Дахно І.І. Право Європейського Союзу: Англо-Українсько-Російський Глосарій
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121
are to
g
ive the Euro
p
ean
Union the im
p
etus i
t
needs in order to develop
further and to define
general policy guide-
lines.
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$ $ .
Euro
p
ean Court of
Auditors
The Euro
p
ean Court of
Auditors, based in Lux-
embourg, is composed of
fifteen members ap-
p
ointed for six
y
ears b
y
unanimous decision of
the Council of the Euro-
pean Union after con-
sultin
g
the Euro
p
ean
Parliament. It checks
European Union revenue
and expenditure for le-
g
alit
y
and re
g
ularit
y
an
d
ensures that financial
mana
g
ement is sound. I
t
was set u
p
in 1977 an
d
raised to full institution
status by the 1992 Treaty
on European Union.
Under the Treaty of Am-
sterdam (adopted in June
1997
)
, the Court of
Auditors also has the
power to report any ir-
regularities to the Euro-
p
ean Parliament and the
Council, and its audit re-
s
p
onsibilities have been
extended to Communit
y
funds managed by out-
side bodies and b
y
the
Euro
p
ean Investmen
t
Bank.
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1997 ), ;-
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122
The Treat
y
of Nice
(
ado
p
ted in Decembe
r
2000
)
s
p
ecifies in detail
the com
p
osition of the
Court of Auditors, which
must include a national
from each Member State.
Also under the Treat
y
of
Nice, the Court of
Auditors is able to estab-
lish internal chambers to
ado
p
t certain cate
g
ories
of report or opinion.
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Euro
p
ean Economic
and Social Committee
(EESC)
The Euro
p
ean Economic
and Social Committee
was set u
p
b
y
the Treat
y
establishing the Euro-
pean Economic Commu-
nit
y
in 1957 to re
p
resen
t
the interests of the vari-
ous economic and social
groups. It consists of 222
members fallin
g
into
three categories: em-
ployers, workers and rep-
resentatives of
p
articula
r
t
yp
es of activit
y
(
such as
farmers, craftsmen, small
b
usinesses and industr
y
,
the professions, con-
sumer re
p
resentatives,
scientists and teachers,
coo
p
eratives, families,
environmental move-
ments). Members are ap-
p
ointed b
y
unanimous
Council decision for four
y
ears and this term ma
y
be renewed.
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123
The EESC is consulte
d
before a great many in-
struments concerning the
internal market, educa-
tion, consumer protec-
tion, environment, re-
g
ional develo
p
ment an
d
social affairs are
adopted. It may also is-
sue o
p
inions on its own
initiative. Since the entry
into force of the Treat
y
of Amsterdam
(
Ma
y
1999
)
, the EESC has to
b
e consulted on an even
wider ran
g
e of issues
(
the new em
p
lo
y
men
t
policy, the new social af-
fairs le
g
islation,
p
ublic
health and equal oppor-
tunities
)
and it ma
y
also
b
e consulted b
y
the
European Parliament.
The Treat
y
of Nice,
ado
p
ted in Decembe
r
2000, did not chan
g
e the
number and distribution
by Member State of seats
on the Committee. How-
ever, eli
g
ibilit
y
fo
r
membership was clari-
fied: the EESC is to con-
sist of «re
p
resentatives
of the various economic
and social components of
or
g
anised civil societ
y
»
(
Article 257 of the EC
Treaty).
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124
European Employment
Strategy (EES)
The Treaty of Amster-
dam introduced the con-
cept of a European strat-
e
gy
for em
p
lo
y
ment,
followin
g
on from the
inte
g
rated strate
gy
fo
r
em
p
lo
y
ment launched a
t
the Essen Euro
p
ean
Council in Decembe
r
1994.
At Essen, the Euro
p
ean
Council had asked the
Member States to draw
up multiannual pro-
grammes for employ-
ment
(
MAPs
)
and to
p
rovide the Commission
with reports on their im-
plementation. These re-
p
orts describe the main
measures taken b
y
the
g
overnments to a
pp
l
y
their multiannual pro-
grammes over the previ-
ous twelve months, as-
sess, in certain cases, the
impact of those measures
on employment, and an-
nounce major changes or
new initiatives in this
field.
The European Employ-
ment Strate
gy
is buil
t
around
p
riorit
y
themes
under the four
p
illars of
employability, entrepre-
neurshi
p
, ada
p
tabilit
y
and e
q
ual o
pp
ortunities.
Each
y
ear, the Membe
r
States draw u
p
National
Action Plans on Em-
ployment (NAPS) im-
p
lementin
g
these broa
d
p
olic
y
g
uidelines. The
NAPS are anal
y
sed b
y
the Commission and the
Council, and the results,
presented in a Joint Em-
ployment Report, serve
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125
as a basis for reprioritis-
ing and making recom-
mendations to Membe
r
States in res
p
ect of thei
r
employment policies.
Five
y
ears after its
launch, the Euro
p
ean
strate
gy
is enterin
g
a
phase of review.
In Januar
y
2003, the
Commission ado
p
ted a
communication present-
in
g
a new a
pp
roach
throu
g
h the Euro
p
ean
Em
p
lo
y
ment Strate
gy
,
b
etter ada
p
ted to the
needs of an a
g
ein
g
p
o
p
ulation, increasin
g
women’s participation in
the labour market, en-
largement and the in-
creasing pace of eco-
nomic chan
g
e. Main
p
riorities of the new
strategy are full em-
p
lo
y
ment and bette
r
working conditions.
-
$ --
, %
$.
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.
Euro
p
ean Investment
Bank (EIB)
Set u
p
b
y
the Treat
y
of
Rome, the European In-
vestment Bank is the
Communit
y
’s financial
institution. Its task is to
contribute to the bal-
anced develo
p
ment of
the Communit
y
b
y
wa
y
of economic inte
g
ration
and social cohesion.
The EIB’s shareholders
are the Member States of
the European Union. The
b
ank is administered b
y
the Board of Governors,
which comprises the fif-
teen finance ministers. It
! -
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126
has le
g
al
p
ersonalit
y
an
d
is financially independ-
ent. It provides long-term
financin
g
for
p
ractical
p
ro
j
ects the economic,
technical, environmental
and financial viabilit
y
of
which is
g
uaranteed. I
t
g
rants loans essentiall
y
from resources borrowed
on ca
p
ital markets, to
which is added share-
holders’ equity. Between
1994 and 1999 the trans-
port, telecommunica-
tions, ener
gy
, water,
education and trainin
g
sectors were the main
beneficiaries.
In March 2000 the con-
clusions of the Lisbon
Euro
p
ean Council calle
d
for a stren
g
thenin
g
of
su
pp
ort for small an
d
medium-sized enter-
prises (SMEs). The «EIB
Group», which com-
p
rises the EIB and the
Euro
p
ean Investmen
t
Fund
(
EIF
)
, was thus
created with a view to
boosting European com-
petitiveness. Via the In-
novation 2000 initiative,
it fosters entrepreneur-
shi
p
, innovation and the
o
p
timal utilisation of
human resources b
y
g
rantin
g
medium-term
loans and bank guaran-
tees and b
y
financin
g
venture capital activities.
Outside the Euro
p
ean
Union the EIB su
pp
orts
the pre-accession strate-
g
ies of the Central an
d
Eastern European coun-
tries and manages the fi-
nancial dimension of the
a
g
reements conclude
d
under European deve-
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,
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127
lopment aid and coop-
eration policies.
$) %
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)--
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$ #
-
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.
Euro
p
ean Judicial
Network in criminal
matters (EJN)
The purpose of the Euro-
p
ean Judicial Networ
k
(EJN) in criminal matters
is to facilitate mutual le-
gal assistance in the fight
a
g
ainst transnational
crime. It ori
g
inates in a
j
oint action ado
p
ted b
y
the Council on 29 June
1998.
The
j
udicial network is
made u
p
of contac
t
points designed to enable
local
j
udicial authorities
and judicial authorities in
the other Member States
to establish direct con-
tacts between them-
selves. These contac
t
p
oints also
p
rovide the
legal or practical infor-
mation necessar
y
to hel
p
the authorities concerned
to
p
re
p
are an effective
request for judicial coop-
eration.
There is also a Euro
p
ean
Judicial Network in civil
and commercial matters,
established b
y
Council
Decision of 28 Ma
y
2001
!
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$)%
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1998 .
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128
and based on the network
in criminal matters.
B
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2001
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-
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2001 -
-
> .
European
Parliament
The European Parliament
is the assembl
y
of the
re
p
resentatives of the
370 million Union citi-
zens. Since 1979 the
y
have been elected by di-
rect universal suffra
g
e
and today total 626, dis-
tributed between Mem-
ber States by reference to
their
p
o
p
ulation. The
Euro
p
ean Parliament’s
main functions are as
follows:
x it considers the Com-
mission’s
p
ro
p
osals and
is associated with the
Council in the legislati-
ve process, in some cases
as co-le
g
islator, b
y
means
of various
p
rocedures
(
codecision
p
rocedure,
coo
p
eration
p
rocedure,
assent, advisory opinion
etc.);
x it has the
p
ower of
control over the Union’s
activities through its con-
firmation of the appoint-
ment of the Commission
(
and the ri
g
ht to censure
it) and through the written
and oral
q
uestions it can
p
ut to the Commission
and the Council;
x it shares bud
g
etar
y
powers with the Coun-
cil in voting on the an-
nual budget, rendering it
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129
enforceable throu
g
h the
President of Parliament’s
signature, and overseeing
its implementation.
It also appoints an Om-
b
udsman em
p
owered to
receive complaints from
Union citizens con-
cerning maladministra-
tion in the activities of
the Community institu-
tions or bodies. Finall
y
,
it can set u
p
tem
p
orar
y
committees of in
q
uir
y
,
whose
p
owers are not
confined to examinin
g
the actions of the Com-
munit
y
institutions but
may also relate to ac-
tions b
y
Member States
in implementing Com-
munity policies.
The Treaty of Amster-
dam simplified the vari-
ous legislative proce-
dures b
y
virtuall
y
doin
g
away with the coopera-
tion
p
rocedure
(
it still
a
pp
lies in a few cases
comin
g
under the Title
on economic and mone-
tary union) and consid-
erabl
y
extendin
g
the
codecision procedure.
The Treat
y
of Nice,
which entered into force
on 1 February 2003, also
enhanced Parliament’s
role as co-le
g
islator b
y
extending the co-
decision
p
rocedure and
g
ranted Parliament a
ri
g
ht to brin
g
actions
b
efore the Court of
Justice of the Euro
p
ean
Union, under the same
conditions as the other
institutions.
Lookin
g
ahead to the
enlargement of the Un-
ion, the Treaty of Nice
, -
-
-
,
$ .
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$
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130
has also limited the
number of MEPs to a
maximum of 732, with
effect from the nex
t
elections in June 2004
(
the current limit, set b
y
the Amsterdam Treaty, is
700
)
. It also reallocate
d
seats between Membe
r
States
(
which lose 91
seats
)
and candidate
countries, reachin
g
a
compromise between the
actual demo
g
ra
p
hic
situation and e
q
ualit
y
b
etween Member States
by respecting the princi-
ple of «appropriate rep-
resentation of the peo-
ples».
)$
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732, -
2004 (-
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, -
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)
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».
Euro
p
ean Securit
y
and
Defence Policy (ESDP)
The Euro
p
ean Union’s
Euro
p
ean Securit
y
an
d
Defence Polic
y
(
ESDP
)
includes the eventual
framing of a common de-
fence policy which might
in time lead to a common
defence. Established in
1999 at the Colo
g
ne
Euro
p
ean Council, the
ESDP aims to allow the
Union to develop its ci-
vilian and military ca-
pacities for crisis man-
a
g
ement and conflic
t
prevention at interna-
!
0
$)
0-
$) # -
-
)% -
% , -
)% . !-
1999
)$ 0$)-
$ B (KS&B), -
) ,
# -
)
$) ) -
3
/
K
$
-
> K$ #-
-
-
$ $ -
, -
$
.
/
1999
; K-
$ #, KS&B
, -
> ) #
) -
)