;
L G angry over Foch’s utilization of,
323–24 n. 59, 476 n. 87, 333 n. 107;
British concern about future dominant
role, 325, 328;
concern that Haig might misuse, 331;
St. Mihiel, 332
Amery, Leopold S.:
on strategy, 166–67, 221–22, 242–43,
284–85, 305, 316–17, 329 n. 82;
on role of S.W.C., 227 n. 26;
role at Versailles, 243;
on Smuts, 244;
wrongly accused of being source of
Repington’s information, 246 n. 120;
warns L G about War Office’s use of
press, 260
Amiens, Battle of, 327, 330;
L G’s pessimism about, 328
Arras, Battle of, 142–155
Asquith, Arthur, 119
350
Asquith, Herbert H. (later first earl of
Oxford and Adquith), 15–17, 34, 40, 62–
63, 65, 78, 86, 110 n. 69, 111, 116–17,
122–23, 133, 163, 186, 203–4, 209, 215,
224, 226, 335;
calls council of war, 18–19;
L G requests review of war policy, 27;
Balkan operations, 30, 33;
L G critical of, 44, 59, 64, n. 77, 69;
appoints cabinet committee on
munitions, 50;
opinion of Kitchener, 52–53, 64–65, 67,
69;
shakes up Imperial general staff, 61, 74,
78–80;
critical of Allied military planning, 86;
on compulsion, 87–88;
American mediation, 90;
L G’s appointment as secretary of state
for war, 98–102;
concern about generals’ conduct of war,
119;
supports Robertson against L G, 120–
21;
on L G’s instability, 121;
Paris conference (November 1916),
121–22;
L G in conflict with over reorganization
of government, 124–29 n. 63 passim;
resignation, 129;
favors Flanders offensive, 130, 137;
L G sus-
pects in league with generals, 203;
questions new S.W.C., 225, 227;
and Robertson’s removal, 263, 267–69,
272, 274–75 n. 89;
Maurice debate, 299–303 passim
Asquith, Mrs. Margot (later countess of
Oxford and Asquith), 126
Asquith, Raymond:
death of, 116, 121
Alexandra (queen of Great Britain), 74
Anthoine, Gen., 234
Artillery. See Munitions
Astor, Maj. Waldorf (later second
Viscount), 255
Balfour, Arthur James (later first Earl), 51,
65, 84, 94, 128, 162, 171, 209–10, 212,
239, 272;
member of Sub- Committee of Imperial
Defence and unofficial member of War
Council, 34;
member of War Committee, 65;
opposed to Allied involvement in
Balkans, 67;
joins L G in opposition to Somme
offensive, 82–83;
favorable to American mediation, 90;
L G critical of, 100;
unity of command, 146, 152;
peace negotiations with Germany, 200–
204;
defends L G, 215;
favors retention of Robertson as
C.I.G.S., 267;
negotiations with Robertson, 271;
German menace in Asia, 284
Balkans. See Rumania;
Salonika;
Serbia
Baring, Sir Godfrey, 296
Barnes, George N., 204;
member of Manpower Committee, 233;
favors sacking of Robertson, 267;
considers resignation, 269, 274
Barnett, Correlli, 285, 290–91, 320, 328
Basra:
occupied by imperial forces, 23
Beauvais conference, 289–90, 293–94,
321, 326
Beaverbrook, first Baron. See Aitken, Sir
Max
Belleau Wood, 318
Bissolati, Leonido, 154;
L G in league with, 117, 136, 140
Bliss, Gen. Tasker H., 226, 229, 289
Bloch, I.S.:
influence on strategic thinking of LG,
24 n. 32
Bonar Law, Andrew, 51, 59, 82, 103, 113,
128, 171, 196–97, 225, 235, 267, 269;
coalition government, 52;
member of War Committee 65;
INDEX 351
sympathetic to L G’s Balkan views, 67–
68, 134;
critical
of L G, 85;
with L G on American mediation, 90;
negotiations with L G about
Kitchener’s successor, 99, 101;
L G critical of, 100;
and L G’s attempt to reorganize
government, 123–27 n. 63 passim;
backing essential to L G, 134, 199;
subordination of Haig to Nivelle, 146,
151–52;
Flanders offensive, 181, 200;
opposes compromise peace, 202, 204;
favors retention of Robertson, 267;
fears defeat of government, 272;
defends government’s conduct of war,
298–99;
and Haig’s advance to Hindenburg
Line, 331
BonhamCarter, Victor, 275
Bonham Carter, Sir Maurice (“Bongie”),
58, 98, 121
Borden, Sir Robert: attacks generals, 316,
320–21;
secret movement of Canadian troops,
325;
supports Italian offensive, 330
Boulogne, munitions conference at:
(June 1915), 55;
Anglo-French conferences at:
(October 1916), 112;
(September 1917), 202, 205–7, 253
Brade, Sir Reginald H., 231 n. 49
BrestLitovsk, peace discussions at, 239
Briand, Aristide, 34, 64, 67, 119–22, 136,
141, 144, 153, 200–202, 204;
L G discusses Allied expedition to
Balkans with, 37–38;
Rome conference, 140–41;
Calais conference, 147
Bridges, Gen. I.M.:
on American assistance, 171
British Weekly, 51
Burnham, second Baron (later Viscount), 51
Buxton, Charles:
on Balkan confederation, 27
Buxton, Noel:
on Balkan confederation, 27
Cadorna, Marshal Luigi, 118, 136, 138–43,
170, 172, 176, 178, 180, 190–91, 193,
197–98, 212, 222–24, 229
Calais, Anglo-French conferences at:
(July 1915), 55–56;
(December 1915), 67;
(February 1917), 141, 144–53 n. 87,
155, 163, 165, 180, 193, 212, 226, 260,
335
Callwell, Maj.-Gen. Sir Charles E., 34, 78,
289
Cambon, Paul, 203
Cambrai, Battle of, 254, 312, 327–28;
Haig’s concern about failure of cavalry,
76, 228;
British failure at and government’s
reaction, 228–33
Caporetto, Battle of, 212, 224–25, 285
Carden, Vice Admiral Sir Sackville, 32, 40
Carson, Sir Edward (later first Baron), 59,
121, 123–24, 128, 150, 152, 196, 209,
215;
on Balkans, 61–63;
supports Jellicoe, 182;
tentative support for compromise
peace, 203;
member of manpower committee, 233
Castlenau, Gen., 21, 118
Casualties:
Anglo-French and German compared
for 1915, 44;
L G’s concern about, 24, 105, 118, 173–
74, 185, 224, 234, 311–12, 325–26 n.
67, 328, 331, 333–35;
comparisons of British and German,
117;
Robertson expresses concern about, 76,
103, 201;
Liddell Hart on, 117, 223 n. 8;
Terraine on, 117 n. 8;
costly German tactics, 118 n. 15;
Hankey’s mistaken view on, 135;
L G attacks Haig over, 142, 224;
352 LLOYD GEORGE AND THE GENERALS
ministers consider French tactics less
costly, 146–47 n. 63, 174, 234;
Neville’s offensive, 155;
Haig’s commitment on, 178;
Passchendaele, 183, 185–86, 194,
208–9, 211, 223;
British 1917 losses, 201 n. 63, 209;
Haig’s incredible claim, 208, 233 n. 61
and n. 62;
British losses, March 21–April 15,
1918, 235, 293;
suffered by Allenby’s forces, 242;
German and British losses on March 21,
1918, 286 n. 20;
heavy losses in 1918, 288;
German casualties match British, 296;
American inexperience and, 318;
and Committee of Prime Ministers, 329;
British 1918 losses, 333
Cavan, Gen., (tenth earl of), 105;
considered as Haig’s successor, 322;
quizzed on offensive against Austria-
Hungary, 322–23
Cecil, Lord Robert (later first Viscount),
162, 166, 173, 209, 239, 267, 272;
supports army against L G’s
interference, 133–34, 150, 215;
threatens resignation, 274 n. 85
Chamberlain, Austen, 150, 215, 267, 272,
274, 303;
Robertson wants as head of War Office,
98;
defends Haig, 133–34;
threatens L G, 226;
attacks government over role of press,
275
Champagne, Second Battle of, 66, 84
Chantilly, military conferences at:
(December 1915), 82;
(March 1916), 86;
(November 1916), 119–23, 135, 137,
139, 142, 162
Charles (emperor of Austria), 155, 197 n. 33
Charteris, Brig.-Gen. John, 229;
on Haig’s view of politicians, 77;
faulty intelligence, 168–69, 208, 233;
removed from post, 232;
view of H.Wilson, 282
Churchill, Winston S., 29, 34, 36, 50, 57–
58, 62, 64–65, 82, 85, 110–11, 119, 133,
167;
corresponds with L G about strategy, 16;
has appreciation of military situation
given to L G, 17;
his December 29, 1914 memorandum,
28;
Balkans, 30, 32, 36, 44–45, 62, 64;
L G critical of 32–33;
visits J.French, 37;
L G writes about enemy threat to Serbia,
37;
troops for Balkan expeditionary force,
39;
against making L G head of War Office,
52;
critical of Somme offensive, 103–4;
warns L G of dangers of chairing
proposed war committee, 128;
becomes minister of munitions, 215;
accuses L G of holding back men from
Haig, 236–37;
view of H.Wilson, 282;
tells L G of misunderstanding among
Allied generals, 288;
praises Haig, 327–28
Churchill, Randolph, 264
Claveille, Albert, 323 n. 56
Clemenceau, Georges, 121, 256, 259, 298,
313, 320;
opposition to Rapallo agreement, 229;
L G and Pétain’s “cheap” tactics, 234;
war aims, 241;
relationship with Repington, 247, 262;
threatens resignation of British line not
extended, 254;
favors generalissimo over S.W.C., 255–
56 n. 13, 259;
and British manpower policies, 254,
258, 295, 310–11, 313, 330 n. 85;
unhappy with proposed Turkish
offensive, 258;
supports Pétain over Foch on issue of
general reserve, 276–77;
elevation of Foch at Doullens, 287;
increased authority for Foch, 288–89;
his chauvinism, 294 n. 55;
INDEX 353
utilization of American divisions, 295–
96, 323–24 n. 59, 330 n. 87;
confers with Milner and H.Wilson, 314;
L G suspicious of, 319–20 n. 42, 334 n.
111
Clive, Gen. Sir G.Sidney:
secret negotiations for establishment of
generalissimo, 256
Compiegne:
military conference at, 253
Compulsion:
L G and, 56–57, 59–60, 64–65 n. 81,88,
173, 175
Constantine (king of the Hellenes):
opposes Allied intervention in Balkans,
61, 109, 137
Convoy system:
L G and, 181
Cox, Brig.-Gen. E.W., 290
Crewe, first marquess of, 36, 56
Crawford, twenty-seventh earl of, 120
Cruttwell, C.R. M.F., 43, 84
Cure, E.Capel, 172
Currie, Lieut.-Gen. Sir Arthur W., 316
Curzon, first Marquess, 59, 63–64, 85, 120,
170–71, 197, 204, 210 n. 104, 212, 215,
272;
supports army leadership, 123, 133,
209, 274;
imperialist views, 134, 205–6;
subordination of Haig to Nivelle, 146–
47;
war aims, 167 n. 31;
Flanders offensive, 181, 183;
warns L G about possible Unionist
revolt, 226;
member of Manpower Committee, 233;
favors retention of Robertson, 267;
chairs Eastern Committee, 286;
defends government’s conduct of war,
293, 296, 298;
on importance of “side shows,” 317–18
n. 28;
against compromise peace, 329
Czernin, Count Ottokar, 239–40
Daily Chronicle, 51, 100, 126, 224–25, 239,
299
Daily Express, 269
Daily Mail, 51, 53, 225, 246, 268, 274
Daily News, 224–25, 269, 292, 299, 300 n.
86
Daily Telegraph, 51, 225, 239, 268
Dardanelles campaign:
naval attack on suggested, 32;
attack upon announced, 36;
undercuts L G’s Balkan schemes, 40;
L G opposes making a land as well as
naval operation, 41;
L G pessimistic about, 55;
failure of undermines “Easterners,” 81;
commission report on, 152
Davidson, Maj.-Gen. Sir John H.
(“Tavish”), 143
Davies, (later Sir) J.T., 110;
Maurice debate, 302
Dawson, Geoffrey, 60
Debeney, Gen. Eugène: informs Haig of
poor French discipline, 169
Dedeagatch (Bulgaria):
L G proposes Allied occupation of, 34–
35
Delcassé, Theophile, 37, 39
Derby, seventeenth earl of, 144–45, 162,
169, 196, 209, 211–12, 235, 258;
Derby plan, 88;
L G would prefer to Asquith, 88;
War Office under-secretary, 100, 102;
appointed secretary of state for war,
133;
subordination of Haig to Neville, 146,
150–52;
Robertson and S.W.C., 213, 222, 226–
27;
opposes removal of Haig and
Robertson, 232;
purges Haig’s subordinates, 232;
L G tries to get out of War Office, 245;
L G angered by leaks to press, 247;
and command of Allied general reserve,
260–74 passim;
defends Haig over extension of line,
298 n. 75;
leaves War Office, 304;
354 LLOYD GEORGE AND THE GENERALS
reports Clemenceau’s views on British
reserves, 310
de Robeck, Vice-Admiral Sir John, 40
D’Espèrey, Gen. Franchet:
on Balkan expedition, 34;
success as new commander of Eastern
Army, 331–32 n. 95;
at odds with L G, 334 n. 111
Donald, Robert, 51, 126
Doullens, conference of, 287, 289, 294
Drummond, Sir Eric (later sixteenth earl of
Perth), 203
Du Cane, Maj.-Gen. Sir John P., 333;
gives his view of military situation to L
G, 86–87;
attached to Foch’s staff, 294;
L G considers as Sackville-West’s
replacement, 319 n. 33
Duffieux, Col.:
on Pétain’s tactics, 234
Duke, Sir Henry E.:
recruiting in Ireland, 288
Dunsterville, Maj.-Gen. L.C., 283
“Easterners,” 68–69;
origins of, 28–29;
pros and cons of Balkan offensive, 42–
44;
connection with “shells scandal,” 51;
French support for, 64;
Robertson wants general staff
strengthened to control, 77–78;
weakness of argument in 1916, 81–82;
oppose Western offensive in 1916, 82–
83;
slant of War Cabinet, 134;
Robertson attacks, 134–35;
ideas rejected at Rome conference, 139–
41;
political objectives of, 162–63, 166–67,
173–74, 183, 191, 193, 282–83, 317–
18, 324–25, 328–29, 334;
support in War Office for, 169–70;
Flanders offensive, 173–86 passim,
200;
H.Wilson’s support for, 196;
L G and Turkish offensive, 199–200,
204–7;
L G’s 1918–19 strategy, 210, 283–84,
316, 318, 323–32, 334 n. 110, 336;
press support for, 223– 24;
war objectives more in line with
strategy, 241;
containment of Germany in Russia,
283–84, 286, 305, 314–15, 317;
L G defends results of, 292–93;
Germany’s successes do not alter
views, 304–5;
and Italy’s and France’s possible defeat,
314–16;
attempt to enlist support of dominion
leaders for, 316–18;
H.Wilson opposes strategy of, 324;
Committee of Prime Ministers’ draft
report, 329–30;
L G points to success of, 332;
and armistice terms, 334;
evaluation of, 336
Edmonds, Brig.-Gen. Sir James E.:
accused of conjuring trick with casualty
figures, 117;
critical of Haig’s tactics, 117;
Terraine on, 117 n. 8;
whitewashes G.H.Q.’s mistakes, 194 n.
20;
accuses L G of starving army of men,
236–37
Egypt. See Palestine
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 149, 293
Esher, second Viscount, 76, 104, 129, 143,
231, 236, 255, 294 n. 55;
recommends mutinous course of action
to Robertson, 139;
on French weakness, 165;
on H.Wilson, 196;
correspondence with Gwynne, 223 n.
10;
on Haig’s acceptance of Allied general
reserve, 261;
on Asquith’s position, 269, 272;
reports that Robertson is seeing
Repington daily, 297;
writes H.Wilson, 300;
supports “Eastern” strategy, 317 n. 27
INDEX 355
Evening News, 301
Evening Standard, 224–25
Executive War Board. See General reserve,
interallied;
Unity of command
Extension of British front, 206, 208, 210,
213, 221, 245, 253–55, 260, 290–91,
297–98 n. 75
Falkenhayn, Lieut.-Gen. Erich von, 42,
104, 110
Falls, Cyril, 23, 327
Ferdinand (king of Bulgaria), 59
Fisher, Admiral Sir John:
informs L G of decision to resign, 52
Fitzgerald, Lieut.-Col. Brinsley, 50
Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, 149, 170, 191,
202, 318, 327, 333;
interview with L G, 105–8 n. 55, 125,
145;
critical of Flanders offensive, 168, 172
n. 57, 254;
and Turkish offensive, 191, 204–6;
and unity of command, 192–93, 207,
210;
guns for Italy, 197–98;
permanent military representative on
Allied general staff, 222, 229;
policy of counter-attacks, 253, 260;
on British manpower policies, 258, 313,
326;
and Executive War Board, 258–60;
commands phantom force, 275–76;
views rejected at Allied conference,
277;
given overall command at Doullens,
287;
defense of Amiens, 288;
additional authority granted at
Beauvais, 289–90;
becomes Allied general in chief, 293–
95;
handling of Allied reserves, 294, 314,
320– 22;
Pershing-Milner agreement, 295– 96;
amalgamation of Anglo-French forces,
312;
understanding with Haig, 314;
L G critical of his actions, 318–23 n. 42
and n. 56, 325–26, 330 n. 87, 336;
wants return to offensive, 322–24 n. 63;
Haig overrules, 330;
praises Haig’s tactics and strategy, 333;
given strategical control of all
operations against Germany, 334
Francis Joseph, (emperor of Austria), 155
Franklin-Bouillon, Henri (“boiling Frank-
lin”):
and creation of S.W.C., 210, 222
Fraser, Lovat:
attacks army leadership, 246;
thought to be L G’s agent, 268
French army mutiny, 165–66, 169, 171–72
French, Field Marshal Sir John (later first
earl of Ypres), 74, 108, 110, 167, 237;
proposed Zeebrugge operation, 29–31;
Balkan operations, 30–34, 37–39;
conspires against Kitchener, 50–51 n.
14;
Haig and Robertson hope to replace, 78;
opposes L G as secretary of state for
war, 100;
used by L G against high command,
195–96, 207–11;
sent to Ireland, 304
Fry, Michael G., 17 n. 9
Furse, Maj.-Gen. Sir William T., 265–66
Galliéni, Gen. Joseph:
on Balkan expeditionary force, 34
Gallipoli campaign, 54, 57, 59;
L G thinks doomed, 62;
L G and withdrawal of British troops,
63, 66;
War Committee accepts termination of,
82.
Gardiner, A.G., 269;
in touch with Maurice, 300 n. 86
Geddes, Sir Auckland (later first Baron),
230 n. 46, 326;
on impact of withdrawing men from
industry and agriculture, 288;
defends government’s manpower
policies, 311
356 LLOYD GEORGE AND THE GENERALS