Woodward D. Lloyd George and the Generals

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Smith, Sir Frederick (later first earl of

Birkenhead), 85, 103, 110–11, 119

Smuts, Gen. Jan Christiaan, 155 n. 103,

167, 224, 295, 320;

supports Haig and Robertson, 162–63

n. 8, 181;

joins War Cabinet, 170;

interest in Palestinian offensive, 183;

and supreme command, 210;

supports L G in conflict with high

command, 221–22, 225, 244;

member of Manpower Committee, 233;

talks with Allenby about campaign,

244–45 n. 110;

seeks successor to Haig, 245–47;

warns L G about impact of press attacks

against generals, 246;

his offensive plan in Palestine, 283, 332

n. 100;

on German intentions, 285;

defends government’s conduct of war,

316;

opposes sending 54th Division to

France, 318;

and Foch’s deployment of British

divisions, 321;

opposed to total victory, 325, 328–29 n.

81 and n. 82, 335– 36;

supports offensive in Italian theater, 330

somme, Battle of, 91–94, 102, 112, 116–19,

123–24, 155, 160, 173, 286, 317, 327,

336;

British government approves launching

of, 81–87;

L G’s view of, 103–4, 113;

L G’s controversial visit to battlefield,

105–8

Spears (also Spiers), Brig.-Gen. Sir

Edward, 176;

critical of L G’s strategic views, 42;

on Nivelle’s artillery tactics, 136

Spectator, 225

Spender, J.A., 274

Stamfordham, first Baron, 77–79, 88, 146,

246;

and Robertson’s removal, 263 n. 44,

269, 271

Star, 224–25, 292, 299

Stevenson, Frances (later Countess Lloyd

George), 23–24, 54 n. 19, 67, 88, 100,

102, 126, 142, 148, 199, 335;

on L G’s reaction to German invasion

of Belgium, 18;

becomes L G’s mistress, 48–49;

on Maurice debate, 302

Stockholm:

Socialist conference at, 201, 214

Strategy of the war. See “Easterners”;

“Westerners”

Stopford, Gen. Sir Frederick William, 57

Sunday Times (London), 225

Supreme War Council (S.W.C.). See Unity

of command

Sutherland, (later Sir) William, 223 n. 11

Sylvester, Albert J.:

on L G’s service in militia, 15

Tardieu, André, 319

Taylor, A.J. P., 90, 92, 215

Terraine, John, 76, 80 n. 30, 176 n. 65, 293;

on German casualties, 117 n. 8;

on effectiveness of tanks, 328

Thomas, Albert, 117–18 n. 13, 136, 140,

191, 197;

in agreement with L G’s strategic

views, 67–68, 112;

expresses concern about inaction of

B.E.F., 92

Times (London), 18, 20, 51, 60, 106–7, 128,

141, 225, 232, 268–69, 299

Trench warfare in West: nature of, 21–22;

L G’s view of, 21, 23–24, 28;

Hankey’s view of, 29;

Kitchener thinks demoralizing to

French, 57;

importance of highexplosive shells in,

92–93;

new German tactics in, 285;

faulty British tactics in, 291

Trenchard, Air Marshal Sir Hugh M. (later

first Viscount), 300

Union of Democratic Control, 201

Unity of command:

L G first considers, 37;

INDEX 367

L G wants coordination of Allied war

effort, 120;

Hankey supports L G’s views on

pooling Allied resources, 135;

L G’s disappointment over results of

Rome conference, 141;

French want, 144;

and Haig’s subordination to Nivelle at

Calais conference, 144–53;

mentioned in War Policy Committee,

176 n. 68;

favored by Foch, 192–93;

L G discusses with Painlevé, 193, 207;

and H.Wilson, 196, 207–8, 212, 221;

Chequers discussion of, 210;

President Wilson and, 210 n. 103;

supported by J.French, 212;

S.W.C. pushed by L G, 210 n. 103, 212–

13, 221–22;

Amery on, 221–22;

S.W.C. established, 222–23, 335;

L G launches press campaign in favor

of, 223–24;

defended by L G in Paris and in

Parliament, 224–27;

S.W.C. (November 1917), 229;

L G uses to overcome Robertson’s

opposition to Turkish offensive, 244–

45;

permanent military representatives

consider 1918 campaign and extension

of British line, 229, 253–54;

L G’s interest in generalissimo, 255–57;

S.W.C. (January–February 1918), 257–

60;

general reserve and Executive War

Board established, 259–60, 335;

L G defends Executive War Board

against violent opposition, 260–75

passim;

collapse of general reserve and

Executive War Board, 275–78;

Foch given overall command at

Doullens, 287;

Beauvais conference, 289–90;

Foch given title of general in chief, 294–

95;

S.W.C. (May 1918), 295–96, 310;

Anglo-French committee of S.W.C.

(June 1918), 313;

threatened by AngloFrench discord,

314, 318–26 n. 59, 329–34 n. 111;

S.W.C. (July 1918), 319–20;

Foch given overall strategical control of

war against Germany, 334;

L G more interested in influencing

strategy than principle of unity of

command, 336

Venizelos, Elutherios, 35;

opposes Greek involvement in war, 39–

40;

now favorable to Allied intervention in

Balkans, 61;

resigns, 61–62

Verdun, Battle of, 136, 155;

L G and, 85– 87, 92, 118

Vimy Ridge, Battle of, 155–56

Viviani, René, 37, 64

War aims. See Peace discussions

“Westerners,” 30, 68;

pros and cons of Balkan offensive, 42–

44;

Unionist support of, 52;

L G’s opposition to, 66, 83, 87, 92, 118–

20, 207, 210, 229, 316, 318, 324–28,

331, 336;

Robertson’s defense of, 76–77, 81–84,

134–36;

civilians concerned about results of

strategy of, 116;

triumph at Paris conference (November

1916), 122;

alarm over L G becoming prime

minister, 129;

War Cabinet’s initial view towards, 134;

L G’s proposals at Rome conference

undermined by, 139–41;

L G supports at Paris conferences, 161,

164–65;

and relationship to war objectives, 166–

67, 169–70;

and launching of Flanders offensive,

173–86 passim;

368 LLOYD GEORGE AND THE GENERALS

criticized by H.Wilson and J.French, 211–

12;

Maurice defends, 222;

attacked by pro-L G press, 223– 24;

and L G’s Paris speech, 224–25;

H.Wilson’s support of, 282 n. 4, 324,

327;

Foch’s support of, 318–19, 325–26;

criticized by imperial leaders, 316–18,

324–26, 330;

evaluation of, 336

Westminister Gazette, 225, 274, 299–300

Weygand, Gen. Maxime, 229, 259, 293– 94

Whigham, Maj.-Gen. Sir Robert Dundas,

266

Wigram, Major Clive (later Lord Wigram),

77, 80, 129, 150

Wilson, Admiral Sir Arthur K.:

defends maritime strategy, 16

Wilson, Gen. Sir Henry H., 56, 140, 152,

162, 168, 170, 173, 209–11, 254, 260 n.

35, 315, 319, 323, 332, 335;

defends Continental strategy in 1911,

16;

army’s dislike of, 149;

and Flanders offensive, 169, 172, 182–

83;

and S.W.C., 196, 207, 212–13, 221–22,

226–29, 231 n. 49, 243–44;

contempt for casualty figures of War

Office and G.H.Q., 233;

L G wants as C.I.G.S., 243–44, 264,

272;

misreading of German intentions, 243

n. 103, 282, 285–86, 292–93;

and extension of British line, 254;

and general reserve, 256–74 passim;

uneasy about role of Executive War

Board, 276;

supports Haig, 276–78;

character of, 282 n. 4;

plans to contain Germany in East, 284,

317–18 n. 28;

compares Allied and German strength,

286 n. 23;

changes view of Ludendorff’s

offensive, 286–87;

and Doullens agreement, 287;

opposes enlargement of Foch’s powers

at Beauvais, 289;

and Allenby’s troop strength, 292 n. 49;

unhappy with Foch’s position, 294;

removes Maurice, 297;

ignores Maurice’s letter, 298;

urges recall of Haig, 304;

supports peripheral strategy as C.I.G.S.,

305, 317 n. 27;

his pessimism over military situation,

305, 320;

opposes roulement, 312;

concern for safety of Haig’s forces, 314;

wants recall of 54th Division from

Palestine, 318;

and strengthening of Foch’s staff, 319;

and Foch’s deployment of British

divisions in July, 321–22;

on L G’s machinations, 324 n. 59;

his strategic views criticized, 324–25 n.

64;

unaware of Haig’s offensive plans, 325;

qualifies “Western” views, 326–27;

rules out Italian offensive in 1918, 327;

estimate of reserves required for

decisive victory, 328;

his strategic ideas accepted in principle,

330;

reassuring report of Haig’s progress,

331–32;

cautions Haig about excessive losses,

331 n. 92;

okays offensive against Bulgaria, 331–

32 n. 95;

believes Haig unrealistic, 333;

his plan for a campaign in Southeastern

Europe, 334 n. 110

Wilson, Trevor, 150 n. 76

Wilson, President Woodrow, 87, 90, 226,

241;

his peace efforts rebuked by L G, 125;

and L G’s desire for S.W.C., 210 n. 103;

increases flow of U.S. troops to Europe,

288;

Milner on, 325

Wynne, Captain G.C., 194 n. 20

INDEX 369

Ypres, First Battle of, 23, 88.