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Thermoplastic) many be used as skin layers to provide

unusual thermal integrity for packaging machine

performance.

STRUCTURES

Coextruded ﬂexible-packaging applications include coex-

truded ﬁlms (see Table 1 for a list of structures), lamina-

tions, and coatings. In general, coextruded ﬁlms are

preferred to coextruded laminations and coatings because

of their cost-effectiveness in use. Because lamination and

coating require an extra value-added stage, they tend to

cost more.

Coextruded multilayer structures can be divided into

three categories: single-resin, unbalanced, and balanced.

Many structures that are based on the performance

properties for a single resin are coextruded for perfor-

mance or cost reasons. Unbalanced structures typically

combine a functional layer with a heat-seal resin. Ba-

lanced structures generally have the same heat-sealable

resin on both sides of the ﬁlm.

Single-Resin Structures

Single-resin ﬁlms are coextruded for a variety of reasons.

Many commodity ﬁlm applications may not appear to be

multilayer ﬁlms, yet they actually have three or more

distinct layers. Bakery, produce, and trash-bag ﬁlms, for

example, are often three-layer structures. The core mate-

rial may contain pigment or recycled material, while

virgin skin layers control surface quality and machinabil-

ity. Single-resin coextrusions can also provide a differen-

tial coefﬁcient of friction on the two surfaces.

Unbalanced Structures

Typical of the unbalanced structures are ﬁlms designed

for vertical form/ﬁll applications with a ﬁn seal. A base

resin such as HDPE is augmented by an EVA skin layer

for sealability. For horizontal wrappers a polypropylene

skin layer is sometimes selected for its higher thermal

resistance. In another important unbalanced application,

cast polypropylene, which has a limited sealing range, is

combined with more sealable polyethylene for single-slice

cheese wrappers.

Figure 5. Blown-ﬁlm coextrusion process.

Table 1. Typical Coextruded Film Structures

Outside Layer Core Layer Inside Layer Remarks

LDPE White LDPE + recycle LDPE Virgin skin layers control surface quality

HDPE HDPE + recycle EVA EVA provides rapid ﬁn seal machinability

EVA LLLDPE1+ recycle EVA EVA increases lap seal cycle time

LDPE LLDPE + recycle LDPE LDPE limits ﬁlm’s elongation under load

EMA OPP EMA Oriented polypropylene sealability poor without coextruded or coated skin layers

308 COEXTRUSIONS FOR FLEXIBLE PACKAGING

There are multilayer ﬁlms using only one polymer

(AAA), unbalanced coextruded ﬁlms with two or more

polymers (ABC), and balanced multilayer structures

with two or more polymers (A/B/C/B/A).

Balanced Structures

Balanced coextruded structures typically have a core resin

selected for its functionality plus two skin layers that are

heat-sealable. Oriented polypropylene ﬁlms, for example,

are increasingly coextruded instead of coated to attain

machinable surfaces (see Film, Oriented Polypropylene).

Frozen-food ﬁlms are typically constructed with an EVA

skin layer for enhanced sealability. Heavy-wall bags are

regularly coextruded with LLDPE (linear LDPE) cores

for impact strength and LDPE skins to limit the ﬁlm’s

elongation under load. Primal meats are packaged in

PVDC shrink ﬁlm with EVA skins for seal integrity.

Two main applications that have shifted from mono-

layer ﬁlms to coextrusions are overwrap and stretch wrap

(see Wrapping Machinery, Stretch Film). Horizontal over-

wrap machines typically use an MDPE ﬁlm or an LDPE–

HDPE blend.

Coextrusions can provide comparable overwrap ma-

chinability at lower gauge. Stretch wrap is difﬁcult to

produce as a single-layer structure without blocking. By

splitting stretch wrap into a multilayer structure, its

LLDPE core can be provided with controlled tackiness

on the surface layer.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

E. Hatﬁeld and L. Horvath, ‘‘Coextrusions for Flexible Packaging’’

in A. J. Brody and K. S. March, eds., The Wiley Encyclopedia of

Packaging Technology, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York,

1997, pp. 237–239.

Cited Publications

1. J. Dooley and H. Tung, ‘‘Coextrusion’’ in J. Kroschwitz, ed.,

Mark Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology, 2nd

edition, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2002.

2. ‘‘Economic News,’’ www.ﬂexpack.org, June 19, 2008.

3. J. A. Wheatley and W. J. Schrenk, ‘‘Polymetic Reﬂective

Materials (PRM),’’ J. Plast. Film Sheeting 10 (1994).

4. M. J. Kirwan, ‘‘Paper-Based Flexible Packaging’’ in M. J.

Kirwan, ed., Handbook of Paper and Paperboard Packaging

Technology, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., London, 2005.

COLORANTS

Updated by Staff

INTRODUCTION

Colorants for packaging materials fall into two broad

categories: pigments and dyes. Used for both decorative

and utilitarian purposes, their diversity is at least as

broad as the diversity of packaging materials. This article

focuses on their use in inks, plastics, and paperboard. The

emphasis is on pigments, which are far more prevalent

than dyes in packaging applications.

Pigments are black, white, colored, metallic, or ﬂuores-

cent organic or inorganic solids that are insoluble and

remain essentially unaffected by the medium into which

they are dispersed or incorporated. They are small in

particle size, generally in the range of 0.01- to 1.0-mm

diameter. Pigments produce color by selective absorption

of light, but because they are solids, they also scatter light.

Light scattering is undesirable in a transparent material,

but desirable if opacity is the goal. Some organic pigments

that are extremely small in particle size scatter very little

light and therefore act like dyes—for example, Benzimida-

zolone Carmine HF3C, with a particle size of 0.05–0.07 mm.

Some colorless pigments, relatively large in particle size

(up to 100 mm), are used as ﬁllers or extenders.

Organic pigments are characterized by high color

strength, brightness, low density, high oil absorption,

transparent and translucent properties, bleeding in some

solvents, and heat and light sensitivity. In the world at

large, the major user of organic pigments is the printing-

ink industry. In packaging, they are useful for numerous

applications such as printing on cartons, labels, and

ﬂexible bags. Naphthol reds, for example, are used for

soap- and detergent-carton printing because of bleed

resistance. Barium lithol is a most important red for

packaging ﬂexo and gravure inks, and alkali blue is used

in glycol-type inks (see Inks; Printing).

Compared to organic pigments, inorganic pigments are

more opaque, less bright, and weaker in tint; but they are

more resistant to heat, light, chemical attack, bleed,

migration, and weathering. They have higher density,

lower cost, and less antioxidant effect. The major use of

inorganic pigments is the paint industry. In packaging,

they are useful for printing on cartons, bags, and glass

bottles. Examples are molybdate orange for gift wrap and

vinyl ﬁlm, titanium dioxide for glass beverage bottles, and

cadmium reds for plastics. Metallic pigments such as gold,

platinum, and silver help vivify colorants for glass bottles.

Dyes are intensely colored solubilized organic sub-

stances that are retained by the medium that they color

by chemical bonding, absorption, or mechanical retention.

Dyes produce color by absorption of light, without affect-

ing transparency and high optical purity. The major user

of dyes is the textile industry. In packaging, dyes are used

to some extent in inks for special effects, for coloring

paperboard, and to produce tinted transparent plastic

containers or ﬁlms.

PIGMENTS IN PACKAGING

Properties of pigments are a function of the chemical

composition as well as other physical and chemical para-

meters such as particle size, particle shape, particle-size

distribution, and the nature of the pigment’s surface.

Particle size affects a number of pigment properties.

Lightfastness improves with increasing particle size, and

oil absorption and strength decrease. Hue is also affected

COLORANTS 309

by particle size; for example, an orange pigment usually

appears yellower as the size decreases. Narrower particle-

size distribution leads to cleaner hue, higher gloss, and

lower oil absorption and viscosity. A pigment’s light ab-

sorption, light-scattering power, and particle size contri-

bute to determining the hiding power of the pigment.

Opacity is also affected by refractive index differences

between the pigment and the dispersing medium. Selec-

tion of a pigment for a speciﬁc application depends on a

great many physical properties and characteristics. Some

of the factors involved in pigment selection are listed in

Table 1. Table 2 lists most of the pigments used in

packaging materials.

SPECIAL-EFFECT PIGMENTS

Nacreous pigments, like basic lead carbonate and tita-

nium-coated mica, are used for luster effects for cosmetic

containers. Fluorescent pigments and dyes are used in

gravure inks for carton printing and special effects in gift-

wrap printing. They are also used as colorants for blow-

molded bottles, closures, tubs, cartons, and pails. Other

special-effect pigments include luminescent and phos-

phorescent pigments, as well as metallics (e.g., aluminum

ﬂake and various copper bronzes that vary in shade,

depending on their chemical composition).

DYES IN PACKAGING

When dyes are used for coloration, as in plastics, they

must be checked for migration, heat stability, lightfast-

ness, and sublimation.

For plastic materials, dyes that are widely used are azo

dyes, anthraquinone dyes, xanthene dyes, and azine dyes

that include induline and nigrosines. Azo dyes such as

Solvent Red 1, 24, and 26, Solvent Yellow 14 and 72, and

Solvent Orange 7 are colorants for polystyrene, phenolics,

and rigid PVC. Better heat stability and better weath-

erability are obtained from anthraquinone dyes such as

Solvent Red 111, Blue 56, Green 3, and Disperse Violet 1 in

the coloration of acrylics, polystyrene, and cellulosics. Basic

Violet 10 is a xanthene dye used in phenolics. Solvent

Green 4, Acid Red 52, Basic Red 1, and Solvent Orange

63 are used for polystyrene and rigid PVC. Azine dyes

produce exceptionally jet blacks and are used in ABS,

polypropylene, and phenolics. A perinone dye, Solvent

Orange 60, has good light and heat stability for ABS,

cellulosics, polystyrene acrylics, and rigid PVC. ABS, poly-

carbonate, polystyrene, nylon, and acrylics may be colored

with quinoline dye. Methyl Violet and Victoria Blue B, two

basic triphenylamine dyes, ﬁnd limited use in phenolics.

F or printing inks, ﬁve dye families are of particular

interest: azo, triphenylmethane, anthraquinone, vat, and

phthalocyanine. Certiﬁed food colorants are used in packa-

ging applications where the printed surface is in direct

contact with food. The package is the immediate container

and is not a shipping container or other protectve container

(1). Dyes for paper include acid, basic (including resorcine

and alizarine), and direct dyes. Basic directs are used to color

containers, boxboards, wrapping paper, and multiwall bags.

COLORANTS FOR PRINTING INKS

Most priniting-ink pigments are organic. Printing inks are

used for a broad range of packaging items such as cartons,

Table 1. Some Factors Involved in Selection of a Pigment

For Printing Ink For Plastics For Paper and Paperboard

Color Color Whiteness

Masstone Nature of resin Brightness

Tintone End use Opacity

Printone Toxicity Rheological properties

Density Heat resistance Bulk

Rheological behavior Resistance to migration Speciﬁc gravity

Opacity Bleeding Transparency

Oil absorption Crocking Refractive index

Texture Bronzing Use cost

Chemical resistance Plateout Color

Acid Lightfastness Color migration

Alkali Weatherability Flocculation

Solvent resistance Dispersibility Gloss

Heat resistance Electrical properties Mechanical properties

Oil, fat, grease, soap resistance Morphological properties Ink absorbency

Lightfastness Filtration characteristics Sheet strength

Resistance to sterilizing Effect on mechanical properties Abrasion

Bake stability Use cost

Pearlescence Tensile strength

Iridescence

Viscosity

Bulk

Transparency

Use cost

Particle size

310 COLORANTS

Table 2. Listing of Pigments for Utilization in

Packaging Materials

Color Permanency,

Indoor

Fadeometer, Max

Plastic Applicability

Common Name

Color Index Name

Number

CAS Registry

Number Application

Masstone

Tint

Wide Use

Limited Use

Some Other Data

White Pigments

Zinc oxide

White 4 77947 [1314-13-2

]

A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,

J,K,L,M,N,O

Refractive index 2.01;

embrittles oleoresinous

ﬁlm

Lithopone

White 5 77115 [1345-05-7

]

A,B,C,E,G,H,I,J,

K,L,M,N,O,P

Refractive index 1.84

Titanium dioxide

(anatase, rutile)

White 6 77891 [13463-67-7

]

1,2,3

250

A,B,C,D,E,G,H,I,

J,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q,

Refractive index 2.76 (rutile)

Refractive index 2.55

(anatase)

Zinc sulﬁde

White 7 77975 [1314-98-3

]

1,2

A,B,C,D,G,H,I,J,K,L,M

N,O,P

Refractive index 2.37

Calcium carbonate

White 18 77220 [471-34-1

]

[1317-65-3

]

1,3

Refractive index 1.48–1.65;

brightness 85–95% (nat.)

92–98% (syn.)

Kaolin clay,

bentonite

White 19 77004 [1332-58-7

]

[8047-76-5

]

1,3

Refractive index 1.56; low

brightness

Blanc ﬁxe, process

white

White 21 77120 [7727-43-7

Refractive index 1.64

Aluminum

hydrate

White 24 77002 [1332-73-6

Refractive index 1.57;

rheology modiﬁer for inks

Talc, French chalk

White 26 77718 [8005-37-6

]

[14807-96-6

]

Refractive index 1.54–1.59

Silica

White 27 77811 [7631-86-9

]

[14808-60-7

]

[61790-53-2

]

[63231-67-4

]

Refractive index 1.45–1.55;

brightness 91–96%

(syn.),

o90% (nat.)

Black Pigments

Aniline black

Black 1 50440 [13007-86-8

]

120

20–30

Gives deep matt black or

velvety ﬁnish

Lamp and

vegetable black

Black 6 77266 [1333-86-4

Carbon black

Furnace black

Channel black

Black 7 77266 [1333-86-4

]

1,2

W240

W240 A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,

K,L,M,N,O,P,Q

Excellent stability to light,

chemicals and heat; good

uv absorption

Iron titanate brown

spinel

Black 12 77543 [68187-02-0

]

A,B,C,D,F,G,H,J,K,

L,M,N,O

E,I,P,Q,

Excellent heat, light, and

chemical resistance

Iron copper

chromite black

spinel

Black 23 77429

A,B,C,D,F,G,H,J,K,

L,M,N,O

E,I,P,Q

Certain plastics embrittled by

iron

Manganese ferrite

black spinel

Black 26 77494 [68186-94-7

]

A,B,C,D,F,G,H,J,K,

L,M,N,O

E,I,P,Q

Certain plastics embrittled by

Mn and Fe

Copper chromite

black spinel

Black 28 77428 [68186-91-4

]

A,B,C,D,F,G,H,J,K,

L,M,N,O

E,I,P,Q

Excellent chemical and heat

resistance

Red Pigments

Naphthol Red FRR Red 2 12310

[6041-94-7

]

1,3

20–80

15–20

Printing inks for packaging;

excellent chemical

resistance

(Continued

)

311

Table 2. Continued

Color Permanency,

Indoor

Fadeometer, Max

Plastic Applicability

Common Name

Color Index Name

Number

CAS Registry

Number Application

Masstone

Tint

Wide Use

Limited Use

Some Other Data

Toluidine Red

Red 3 12120

[2425-85-6

]

40–140

5–20

D,H,J

Chlorinated Para

Red

Red 4 12085

[2814-77-9

]

1,3

40–120

5–30

N,O

D,H,J

Bleeds in organic solvents

and overstripes

Naphthol Carmine

Red 5 12490

[6410-41-9

]

60–120

20–40

Excellent chemical

resistance; gravure inks

for packaging

Naphthol Red

F4RH

Red 7 12420

[6471-51-8

]

1,3

80–160

C,E,J,K,L,M,N,O,Q Packaging printing inks;

excellent chemical

resistance

Naphthol Red

FRLL

Red 9 12460

[6410-38-4

]

1,3

80–120

40–60

Excellent chemical resistance

Naphthol Red FRL Red 10 12440

[6410-35-1

]

1,3

60–80

25–35

Naphthol Red

(medium shade)

Red 17 12390 [6655-84-1

]

1,3

30–80

10–30

A,D,E,H,J,K,N,O Excellent chemical

resistance; packaging

printing ink

Naphthol Red (light

yellow shade)

Red 22 12315 [6448-95-9

]

1,3

40–80

DFL

15–30

A,D,E,H,J,K,N,O Printing ink for packaging

superior chemical

resistance

Naphthol Red (dark

blue shade)

Red 23 12355 [6471-49-4

]

1,3

DFL

A,D,E,H,J,K,N,O Printing inks for packaging

Pyrazolone Red Red 38 21120

[6358-87-8

]

50–75

15–50

A,P

C,D,E,H,J,K,N,O Metal decorating and

packaging printing inks

Dianisidine Red Red 41 21200

[6505-29-9

K,P,Q

Packaging printing inks

Permanent Red 2B

(barium)

Red 48:1 15865:1 [7585-41-3

]

1,2,3

10–30

DFL

10–20

K,L,M,N,O,P

A,D,E,J,Q Carton and label printing

inks; excellent brightness

Permanent Red 2B

(calcium)

Red 48:2 15865:2 [7023-61-2

]

1,2

20–100

DFL

10–50

E,K,P,Q

D,J,L,M,N Printing inks for labels and

cartons; bright and good

tint strength

Permanent Red 2B

(strontium)

Red 48:3 15865:3 [15782-05-5

]

1,2

10–30

5–30

Excellent brightness; solvent-

based printing inks

Permanent Red 2B

(manganese)

Red 48:4 15865:4 [5280-66-0

]

80–120

DFL

30–40

DFL

Poor alkali and soap

resistance

Lithol Red (sodium) Red 49 15630

[1248-18-6

]

5–10

2–5

Excellent tint strength

Lithol Red (barium) Red 49:1 15630:1

[1103-38-4

]

5–40

2–20

Resination increases

transparency; poor alkali

and soap resistance

Lithol Red

(calcium)

Red 49:2 15630:2 [1103-39-5

]

2–5

Excellent brightness and tint

strength

Red 2G (calcium) Red 52:1 15860:1

[17852-99-2

]

1,2

10–15

5–10

B,C,D,E,H,J,K,O,P,Q Process magenta for printing

inks

Red Lake C

(barium)

Red 53:1 15585:1 [5160-02-1

]

1,2

5–50

DFY

1–25

C,D,E,H,J,K,L,N,O Standard warm red; foil

coatings

Lithol Rubine

(calcium)

Red 57:1 15850:1 [5281-04-9

]

1,2

15–50

DFL

5–25

E,K

C,D,H,J,L,M,N,O,P,Q Standard process magenta;

foil coatings

Pigment Scarlet

(barium)

Red 60:1 16105:1 [15782-06-6

]

1,2

25–50

20–30

A,C,E,K,L,N,O,P

D,H,J,M,Q Printing ink for gloss labels

waxed papers, metal

decorating; foil coatings

(Continued

)

312

Anthosine Red 3B

(Ba, Na)

Red 66 18000:1 [68929-13-5

Metal decorating printing

inks

Anthosine Red 5B

(Ba, Na)

Red 67 18025:1 [68929-14-6

Metal decorating printing

inks; transparency

Rhodamine Y

(PTMA)

Red 81:1 45160:1 [12224-98-5

]

15–30

5–10

Brillant, color purity, good

tint strength

Rhodamine Y

(SMA)

Red 81:3 45160:3 [63022-06-0

]

15–30

5–10

Process magenta printing

inks

Rhodamine Y

(PMA)

Red 81:x 45160:x [63022-07-1

]

15–30

5–10

Poor alkali and soap

resistance

Alizarine Red B Red 83 58000:1

[72-48-0

]

120

A,D,E,H,J,N,O,P,Q Metal decorating inks, butter

and soap packages

Thioindigold Red Red 88 73312

[14295-43-3

]

120–160

80–120

P,Q

D,H,J,K,L,M,N,O Clean color with excellent

fastness

Phloxine Red

(Lead)

Red 90 45380:1 [1326-05-2

o20

Poor chemical, light, solvent

and heat resistance

Synthetic Red

iron

oxide

Red 101 77491 [1309-37-1

]

1,2

A,E,H,J,K,L,N,P,Q

C,F,G,M Foil coatings, Fe embrittles

certain plastics

Molybdate Orange Red 104 77605

[12656-85-8

]

1,2

20–160

D,H,J,P,Q

A,B,K,L,M,N,O Poor alkali and acid

resistance

Cadmium

Sulfoselenide

Red

Red 108 77202 [58339-34-7

]

500

200

A,B,C,D,E,G,H,I,J,K,L,

M,N,O,P,Q

Bright, clean, intense colors

Cadmium

Sulfoselenide

Lithopone Red

Red 108:1 77202:1 [58339-34-7

] and

[7727-43-7

]

500

150

A,B,C,D,E,G,H,I,J,K,L,

M,N,O,P,Q

Sensitive to mineral acids

Naphthol Red FGR Red 112 12370

[6535-46-2

]

1,2,3

60–160

40–160

Excellent brightness, very

good lightfastness; paper

coatings

Mercadium Red Red 113 77201

[1345-09-1

]

A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,

K,L,M,N,O,P,Q

Poor lightfastness when light

and moisture present

Cadmium mercury

Lithopone Red

Red 113:1 77201:1 [1345-09-1

] and

[7727-43-7

]

A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,

K,L,M,N,O,P,Q

Low tint strength

Quinacridone

Magenta Y

Red 122 73915 [980-26-7

]

1,2

140–160

80–120

K,L,M,P,Q

A,B,C,D,H,J,O Soluble in nylon and

certain

plastics

Perylene Vermilion Red 123 71145

[24108-89-2

]

1,2

A,B,C,E,J,K,P,Q

L,M,N

Transparent; good fastness

properties

Disazo Red

Red 144

[5280-78-4

]

1,2

160

100–140 C,E,H,J,K,L,M,N,

O,P,Q

High-performance pigment

Naphthol Carmine

FBB

Red 146 12485 [5280-68-2

]

1,2,3

C,E,H,J,K,L,M,N,

O,P,Q

Packaging and metal

decorating inks, paper

coatings

Perylene Red BL Red 149 71137

[4948-15-6

]

1,2

40–80

20–80 A,B,C,E,H,I,J,K,L,

M,N,O,P,Q

Metal decorating

Disazo Scarlet

Red 166

[12225-04-6

]

1,2

C,E,H,J,K,L,M,N,

O,P,Q

High-performance pigment

Brominated

Anthanthrone

Red

Red 168 59300 [4378-61-4

]

J,K,L,M,P,Q

Metal decorating printing ink

Rhodamine 6G Red 169 45160:2

[12224-98-5

]1 3

Gravure printing inks,

excellent tint strength

Naphthol Red

F5RK

Red 170 12475 [2786-76-7

]

80–120

C,L,M,N,O,Q

A,E,F,I,J,K,P Brilliant excellent chemical

resistance

Benzimidazolone

Maroon HFM

Red 171 12512 [6985-95-1

]

120

C,K,L,N,P,Q

A,B,E,G,J Foil coatings; very

transparent

Red 175 12513 [6985-92-8

]

1,2

160

120

C,K,L,N,P,Q

A,B,E,G,J

(Continued

)

313

Table 2. Continued

Color Permanency,

Indoor

Fadeometer, Max

Plastic Applicability

Common Name

Color Index Name

Number

CAS Registry

Number Application

Masstone

Tint

Wide Use

Limited Use

Some Other Data

Benzimidazolone

Red HFT

Highly transparent; inks for

packaging and metal

decorating

Benzimidazolone

Carmine HF3C

Red 176 12515 [12225-06-8

]

1,2

C,K,L,N,O,P,Q

A,E,F,I,J,M Transparent, bright,

chemical resistant;

packaging and metal

decorating inks

Anthraquinoid Red Red 177 65300

[4051-63-2

]

120

70–100 C,D,G,H,J,K,L,M,P,Q

B,E,I

Transparent

Perylene Maroon Red 179 71130

[5521-31-3

]

A,B,C,E,J,K,P,Q

L,M

Excellent fastness properties

Naphthol Rubine

F6B

Red 184

Printing ink for packaging

Benzimidazolone

Carmine HF4C

Red 185 12516 [61951-98-2

]

1,2

C,K,L,N,O,P,Q

A,E,F,I,J,M Process magenta for metal

decorating

Naphthol Red

HF4B

Red 187 12486 [59487-23-9

]

1,2

K,L,N,P,Q

C,E,I,J,M Bright, transparent;

packaging and metal

decorating inks

Naphthol Red

HF3S

Red 188 12467 [61847-48-1

]

1,2

K,L,N,P,Q

C,E,I,J,M Superior chemical resistance;

packaging inks

Perylene Scarlet Red 190 71140

[6424-77-7

Transparent, dull tints

Rubine Red

(calcium)

Red 200 15867 [58067-05-3

]

1,2

20–70

10–15

Oil-based printing inks, poor

soap, solvent and alkali

resistance

Quinacridone

Scarlet

Red 207

[1047-16-1

] and

[3089-16-5

]

1,2

120–320

80–120

High-performance pigment

Benzimidazolone

Red HF2B

Red 208 12514 [31778-10-6

]

1,2

Bright medium red;

packaging and metal

decorating inks

Quinacridone Red

Red 209 73905 [3089-17-6

]

120

Soluble in nylon

Naphthol Red

F6RK

Red 210

C,J,K,L,M,N,O,Q

A,E,F,I,J,K,P Packaging printing inks

Perylene Red Y Red 224 71127

[128-69-8

500

Transparent; very good

strength and fastness

properties

Orange Pigments

Dinitraniline

Orange

Orange 5 12075 [3468-63-1

]

1,3

40–80

DFL

5–10

DFL

Good chemical resistance

Pyrazolone Orange Orange 13 21110

[3520-72-7

]

10–60

DFL

5–10

K,L,N,O,P,Q

A,C,D,H,J,M

Dianisidine Orange Orange 16 21160

[6505-28-8

]

1,2

25–75

5–50

J,P,Q

K,L,M

Persian Orange

Lake (A1)

Orange 17:1

15510:2

[15876-51-4

Inks for waxed bread

wrappers

Pure Cadmium

Orange;

Cadmium

Sulfoselenide

Orange

Orange 20 77202 [12556-57-2

]

500

100

A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K,

L,M,N,O,P,Q

Lightfastness needs

protection from moisture

500

100

(Continued

)

314

Cadmium

Sulfoselenide

Orange

Lithopone

Orange 20:1

77202:1

[12556-57-4

] and

[7727-43-7

]

A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K,

L,M,N,O,P,Q

Mercadium Orange Orange 23 77201

[1345-09-1

]

A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K,

L,M,N,O,P,Q

Fades in presence of light and

moisture

Mercadium

Lithopone

Orange

Orange 23:1

77201:1

[1345-09-1

] and

[7727-43-7

]

A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K,

L,M,N,O,P,Q

Disazo Orange

Orange 31

[5280-74-0

Diarylide Orange Orange 34 21115

[15793-73-4

]

1,2,3

20–60

15–30

K,L,N,O,P,Q

A,C,D,H,J,M Bleeds in some overstripes

Benzimidazolone

Orange HL

Orange 36 11780 [12236-62-3

]

120

A,C,E,J,K,L,M,N,

O,P,Q

B,G,I

Naphthol Orange Orange 38 12367

[12236-64-5

]

1,2

80–120

10–40

K,L,N,O,P,Q

C,E,I,J,M Printing inks for metal

decorating and packaging

Perionone Orange Orange 43 71105

[4424-06-0]

160

120

J,K,L,M,P,Q

Ethyl Red Lake C

(barium)

Orange 46 15602 [67801-01-8

]

1,2

5–30

2–20

Metal decorating inks

Quinacridone Gold Orange 48

[1047-16-1

] and

[1503-48-6

]

120–320

80–120

Quinacridone Deep

Gold

Orange 49 [1047-16-1

] and

[1503-48-6

]

120–320

80–120

Benzimidazolone

Orange HGL

Orange 60

1,2

E,J,K,P,Q

A,B,C,F,H,L,M,N,O Transparent

Tetrachloroisoin-

dolinone Orange

Orange 61

200–500

High-performance pigment

Benzimidazolone

Orange H5G

Orange 62

160

60–160

Oil-based printing inks

Orange GP

Orange 64

Yellow Pigments

Arylide Yellow G Yellow 1 11680

[2512-29-0

]

1,3

60–200

DFG

20–40

Printing inks requiring alkali

resistance, aqueous

dispersions for paper

Arylide Yellow 10G Yellow 3 11710

[6486-23-3

]

1,3

120–200

20–60

Printing inks requiring alkali

resistance, aqueous

dispersions for paper

Diarylide Yellow

AAA

Yellow 12 21090 [6358-85-6

]

10–60

DFL

2–30

A,C,D,E,H,J,K,M,

N,O,P

Dairylide Yellow

AAMX

Yellow 13 21100 [5102-8-30

]

1,2

20–60

10–40

A,P

D,E,G,H,I,J,K,L,N,O

Diarylide Yellow

AAOT

Yellow 14 21095 [5468-75-7

]

1,2

10–60

DFL

5–40

G,K

A,C,D,E,H,J,L,M,

N,O,P ,Q

Permanent Yellow

NCG

Yellow 16 20040 [5979-28-2

]

1,2

80–120

C,E,K,L,M,N,O,Q

A,I,P

Printing inks for packaging

Diarylide Yellow

AAOA

Yellow 17 21105 [4531-49-1

]

1,2

20–80

10–40

G,K,L,M,P,Q

A,C,D,H,I,J,N,O

Chrome Yellow

(primrose, light,

medium)

Yellow 34 77600

77603

[1344-37-2

]

10–160

D,H,J,P,Q

A,B,I,K,L,M,N,O

Cadmium Zinc

Yellow

(primrose,

lemon, golden)

Yellow 35

77205

[12442-27-2

]

400

100

(Continued

)

315

Table 2. Continued

Color Permanency,

Indoor

Fadeometer, Max

Plastic Applicability

Common Name

Color Index Name

Number

CAS Registry

Number Application

Masstone

Tint

Wide Use

Limited Use

Some Other Data

Cadmium Zinc

Yellow

Lithopone

Yellow 35:1

77205:1

[12442-27-2

] and

[7727-43-7

]

400

Cadmium Yellow Yellow 37 77199

[1306-23-6

]

400

70–100

A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,

K,L,M,N,O,P,Q

Cadmium

Lithopone

Yellow

Yellow 37:1

77199:1

[1306-23-6

] and

[7727-43-7

]

400

A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J,

K,L,M,N,O,P,Q

Synthetic Yellow

Iron oxide

Yellow 42 77492 [12259-21-1

]

[51274-00-1

]

Nickel Antimony

Titanium Yellow

Rutile

Yellow 53 77788 [8007-18-9

]

[71077-18-4

]

1000

A,D,E,F,G,H,J,K,L,

M,N,O,P,Q

B,C,I

Diarylide Yellow

AAPT

Yellow 55 21096 [6358-37-8

]

35–60

25–40

Printing inks for waxed food

wrappers

Arylide Yellow 4R Yellow 60 12705

[6407-74-5

]

60–100

35–50

Alkali resistance and

lightfast printing inks

Arylide Yellow RN Yellow 65 11740

[6528-34-3

]

1,3

80–150

60–100

Lightfast and alkali

resistance printing inks;

aqueous dispersions for

paper

Arylide Yellow GX Yellow 73 11738

[13515-40-7

]

1,3

70–120

30–40

Lightfast and alkali

resistance printing inks;

aqueous dispersions for

paper

Arylide Yellow GY Yellow 74 11741

[6358-31-2

]

1,3

70–120

20–60

Lightfast and alkali

resistance printing inks;

aqueous dispersions for

paper

Diarylide Yellow

H10G

Yellow 81 21127 [22094-93-5

]

60–160

30–60

C,E,K,L,N,O,P,Q

A,M

Printing inks for packaging

Diarylide Yellow

Yellow 83 21108 [5567-15-7

]

1,2

70–240

20–60

P,Q

C,D,E,H,J,K,L,M,N

Disazo Yellow G

Yellow 93

[5580-57-4

]

1,2

120

A,K,L,M,N,O,P

Disazo Yellow R

Yellow 95

[5280-80-8

]

1,2

120

A,K,L,M,N,O,P

Metal-free printing inks

Permanent Yellow

FGL

Yellow 97 11767 [12225-18-2

]

120

A,C,E,J,K,L,M,N,O,Q

B,G,N,I

Heat, lightfast, and alkali-

resistant printing inks

Arylide Yellow

10GX

Yellow 98 11727 [12225-19-3

]

80–120

40–60

FD&C Yellow No.

aluminum

lake

Yellow 100 19140:1 [12225-21-7

]

C,F,G,K,L,O,P

Colorant for food, drugs,

cosmetics, and food-contact

surfaces; metal decorating

Fluorescent Yellow Yellow 101 48052

[2387-03-3

Diarylide Yellow

GGR

Yellow 106

[12225-23-9

]

30–50

20–30

Printing inks for packaging

Tetrachloroisoin-

dolinone Yellow

Yellow 109

200

100–200 H,J,K,L,M,P,Q

A,D,G,N,O

(Continued

)

316

Tetrachloroisoin-

dolinone Yellow

Yellow 110

200–500

200–500 E,H,J,K,L,M,P,Q

A,D,G,N,O

Diarylide Yellow

H10GL

Yellow 113 21126 [14359-20-7

]1 6

C,E,K,L,M,N,O,P,Q

A,G,I

Printing inks for packaging

Diarylide Yellow

G3R

Yellow 114

Oil-based ink for packaging

Azomethine Yellow Yellow 117

[21405-81-2

Food packaging

Zinc ferrite brown

spinel

Yellow 119 77496 [12063-19-3

]

[68187-51-9

]

[61815-08-5

]

Diarylide Yellow

DGR

Yellow 126

25–35

10–20

Diarylide Yellow

GRL

Yellow 127

30–50

20–30

A,K,L,N,O,Q

C,D,E,H,J,M,P Inks for packaging and metal

decorating

Disazo Yellow GG Yellow 128

Quinophthalone

Yellow

Yellow 138

Isoindoline Yellow Yellow 139

C,D,E,J,K,L,M,N,P,Q

Nickel Yellow 4G Yellow 150

[68511-62-6

Benzimidazolone

Yellow H4G

Yellow 151

1,2

160

120

A,C,E,J,K,L,M,N,

O,P,Q

F,G,H,I

Diarylide Yellow

Yellow 152

[20139-66-6

]

20–40

10–20

Lead chromate replacement

Benzimidazolone

Yellow H3G

Yellow 154

1,2

160

120

C,E,J,K,P,Q

A,F,H,L,M,N,O Inks for metal decorating

Nickel Niobium

Titanium Yellow

Rutile

Yellow 161 77895 [68611-43-8

Chrome Niobium

Titanium Buff

Rutile

Yellow 162 77896 [68611-42-7

Manganese

Antimony

Titanium Buff

Rutile

Yellow 165 77899 [68412-38-4

Green Pigments

Brilliant Green

(PTMA)

Green 1 42040:1 [1325-75-3

]

1,3

10–15

5–10

Poor alkali and soap

resistance

Brilliant Green

(PMA)

Green 1:x 42040:x [68814-00-6

]

1,3

10–15

2–10

Excellent brilliance, color

purity

Permanent Green

(PTMA)

Green 2 42040:1

49005:1

[1328-75-3

] and

[1326-11-0

]

1,3

10–15

5–10

Poor alkali and soap

resistance

Permanent Green

(PMA)

Green 2:x 42040:x

49005:1

[68814-00-6

] and

[1326-11-0

]

1,3

10–15

5–10

For lustrous appearance in

printing

Malachite Green

(PTMA)

Green 4 42000:2 [61725-50-6

]

1,3

Poor alkali and soap

resistance

Phthalocyanine

Green

Green 7 74260 [1328-53-6

]

1,2

120–320

DFL

120–160

A,B,D,E,G,H,I,J,K,L,

M,N,O,P,Q

Standard green for printing

inks

Nickel Azo Yellow

(green gold)

Green 10

[51931-46-5

W70

E,N,O,P

C,D,F,H,I,J,K,L,M,Q Very lightfast pigment

Chrome Green Green 15 77510

77603

[1344-37-2

] and

[25869-00-5

]

2,3

60–80

20–40

C,D,H,I,N,O,P,Q

Cobalt chromite

green spinel

Green 26 77344 [68187-49-5

W160

Outstanding chemical and

light stability

Green 36 74265 [14302-13-7

]

1,2

160–320

120–160

C,G

High-performance pigment

(Continued

)

317