Hunefeldt C., Harris B. A Brief History of Peru
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A B
RIEF
H
ISTORY
OF
P
ERU
C
HRISTINE
H
UNEFELDT
University of California, San Diego
A Brief History of Peru
Copyright © 2004 by Lexington Associates
All rights r
eserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any
information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the pub-
lisher. For information contact:
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hunefeldt, Christine.
A brief history of Peru / Christine Hunefeldt.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents: Ancient civilizations—The Incas : the building of an empir
e—Conquest
and the beginnings of colonial life—Colonial Peru—Social institutions and the
Bourbon reforms—Revolts and the wars for independence—The struggle for
stability—The age of guano—The War of the Pacific and after—The 20th century:
first decades—Depression and conflict—Dictators and reform—Agrarian reform—The
last 25 years.
ISBN 0-8160-4918-1 (hc: alk. paper)
1. Peru—History—Juvenile literature. [1. Peru—History.] I. Title.
F3431.H86 2004
985—dc22
2003019228
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Cover design by Semadar Megged
Maps by Jeremy Eagle
Printed in the United States of America
MP Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Contents
List of Illustrations v
List of Maps vi
List of Tables vii
List of Abbreviations viii
Acknowledgments x
Introduction xi
1 Ancient Civilizations (10,000
B
.
C
.–c.
A
.
D
. 1440) 1
2 The Inca: The Building of an Empire (1440–1532) 12
3 Conquest and the Beginnings of Colonial Life
(1532–1568) 34
4 Colonial Peru (1568–1700) 51
5 Colonial Institutions and the Bourbon Reforms
(1700–1780) 72
6 Revolts and the Wars for Independence (1780–1826) 92
7 The Long Struggle for Stability (1826–1843) 110
8 The Age of Guano (1843–1879) 121
9 The War of the Pacific and After (1879–1900) 144
10 The Twentieth Century: First Decades (1900–1929) 171
11 Depression and Conflict (1929–1948) 196
12 Dictatorships and Reform (1948–1968) 215
13 Agrarian Reform and the Shining Path (1968–1990) 229
14 New Structures and Fujimori (1990–2003) 251
Appendixes
1 Basic Facts about Peru 267
2 Chronology 271
3 Bibliography 275
4 Suggested Reading 287
Index 292
List of illustrations
Peruvian altiplano xiii
Main square of Lima xiv
Alejandro Toledo xv
Remains of Mochica pyramid 4
Aerial view of the Nazca hummingbird 6
Gates of Chan Chan 9
Huge wall protecting Chan Chan 10
Section of Inca-built stone wall 13
Inca warrior 19
Incan quipu 22
Inca farming terraces 23
Santo Domingo Church, Cuzco 30
Machu Picchu 32
Francisco Pizarro 35
Modern-day view of Cajamarca 37
Philip II 48
Llama, symbol of the Andes 56
Mules and donkeys 59
Indian laborers 61
Harbor at Callao, 16th century 68
Creole woman and catholic animero 75
Afro-Peruvian dance 79
Young black woman, 19th century 81
Y
oung woman of mixed race, 19th century 83
Modern view of Cuzco 95
Entrance to the Church of San Francisco, Lima 97
Simón Bolívar 102
Peruvian “gentleman” 107
Llama 111
Cerro de Pasco 115
Arequipa 118
Seabirds on the Chincha Islands 124
A public square in Lima 128
The Chincha Islands 130
Chinese immigrant workers 132
v
Harbor at Callao 146
Arequipa’s main square 150
Lima, late 19th century 155
Cutting sugarcane 163
Urubamba Valley 167
Street scene in Lima, ca. 1900 173
Military parade in Cajamarca, 1919 176
Peruvian peasants 180
Cathedral and Plaza de Armas, Lima 186
Haya de la Torre as 1962 presidential candidate 199
Manuel Prado Ugarteche 208
Stilt-supported houses 210
Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre 221
Fernando Belaúnde Terry 224
Juan Velasco Alvarado 234
Alan García Pérez 240
Llamas: peasants’ beasts of burden 245
Mario Vargas Llosas 257
Alberto Fujimori 258
Abimael Guzmán 259
Members of the guerrilla group MRTA 261
Vladimiro Montesinos 263
List of Maps
Modern Peru xii
Inca Empire 17
Spanish Viceroyalties in South America, 1776 46
Railroad Construction 134
Disputed Nitrate Regions 145
Principal Exports, circa 1910 190
vi
List of Tables
Andean Prehistoric Cultures 2
Annual Silver Exports from Callao, 1600–1780 60
Population Distribution by Department, 1836 106
Silver Production in Cerro de Pasco 138
Fiscal Income Between 1923 and 1949 207
Exports, 1990–1999 260
vii
viii
List of abbreviations
ANAPA National Association of Parcel Holders (Asociación
Nacional de Parceleros)
AP Popular Action (Acción Popular)
APRA Alliance for Popular Revolution in America (Alianza
Popular Revolucionaria Americana)
APRA-UNO Alliance for Popular Revolution in America–National
Union of Odría Supporters (Alianza Popular
Revolucionaria Americana–Union Nacional Odriísta)
CAEM Center of High Military Studies (Centro de Altos
Estudios Militares)
CAP Agrarian production cooperative (cooperativa agraria
de producción)
CAT Workers’ agrarian cooperative (cooperativa agraria de
trabajador
es)
CAU Users’ agrarian cooperative (cooperativa agraria de
usuarios)
CCP Peruvian Peasant Confederation (Confederación
Campesina del Perú)
CGTP General Confederation of Peruvian Workers
(Confederación General de T
rabajadores del Perú)
CNA National Agrarian Confederation (Confederación
Nacional Agraria)
CTP Peruvian Workers’ Confederation (Confederación de
Trabajadores del Perú)
CUNA United National Agrarian Congress (Congreso
Unitario Nacional Agrario)
DC Christian Democracy (Democracia Cristiana)
ETAP Permanent agrarian workers’ enterprise (empresa de
trabajador
es agrarios permanentes)
FDN National Democratic Front (Frente Democrático
Nacional)
FRADEPT
Regional Agrarian Federation of Piura and Tumbes
(Federación Regional Agraria de Piura y Tumbes)
FREDEMO Democratic Front (Frente Democrático)
IPC International Petroleum Company
MIR Movement of the Revolutionary Left (Movimiento de
Izquierda Revolucionario)
MRTA Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (Movimiento
Revolucionario Tupac Amaru)
ONA National Agrarian Organization (Organización
Nacional Agraria)
PPC Popular Christian Party (Partido Popular Cristiano)
PSP Peruvian Socialist Party (Partido Socialista del Perú)
PUC Pontifical Catholic University (Pontificia Universidad
Católica del Perú)
SAIS Social interest agrarian association (sociedad agrícola
de interés social)
SIN National Intelligence Service (Servicio de Inteligencia
Nacional)
SINAMOS
National System of Social Mobilization (Sistema
Nacional de Apoyo a la Movilización Social)
SNA National Agrarian Society (Sociedad Nacional Agraria)
UNMSM San Marcos University (Universidad Nacional Mayor
de San Marcos)
ix